Preface | |
Encountering the Past | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
A foreign country | |
An anthropological perspective | |
An ancient world | |
The Age of the Earth | |
A wreck of a world | |
Noah's Flood | |
Equable and steady change | |
Ancient humans? | |
The Implications of Frere's Discovery | |
More Stone Tools . . . and Bones | |
The slow agency of existing causes | |
Ancient humans revisited | |
Cultures Ancient and Changing | |
Charles Darwin and the antiquity of life | |
An evolutionary philosophy | |
The Mutability of Species | |
The origin of species | |
Human Evolution | |
The Human Factor | |
Cultures evolving | |
Our modern view | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
Probing the Past | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Epistemology: how we know what we know | |
The ""Science"" in the Study of the Past | |
Paleoanthropological and archaeological sites | |
How Sites Are Formed | |
How Sites Are Preserved | |
How Sites Are Found | |
How Information Is Recovered | |
Analyzing archaeological data | |
How Artifacts Are Analyzed | |
How Ecofacts Are Analyzed | |
How Human and Prehuman Skeletal Remains Are Analyzed | |
Determining the age of a site or specimen | |
Dating Techniques Based on Radioactive Decay | |
Dating Techniques Based on Biology | |
Dating Techniques Based on Radiation Damage | |
Dating by Measuring Chemical Processes | |
Dating by Measuring Paleomagnetism | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
African Roots | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
Miocene preface | |
Fossil Apes of the Miocene | |
Why the Study of Apes Is Relevant to the Study of Humanity | |
What Happened to the Apes at the End of the Miocene? | |
The Irony of Extinction | |
The first hominids | |
Late Miocene Hominids | |
The Genus Australopithecus | |
Australopithecus afarensis | |
A fork in the hominid road | |
A forest of hominids | |
A different path--homo habilis | |
The Ability to Make Stone Tools | |
Oldowan Technology | |
The Fate of Homo habilis | |
Issues and debates | |
What were the first steps in hominid evolution? | |
How do we know the hominids were upright? | |
Is there other evidence for bipedality? | |
Why bipedalism? | |
The Upright Provider | |
The Upright Scavenger | |
The Efficient Walker | |
The Endurance Runner | |
Were the early hominids hunters? | |
Where did the idea for stone tools come from? | |
What do we know about the early hominid brain? | |
What caused the proliferation of hominid species? | |
Rates of change in evolution | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
The Human Lineage | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
Homo erectus | |
The Evolutionary Position of Homo erectus | |
Hominids conquer the world | |
East Asia | |
Who Was the Hobbit? | |
Homo erectus: Ocean Explorer? | |
China | |
Europe | |
The age of ice | |
The Oxygen Isotope Curve | |
Homo erectus: the toolmaker | |
Subsistence | |
Issues and debates | |
Did the pleistocene cause the evolution of homo erectus? | |
What enabled the geographic expansion of homo erectus? | |
Intelligence | |
Control of Fire | |
The ""art"" of making tools | |
The mystery of the missing handaxes | |
Raising homo erectus | |
When did homo erectus become extinct? | |
Stability or change? | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
The First Humans: The Evolution of Homo sapiens | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
Premodern humans: Fossil evidence | |
Africa | |
Asia | |
Europe | |
Premodern humans: Cultural evidence | |
The neandertals | |
Morphological Evidence | |
Fossil Evidence | |
Neandertal culture | |
Stone Tools | |
Subsistence | |
Compassion | |
Symbolic Expression | |
Burial of the Dead | |
Anatomically modern homo sapiens | |
An African Source | |
Explaining the evolution of us | |
The replacement model | |
The multiregional model | |
A middle ground | |
Issues and debates | |
Replacement or continuity? | |
What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Replacement Model | |
What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Multiregional Model | |
What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Middle Ground | |
Testing the Implications of Replacement and Continuity | |
Replacement or Continuity? | |
Why were the neandertals replaced? | |
Neandertal nation | |
Could Neandertals Talk? | |
Did Neandertals Worship Cave Bears? | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
Expanding Intellectual Horizons: Art and Ideas in the Upper Paleolithic | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
An intellectual great leap forward: The late stone age and upper paleolithic | |
