Parent-Child Relations: An Introduction To Parenting

by Bigner, Jerry J.

• ISBN13: 9780131184299
• ISBN10: 0131184296
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For undergraduate courses in parenting. The revised, new edition of Parent-Child Relations: An Introduction to Parenting features a revamped approach to this research-based text on parent-child relations. Using family systems, as well as systemic family development theory, this text explores how parent-child relations change in tandem with developmental changes occurring with children, adults, and the wider family system. Readers will encounter a broad range of issues such as multiracial families, adoption, gay and lesbian parents, and family therapy. This comprehensive treatment prepares students for their roles as parents.

Table of Contents

PART I Parenthood in Social Context	1	(88)
Dimensions of Parenthood	3	(17)
The Need for Parenting Education	3	(1)
Concepts of Parenthood	4	(2)
Characteristics of Parenthood and Parent-Child Relations	6	(1)
Historical Changes in Parent-Child Relations	7	(4)
Ancient Greece and Rome	8	(1)
The Middle Ages to Renaissance	8	(1)
Europe and Colonial America	9	(1)
Industrial Revolution Era	10	(1)
Twentieth Century Era	10	(1)
Parenthood as a Developmental Role	11	(2)
Configuring the Parenthood Role	13	(6)
Cultural Influences	14	(1)
Synchrony of Parental Style and Child Development	15	(1)
Primary Parenting Functions	15	(1)
Family of Origin Influences	16	(1)
Influence of Children on Parents	16	(1)
Disciplinary Approach	17	(1)
Family Ecological Factors	17	(1)
Attitudes About Parenting Behavior	18	(1)
Points to Consider	19	(1)
Diversity of Contemporary American Families	20	(19)
Conceptions of Families	21	(1)
Family Characteristics and Concepts	21	(1)
Family Functions	22	(1)
What Are Contemporary Families Like?	22	(5)
Features of Contemporary Families	22	(5)
Diversity in Contemporary Family Forms and Structures	27	(4)
Single-Parent and Binuclear Families	27	(2)
Stepfamilies	29	(1)
Families with Renested Adult Children	29	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Families	29	(1)
Coresident Grandparents and Grandchildren	30	(1)
Ethnic Diversity and Contemporary Families	31	(7)
African American Parents and Children	32	(1)
Hispanic Parents and Children	33	(1)
Asian American Parents and Children	34	(1)
Native American Indian Parents and Children	35	(1)
Interracial-Interethnic Parents and Children	36	(1)
Immigrant Parents and Children	37	(1)
Points to Consider	38	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives on Parent-Child Relations	39	(25)
Family Systems Theory	40	(5)
Wholeness	41	(1)
Interdependence	41	(1)
Patterns	41	(2)
Reciprocal Interaction and Feedback	43	(1)
Boundaries	43	(1)
Entropy	44	(1)
Equifinality	44	(1)
Adaptation	45	(1)
Homeostasis	45	(1)
Systemic Family Development Theory	45	(5)
Common Developmental Process in Families	46	(1)
Family Systems Are Complex and Multigenerational	47	(1)
A Metaphor	47	(3)
Family Ecology Theory and Parenting	50	(3)
Psychosocial Development Theory and Parenting	53	(8)
Stage 1: Basic Trust Versus Mistrust	54	(2)
Stage 2: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt	56	(1)
Stage 3: Initiative Versus Guilt	57	(1)
Stage 4: Industry Versus Inferiority	58	(1)
Stage 5: Identity Versus Role Confusion	58	(1)
Stage 6: Intimacy Versus Isolation	59	(1)
Stage 7: Generativity Versus Self-Absorption	59	(1)
Application to Parent-Child Relations	60	(1)
Other Related Theories and Parenting	61	(1)
Vygotsky's Views of Children as Apprentices	61	(1)
Cognitive Theory	62	(1)
Points to Consider	62	(2)
Parenting Strategies	64	(25)
Dealing with Discipline	65	(11)
Some Generalizations About Discipline	66	(10)
Methods and Approaches	76	(11)
Behavior Modification and Social Learning	77	(2)
Democratic Child Training	79	(3)
Parent Effectiveness Training	82	(4)
Ineffective Disciplinary Methods	86	(1)
Normal Behavior Problems of Children	87	(1)
Points to Consider	87	(2)
PART II The Work of Parenting	89	(126)
The Transition to Parenthood	91	(24)
Do I Want to Be a Parent?	91	(9)
Economic Factors	92	(1)
Structural Factors	93	(1)
Psychosocial Factors	93	(7)
Adjusting to Parenthood	100	(2)
Expectant Parents' Reactions to Pregnancy	100	(2)
Effects of the Birth Experience for Adults	102	(1)
Effects of New Parenthood on Mothers and Fathers	102	(4)
``Parenthood as Crisis'' Studies	103	(1)
Timing of First Birth	104	(1)
How Does Parenthood Affect a Couple's Committed Relationship?	105	(1)
New Avenues to Parenthood: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)	106	(2)
Artificial Insemination	107	(1)
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)	107	(1)
Ovum Transfer	107	(1)
Surrogate Motherhood	108	(1)
Adoption Issues	108	(5)
Types of Adoptions	109	(3)
Parenting in Adoptive Family Systems	112	(1)
Facilitating the Transition to Parenthood	113	(1)
