Pathophysiology for the Health Professions

by Gould

• ISBN13: 9780721693842
• ISBN10: 0721693849
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-29
• Publisher: Saunders

Summary

Pathophysiology for the Health Professions is a fundamental pathophysiology text designed specifically for students in any health professions field. It emphasizes the basic principles of disease processes in a clinical context, supported by concrete examples. The first two sections cover basic concepts of pathophysiologic processes such as inflammation and infections, as well as conditions that may alter a patient's health status by mimicking pathophysiological processes or affecting the process of disease. The last section on disorders of the body systems highlights commonly occurring problems and selected topics relevant to each system. Chapters in this section follow a consistent format, including a review of anatomy and physiology, concepts of disease, and specific disorders.

Table of Contents

Section I Basic Concepts of Disease Processes	1	(130)
Introduction to Pathophysiology	2	(10)
Health and Disease	4	(7)
Terms Used in Pathophysiology	4	(2)
Cellular Adaptations	6	(1)
Cell Damage and Necrosis	7	(2)
The Study of Pathophysiology	9	(2)
Chapter Summary	11	(1)
Study Questions	11	(1)
Additional Resources	11	(1)
Inflammation and Healing	12	(22)
Review of Normal Defenses in the Body	14	(1)
Review of Normal Capillary Exchange	14	(1)
Inflammation	15	(1)
Definition	15	(1)
Causes	15	(1)
Acute Inflammation	15	(5)
Pathophysiology	15	(2)
Local Effects	17	(1)
Systemic Effects	18	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	19	(1)
Course of the Inflammatory Response	19	(1)
Potential Complications	19	(1)
Chronic Inflammation	20	(1)
Pathophysiology	20	(1)
Treatment of Inflammation	20	(2)
Drugs	20	(2)
Other Therapies	22	(1)
Healing	22	(4)
Types of Healing	22	(2)
The Healing Process	24	(1)
Factors Affecting Healing	24	(1)
Complications of Healing by Scar Formation	25	(1)
Example of Inflammation and Healing	26	(5)
Burns	26	(5)
Case Study	31	(1)
Chapter Summary	31	(1)
Study Questions	32	(1)
Additional Resources	33	(1)
Immunity and Abnormal Responses	34	(26)
Review of the Immune System	36	(6)
Purpose of the Immune System	36	(1)
The Immune Response	36	(1)
Components of the Immune System	36	(4)
Diagnostic Tests	40	(1)
The Process of Acquiring Immunity	40	(2)
Tissue and Organ Transplant Rejection	42	(1)
Hypersensitivity Reactions	43	(7)
Type I Hypersensitivity---Allergy	43	(5)
Type II---Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity	48	(1)
Type III---Immune Complex Hypersensitivity	48	(1)
Type IV---Cell-Mediated or Delayed Hypersensitivity	48	(2)
Autoimmune Disorders	50	(2)
Mechanism	50	(1)
Example: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	50	(2)
Immunodeficiency	52	(6)
Causes of Immunodeficiency	52	(1)
Effects of Immunodeficiency	53	(1)
Treatment	53	(1)
Example: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	54	(4)
Case Study	58	(1)
Chapter Summary	58	(1)
Study Questions	58	(1)
Additional Resources	59	(1)
Infection	60	(22)
Review of Microbiology	62	(10)
Microorganisms	62	(1)
Types of Microorganisms	63	(8)
Other Parasites---Helminths	71	(1)
Resident Flora (Indigenous or Normal Flora)	72	(1)
Principles of Infection	72	(4)
Transmission of Infectious Agents	72	(1)
Host Resistance	72	(2)
Virulence and Pathogenicity of Microorganisms	74	(1)
Control of Transmission and Infection	74	(2)
Development of Infection	76	(4)
Onset and Course	76	(1)
Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Infection	77	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	78	(1)
Antimicrobial Drugs	78	(2)
Example of Infection: Influenza (Flu)	80	(1)
Chapter Summary	80	(1)
Study Questions	81	(1)
Additional Resources	81	(1)
Neoplasms	82	(22)
Review of Normal Cells	84	(1)
Benign and Malignant Tumors	84	(2)
Nomenclature	84	(1)
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors	85	(1)
Malignant Tumors---Cancer	86	(13)
Pathophysiology	86	(6)