Blade Technology | |
Broadening the Subsistence Base | |
Larger Sites of Aggregation | |
Branching Out in Raw Materials | |
Abundance of Nonutilitarian Objects | |
Use of Exotic Raw Materials | |
More Elaborate Burials | |
Production of Art | |
A revolution of intellect: The meaning of upper paleolithic art | |
The Earliest Art: Australia and Africa | |
Upper Paleolithic Art in Europe | |
Figurines | |
Issues and debates | |
Is there a gap between the evolution of anatomically modern humans and the development of modern intelligence? | |
What does the art of the upper paleolithic mean? | |
Was the paleolithic ""a man's world""? | |
The importance of living long: The grandmother effect | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
Expanding Geographical Horizons: New Worlds | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
The settlement of greater australia | |
Paleogeography in the Western Pacific | |
The Road to Sahul | |
The Discovery of Greater Australia | |
The earliest occupation of greater Australia | |
The Archaeology of Sahul | |
Willandra Lakes | |
The spread through Australia | |
The Australian Interior | |
Tasmania | |
Greater Australia: A broad range of adaptations | |
East into the pacific | |
A Pacific Islander ""Age of Exploration"" | |
Pacific Geography | |
Pacific Archaeology | |
Why the Pacific Islands Were Settled | |
Coming to America | |
The source of los indios | |
When did the first migrants arrive? | |
When Was Beringia Exposed and Open for Travel? | |
When Was Eastern Siberia First Inhabited? | |
What Is the Age of the Earliest New World Sites? | |
The first human settlement of america | |
One If by Land | |
Two If by Sea | |
Alaska | |
Denali and Nenana | |
Clovis 290 | |
Clovis Technology | |
The Clovis Advantage | |
Clovis Subsistence | |
First Skeletons | |
Issues and debates | |
What other kinds of data can contribute to solving the riddle of the first americans? | |
Linguistic Diversity | |
Genetic Diversity | |
Could native americans really have come from europe instead of asia? | |
Who--or what--killed the American and Australian megafauna? | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
After the Ice: Cultural Change in the Post-Pleistocene | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
Europe | |
Mesolithic Subsistence Patterns | |
Diversity and Regionalization | |
Trade in the European Mesolithic | |
Innovation in the Mesolithic | |
North america | |
Regionalism in the New World Archaic | |
Koster: Emblem of the Archaic | |
A Diverse Set of Adaptations | |
Asia | |
Australia | |
South america | |
Africa | |
Issues and debates | |
Was the mesolithic only a ""prelude""? | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
The Food Producing Revolution | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
Humans taking the place of nature: artificial selection | |
Why agriculture? | |
Environmental Change | |
Cultural Evolution | |
Population Growth | |
An Accident | |
A Multitude of Reasons | |
Archaeological evidence of human control of plant and animal species | |
Geography | |
Size | |
Seed Morphology | |
Osteological Changes | |
Population Characteristics | |
The Near East | |
LatePleistocene Foragers in the Near East | |
The Origins of a Sedentary Life: The Natufian | |
The First Agriculturalists | |
A Model of the Shift to a Food-Producing Way of Life in Southwest Asia | |
Mesoamerica | |
The First Agriculturalists in the New World | |
The Tehuacan Valley | |
The Cultural Sequence at Tehuacan | |
Primitive Maize-But Not the First Maize | |
The Shift to Domesticated Foods Among the People of Tehuacan | |
A Model of the Shift to a Food-Producing Way of Life in Mesoamerica | |
Africa | |
Neolithic Culture Complexes in Africa | |
A Chronology of Food Production | |
Neolithic Cultures South of the Sahara | |
East Asia | |
Chronology of Food Production in China | |
Food Production in Southeast and Northeast Asia | |
Europe | |
The Shift to Agriculture in Southeast Europe | |
The Shift to Agriculture in Southern Europe | |
The Shift to Agriculture in Western Europe | |
North America | |
Indigenous Domestication North of Mexico | |
The Appearance of Maize in the Eastern Woodlands | |
The American Southwest | |
South America | |
Three Regional Neolithics | |
Animal Domestication in South America | |
Cotton | |
Issues and debates | |
How was domestication accomplished? | |
The Domestication of Wheat | |
From Teosinte to Maize | |
Beans | |
The Nature of Artificial Selection | |
The remarkably modern cuisine of the ancient world | |
Neolithic nutrition | |
Was agriculture the ""worst mistake in the history of the human race""? | |