Points to Consider	114	(1)
Pregnancy and Childbirth	115	(17)
Pregnancy Considerations	115	(2)
Characteristics of Prenatal Development	116	(1)
Critical Factors of Pregnancy	117	(6)
Age of the Mother	117	(1)
Nutrition During Pregnancy	118	(1)
Exercise	118	(1)
Prenatal Medical Supervision	119	(1)
Drugs and Chemical Agents	119	(2)
Infectious Diseases	121	(1)
Metabolic Disorders	122	(1)
Blood Type Incompatibility	122	(1)
Paternal Risk Factors in Prenatal Development	123	(1)
Current Trends in Prenatal Care	123	(3)
Prenatal Diagnostic Methods and Equipment	124	(2)
The Birth Experience	126	(5)
Types of Delivery	126	(3)
Contemporary Childbirth Trends	129	(2)
Points to Consider	131	(1)
Parenting Infants and Toddlers	132	(21)
Concepts of Infancy	132	(2)
The Psychoanalytical View	133	(1)
The Developmental View	134	(1)
Developmental Landmarks of Infancy	134	(1)
Parenting Infants and Toddlers	135	(10)
Meeting the Needs of Infants and Toddlers	135	(10)
Evolving Personal Concepts of Parenthood	145	(3)
Learning About Parenting	146	(1)
Are There Differences Between Mothers and Fathers of Infants and Toddlers?	146	(1)
Androgynous Parenting Roles	147	(1)
Supports for Parents of Infants and Toddlers	148	(1)
Systemic Family Development Snapshot	149	(2)
Points to Consider	151	(2)
Parenting Preschoolers	153	(21)
Developmental Landmarks of Early Childhood	153	(1)
Parenting Young Children	154	(10)
Meeting the Needs of Preschoolers	154	(10)
Dealing with Behavior Problems of Young Children	164	(1)
Bedtime and Sleeping Probelms	164	(1)
Problems of Elimination	165	(1)
Eating Problems	165	(1)
Supports for Parents of Preschoolers	165	(5)
Child-Care Centers	167	(2)
Preschool Programs	169	(1)
Systemic Family Development Snapshot	170	(2)
Points to Consider	172	(2)
Parenting School-Age Children	174	(20)
Developmental Landmarks of Middle Childhood	175	(1)
Parenting School-Age Children	176	(6)
How Does Parenting Change?	176	(1)
Meeting the Needs of School-Age Children	176	(6)
Normal Behavior Problems of Middle Childhood	182	(3)
Noncompliance	182	(1)
Antisocial Behaviors	183	(1)
Learning Disorders	184	(1)
Parenting Children with Special Needs	185	(5)
Characteristics of Children with Special Needs	186	(1)
Family Reactions	186	(1)
Supports for Families with Exceptional Children	187	(3)
Systemic Family Development Snapshot	190	(3)
Points to Consider	193	(1)
Parenting Adolescents and Young Adults	194	(21)
Developmental Landmarks of Adolescence	195	(1)
Parenting Adolescents	195	(7)
Revised Parenting Styles	196	(1)
Meeting the Needs of Adolescents	197	(5)
Systemic Family Development Snapshot	202	(4)
Parent--Young Adult Child Relations	206	(3)
Prolonged Dependencies Between Parents and Young Adults	207	(2)
Functioning as a Renested Family System	209	(1)
Grandparenting	209	(3)
The Grandparent Role	210	(1)
Stepgrandparenting	211	(1)
Caring for Aging Parents	212	(1)
Points to Consider	213	(2)
PART III Challenges for Contemporary Parents and Children	215	(84)
Parenting in Single-Parent Family Systems	217	(21)
Divorce, Single-Parent Families, and Parent-Child Relations	218	(17)
Effects of Divorce on Adults	220	(2)
How Does Parental Divorce Affect Children?	222	(3)
Custody Arrangements	225	(4)
Single-Parent Families Headed by Mothers	229	(2)
Single-Parent Families Headed by Fathers	231	(3)
The Dilemma of Nonresident, Noncustodial Fathers	234	(1)
Strengths of Single-Parent Families	234	(1)
Systemic Family Development Snapshot	235	(2)
Points to Consider	237	(1)
Parenting in Stepfamily Systems	238	(17)
Incidence and Characteristics of Stepfamily Systems	239	(3)
Stepfamily Formation	242	(3)
Stepfamily Roles and Relationships	245	(4)
Stepmothers	246	(1)
Stepfathers	247	(1)
Stepgrandparents	247	(1)
Stepchildren/Stepsiblings	248	(1)
Ex-Spouses and Ex-In-Laws	248	(1)
Issues and Strategies of Adjustment in Stepfamilies	249	(2)
Systemic Family Development Snapshot	251	(2)
Points to Consider	253	(2)
Homosexuality and Parenting	255	(15)
Homosexuality and Parenting	255	(14)
Family Systems with Gay or Lesbian Children	257	(5)
Gay and Lesbian Families	262	(7)
Points to Consider	269	(1)
Adolescent Parents	270	(15)
Incidence, Causes, and Outcomes of Teenage Pregnancy	271	(9)
Primary Factors	271	(4)
Adolescent Mothers	275	(3)
Adolescent Fathers	278	(2)
Supports for Adolescent Parents	280	(3)
Educational Programming	281	(1)
Promoting Parenting Skills and Preventing Future Pregnancies	281	(2)
Points to Consider	283	(2)
Abusive Parents and Foster Care	285	(14)
Abusive Parents	286	(9)
Definitions and Prevalence of Family Violence	287	(1)
Models of Family Violence	287	(2)
Factors Associated with Family Violence	289	(1)
Characteristics of Abusive Parents	290	(3)
Treatment and Intervention for Abusive Parents	293	(2)
Foster Care	295	(2)
Demographic Data on Foster Care in the United States	295	(1)
Foster Parents	296	(1)
Points to Consider	297	(2)
References	299	(18)
Index	317