Etiology	92	(2)
Treatment	94	(5)
Prognosis	99	(1)
Examples of Malignant Tumors	99	(2)
Skin Cancer	99	(1)
Ovarian Cancer	100	(1)
Brain Tumors	101	(1)
Case Study	101	(1)
Chapter Summary	102	(1)
Study Questions	102	(1)
Additional Resources	103	(1)
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances	104	(27)
Fluid Imbalance	106	(6)
Review of Fluid Balance	106	(2)
Fluid Excess---Edema	108	(3)
Fluid Deficit---Dehydration	111	(1)
Third-Spacing: Fluid Deficit and Fluid Excess	112	(1)
Electrolyte Imbalances	112	(8)
Sodium Imbalance	112	(3)
Potassium Imbalance	115	(2)
Calcium Imbalance	117	(2)
Other Electrolytes	119	(1)
Acid-Base Imbalance	120	(7)
Review of Acid-Base Balance	120	(1)
Control of Serum pH	121	(2)
Acid-Base Imbalances	123	(4)
Case Studies	127	(1)
Chapter Summary	128	(1)
Study Questions	129	(1)
Additional Resource	130	(1)
Section II The Effects of Altered Status/Growth and Development on Disease Processes	131	(100)
Congenital and Genetic Disorders	132	(14)
Review of Genetic Control	134	(1)
Congenital Defects	135	(3)
Genetic Disorders	138	(2)
Single-Gene Disorders	138	(1)
Chromosomal Disorders	139	(1)
Multifactorial Disorders	139	(1)
Developmental Disorders	140	(1)
Diagnostic Tools	141	(1)
Genetic Engineering and Gene Therapy	142	(1)
Example: Down's Syndrome	142	(2)
Chapter Summary	144	(1)
Study Questions	144	(1)
Additional Resources	145	(1)
Diseases Associated with Adolescence	146	(10)
Review of Normal Changes in Adolescence	148	(1)
Musculoskeletal Abnormalities	148	(4)
Kyphosis and Lordosis	149	(1)
Scoliosis	149	(1)
Osteomyelitis	150	(1)
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (Still's Disease)	151	(1)
Eating Disorders	152	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa	152	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	153	(1)
Skin Disorders	153	(1)
Acne Vulgaris	153	(1)
Infection	154	(1)
Infectious Mononucleosis	154	(1)
Disorders Affecting Sexual Development	154	(1)
Chromosomal Disorders	154	(1)
Tumors	154	(1)
Menstrual Abnormalities	154	(1)
Chapter Summary	155	(1)
Study Questions	155	(1)
Additional Resource	155	(1)
The Relationship Between Pregnancy and Disease	156	(10)
Fetal Development	158	(1)
Significant Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy	158	(3)
Diagnosis of Pregnancy	158	(1)
Physiologic Changes and Their Implications	159	(2)
Potential Complications of Pregnancy	161	(3)
Ectopic Pregnancy	161	(1)
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: Preeclampsia and Eclampsia	161	(1)
Placental Problems	162	(1)
Blood Clotting Problems	162	(1)
Rh Incompatibility	162	(1)
Infection	163	(1)
Adolescent Pregnancy	164	(1)
Chapter Summary	164	(1)
Study Questions	165	(1)
Aging and Disease Processes	166	(10)
The Aging Process	168	(1)
Significant Physiologic Changes with Aging	168	(5)
Hormonal Changes	168	(1)
Reproductive System Changes	168	(1)
Cardiovascular Changes	169	(1)
Musculoskeletal Changes	170	(1)
Respiratory Changes	171	(1)
Neurologic Changes	172	(1)
Gastrointestinal Changes and Nutrition	173	(1)
Urinary System Changes	173	(1)
Other Factors	173	(1)
Chapter Summary	174	(1)
Study Questions	174	(1)
Additional Resources	175	(1)
Effects of Immobility	176	(6)
Musculoskeletal Effects	178	(1)
Cutaneous Effects	178	(1)
Cardiovascular Effects	179	(1)
Respiratory Effects	179	(1)
Gastrointestinal Effects	180	(1)
Urinary Effects	180	(1)
Effects of Immobility on Children	180	(1)
Chapter Summary	180	(1)
Study Questions	181	(1)
The Influence of Stress	182	(8)
Review of the Stress Response	184	(2)
Stress and Disease	186	(1)
Potential Effects of Prolonged or Severe Stress	186	(1)
Coping with Stress	187	(1)
Chapter Summary	187	(1)
Study Questions	188	(2)
Pain	190	(12)
Causes of Pain	192	(1)
Pain Pathways	192	(2)
Theory of Pain and Pain Control	194	(1)
Characteristics of Pain	194	(2)
Signs and Symptoms	194	(2)
Young Children and Pain	196	(1)
Referred Pain	196	(1)
Phantom Pain	196	(1)
Factors Affecting Pain Perception and Response	196	(1)
Acute Pain	196	(2)
Chronic Pain	198	(1)