Implications of the neolithic: The roots of social complexity | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
The Roots of Complexity: The Origins of Civilization | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
The construction of stonehenge | |
Imagining stonehenge | |
Chronicle | |
Simplicity and complexity | |
The Origins of Complexity | |
Why Complexity? | |
A revolution in subsistence, A revolution in society | |
A Neolithic Base for Big Men | |
From Big Men to Chiefs | |
Complexity's earliest traces in the old world | |
Jericho | |
Catalhoyuk | |
Mesopotamia: Land Between the Rivers | |
The Roots of Complexity in Southwest Asia | |
Complexity's earliest traces in the new world | |
The Olmec | |
South America | |
Issues and debates | |
Is complexity inevitable? | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
The Flowering of Civilization in the Old World: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Pakistan | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
The evolution of the state | |
The character of civilization | |
Food Surplus | |
Large, Dense Populations | |
Social Stratification | |
A Formal Government | |
Labor Specialization | |
Record Keeping | |
Monumental Works | |
The geography of civilizations | |
Mesopotamia | |
AcceleratingChange: The Ubaid | |
The Role of Irrigation | |
Power Invested in the Temple | |
Mesopotamia's First Cities: The Uruk Period | |
The Beginning of the Written Record | |
Egypt of the pharaohs | |
The Egyptian Neolithic | |
Hierakonpolis | |
First Writing | |
First Pharaoh | |
The Flowering of Egypt | |
The Pyramid Age | |
Oher Arican civilizations | |
The Indus Valley civilization | |
Neolithic Cultures | |
Flood Control and Civilization in the Indus Valley | |
Cultural Convergence | |
Cities of the Indus | |
The Indus Script | |
""A Peaceful Realm"" | |
Issues and debates | |
Why did state societies develop? | |
Conflict Models | |
Integration Models | |
Many Paths to Civilization | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
The Flowering of Civilization in the Old World: China, Southeast Asia, and Crete | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
The civilization of ancient China | |
The Lung-shan Culture | |
Acceleration Toward Civilization | |
The Shang Civilization | |
Minoan Crete | |
The Rediscovery of Minoan Crete | |
Who Were the Minoans? | |
The Temple at Knossos | |
The Eruption on Thera | |
The Khmer kingdom | |
The Roots of Angkor | |
Funan | |
Chenla | |
The Khmer | |
Angkor Wat | |
Issues and debates | |
Why were the elites of state societies so conspicuous in their consumption? | |
Was Minoan Crete Atlantis? | |
Case study close-up | |
The terra-cotta army of the first emperor of the Qin dynasty | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
An Explosion of Complexity: New World: Mesoamerica | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
The maya | |
Maya Writings | |
Peak of the Maya | |
Teotihuacan | |
Teotihuacan History | |
A Monumental City | |
Residences of Teotihuacan's Citizens | |
The Reach of Teotihuacan | |
The Aztecs | |
Issues and debates | |
Why did the Maya collapse? | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
An Explosion of Complexity: New World: South America | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
Moche | |
Empires: Tiwanaku | |
Empires: Wari | |
Empires: Sican and Chimu | |
Empires: The Inca | |
The Inca Military Empire | |
A State Without Writing? | |
The End of the Inca State | |
Issues and debates | |
Why do civilizations collapse? | |
Causes of Collapse | |
The Role of Environment in Collapse | |
Collapse: A Multiplicity of Causes | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
The Diversity of Complexity: Ranked Societies in the Old and New Worlds | |
Chapter Overview | |
Prelude | |
Chronicle | |
Complexity in prehistoric America north of Mexico | |
The Development of Complexity | |
The Mississippian Temple Mound Builders | |
Cahokia | |
The American southwest | |
Hohokam | |
Mogollon | |
Ancestral Puebloan | |
Northwest coast of North America | |
Great Zimbabwe | |
The Glory of Zimbabwe | |
Issues and debates | |
Is the state inevitable? | |
The myth of the mound builders | |
What happened to the ancestral puebloans? | |
Case study close-up | |
Visiting the past | |
Summary | |
To Learn More | |
Key Terms | |
Evolutionary Epilogue | |
Chapter Overview | |
Past perspectives, future directions | |
The Human Adaptation | |
From Stone Tools to Star Trek | |
Many Pathways | |
Key Terms | |
Glossary | |
References | |
Index | |
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