Headache	198	(1)
Pain Control	199	(1)
Methods of Managing Pain	199	(1)
Anesthesia	200	(1)
Chapter Summary	200	(1)
Study Questions	201	(1)
Additional Resources	201	(1)
Substance Abuse	202	(8)
Terminology	204	(1)
Predisposing Factors	205	(1)
Recognition of Abuse	205	(1)
Potential Complications of Substance Abuse	206	(1)
Overdose	206	(1)
Withdrawal	206	(1)
Pregnancy	206	(1)
Cardiovascular Problems	206	(1)
Psychedelic Experiences	207	(1)
Infection	207	(1)
Alcohol	207	(1)
Assistance with Substance Abuse	207	(1)
Chapter Summary	207	(1)
Study Questions	208	(1)
Additional Resources	208	(2)
Environmental Hazards	210	(8)
Chemicals	212	(2)
Heavy Metals	212	(1)
Inhalants	213	(1)
Physical Agents	214	(1)
Hyperthermia	214	(1)
Hypothermia	214	(1)
Radiation	215	(1)
Noise	215	(1)
Biologic Agents	215	(1)
Bites and Stings	215	(1)
Food Poisoning	216	(1)
Chapter Summary	216	(1)
Study Questions	216	(1)
Additional Resources	217	(1)
Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Selected Therapies	218	(13)
Pharmacology	220	(6)
Basic Principles	220	(1)
Drug Effects	220	(1)
Administration and Distribution of Drugs	221	(1)
Drugs and Receptors	222	(2)
Prescriptions and Medication Orders	224	(2)
Other Common Traditional Forms of Therapy	226	(1)
Physiotherapist	226	(1)
Occupational Therapist	226	(1)
Speech/Language Pathologist	226	(1)
Nutritionist/Dietitian	226	(1)
Complementary or Alternative Therapies	226	(3)
Osteopathy	227	(1)
Chiropractic	227	(1)
Swedish or Western Massage	227	(1)
Therapeutic Touch (TT) or Healing Touch	227	(1)
Naturopathy	227	(1)
Homeopathy	227	(1)
Herbal Medicine	227	(1)
Aromatherapy	227	(1)
Asian Concepts of Disease and Healing	228	(1)
Emergency Assessment	229	(1)
Chapter Summary	229	(1)
Study Questions	230	(1)
Additional Resources	230	(1)
Section III Pathophysiology of the Systems	231	(402)
Blood and Lymphatic Disorders	232	(26)
Review of the Blood	234	(6)
Blood	234	(6)
Review of the Lymphatic System	240	(1)
Blood Dyscrasias	240	(15)
The Anemias	240	(5)
Hemolytic Anemias	245	(3)
Polycythemia	248	(1)
Blood Clotting Disorders	249	(3)
The Leukemias	252	(3)
Lymphatic Disorders	255	(1)
Lymphomas	255	(1)
Multiple Myeloma or Plasma Cell Myeloma	256	(1)
Case Study	256	(1)
Chapter Summary	257	(1)
Study Questions	257	(1)
Additional Resources	257	(1)
Cardiovascular Disorders	258	(52)
Review of the Normal Cardiovascular System	260	(9)
Heart	260	(5)
Blood Vessels	265	(2)
Blood Pressure	267	(2)
Heart Disorders	269	(26)
Diagnostic Tests for Cardiovascular Function	269	(1)
General Treatment Measures for Cardiac Disorders	270	(1)
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)	271	(10)
Cardiac Arrhythmias (Dysrhythmias)	281	(3)
Congestive Heart Failure	284	(4)
Congenital Heart Defects	288	(3)
Inflammation and Infection in the Heart	291	(4)
Vascular Disorders	295	(6)
Arterial Diseases	295	(5)
Venous Disorders	300	(1)
Shock	301	(5)
Case Studies	306	(1)
Chapter Summary	307	(1)
Study Questions	308	(1)
Additional Resources	308	(2)
Respiratory Disorders	310	(52)
Review of Normal Structures in the Respiratory System	312	(7)
Purpose and General Organization	312	(1)
Structures in the Respiratory System	312	(2)
Ventilation	314	(3)
Gas Exchange	317	(2)
Diagnostic Tests	319	(1)
General Manifestations of Respiratory Disease	319	(2)
Infectious Diseases	321	(9)
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections	321	(3)
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections	324	(6)
Obstructive Lung Diseases	330	(8)
Cystic Fibrosis	330	(2)
Lung Cancer	332	(2)
Aspiration	334	(2)
Asthma	336	(2)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	338	(6)
Emphysema	338	(5)
Chronic Bronchitis	343	(1)
Bronchiectasis	343	(1)
Restrictive Lung Disorders	344	(1)
Pneumoconioses	344	(1)
Vascular Disorders	345	(3)
Pulmonary Edema	345	(1)
Pulmonary Embolus	345	(3)
Expansion Disorders	348	(9)
Atelectasis	348	(1)
Pleural Effusion	348	(2)
Pneumothorax	350	(1)
Flail Chest	351	(3)
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome	354	(1)
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome	355	(1)
Acute Respiratory Failure	356	(1)
Case Studies	357	(1)
Chapter Summary	358	(1)
Study Questions	359	(1)
Additional Resources	360	(2)
Digestive System Disorders	362	(58)
Review of the Digestive System	364	(7)
Structures and Their Functions	364	(5)
Neural and Hormonal Controls	369	(1)
Digestion and Absorption	370	(1)
Common Manifestations of Digestive System Disorders	371	(3)
Anorexia, Nausea, and Vomiting	371	(1)
Diarrhea	372	(1)
Constipation	373	(1)
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances	373	(1)
Pain	374	(1)
Malnutrition	374	(1)
Basic Diagnostic Tests	374	(1)
Common Therapies	375	(1)
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders	376	(14)
Disorders of the Oral Cavity	376	(5)
Dysphagia	381	(1)
Esophageal Cancer	381	(2)
Hiatal Hernia	383	(1)
Gastritis	383	(2)
Peptic Ulcer	385	(3)
Gastric Cancer	388	(1)
Dumping Syndrome	389	(1)
Pyloric Stenosis	389	(1)
Disorders of the Liver and Pancreas	390	(13)
Gallbladder Disorders	390	(2)
Jaundice	392	(1)
Hepatitis	393	(5)
Cirrhosis	398	(3)
Liver Cancer	401	(1)
Acute Pancreatitis	402	(1)
Pancreatic Cancer	403	(1)
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders	403	(12)
Celiac Disease	403	(1)
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease	404	(3)
Appendicitis	407	(1)
Diverticular Disease	408	(1)
Colorectal Cancer	409	(3)
Intestinal Obstruction	412	(2)
Peritonitis	414	(1)
Case Studies	415	(1)
Chapter Summary	416	(1)
Study Questions	417	(2)
Additional Resources	419	(1)
Urinary System Disorders	420	(26)
Review of the Urinary System	422	(5)
Incontinence and Retention	427	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	427	(1)
Urinalysis	427	(1)
Blood Tests	428	(1)
Other Tests	428	(1)
Diuretic Drugs	428	(1)
Dialysis	428	(1)
Disorders of the Urinary System	429	(6)
Urinary Tract Infections	429	(4)
Inflammatory Disorders	433	(2)
Urinary Tract Obstructions	435	(2)
Urolithiasis (Calculi, or Kidney Stones)	435	(2)
Hydronephrosis	437	(1)
Tumors	437	(1)
Vascular Disorders	437	(1)
Nephrosclerosis	437	(1)
Congenital Disorders	438	(1)
Adult Polycystic Kidney	438	(1)
Wilms' Tumor	439	(1)
Renal Failure	439	(4)
Acute Renal Failure	439	(2)
Chronic Renal Failure	441	(2)
Case Studies	443	(1)
Chapter Summary	444	(1)
Study Questions	444	(1)
Additional Resource	445	(1)
Acute Neurologic Disorders	446	(42)
Review of the Nervous System	448	(11)
Brain	448	(4)
Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves	452	(3)
Neurons and Conduction of Impulses	455	(2)
Autonomic Nervous System	457	(2)
General Effects of Neurologic Dysfunction	459	(6)
Local (Focal) Effects	459	(1)
Supratentorial and Infratentorial Lesions	459	(1)
Left and Right Hemispheres	459	(1)
Level of Consciousness	459	(1)
Motor Dysfunction	460	(1)
Sensory Deficits	460	(1)
Visual Loss: Hemianopia	461	(1)
Language Disorders	461	(1)
Seizures	462	(1)
Increased Intracranial Pressure	462	(3)
Herniation	465	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	465	(1)
Acute Neurologic Problems	465	(20)
Brain Tumors	465	(2)
Vascular Disorders	467	(4)
Infections	471	(4)
Head Injuries	475	(5)
Spinal Cord Injury	480	(5)
Case Studies	485	(1)
Chapter Summary	486	(1)
Study Questions	486	(1)
Additional Resources	487	(1)
Chronic Neurologic Disorders	488	(20)
Congenital Neurologic Disorders	490	(4)
Hydrocephalus	490	(1)
Spina Bifida	491	(1)
Cerebral Palsy	492	(2)
Seizure Disorders	494	(3)
Pathophysiology	494	(1)
Etiology	494	(1)
Signs and Symptoms	495	(1)
Treatment	496	(1)
Chronic Degenerative Disorders	497	(4)
Multiple Sclerosis	497	(2)
Parkinson's Disease (Paralysis Agitans)	499	(1)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	500	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis	500	(1)
Huntington's Disease	501	(1)
Dementia	501	(2)
Alzheimer's Disease	501	(1)
Other Forms of Dementia	502	(1)
Mental Disorders	503	(2)
Schizophrenia	503	(1)
Depression	504	(1)
Panic Disorder	504	(1)
Spinal Cord Problem	505	(1)
Herniated Intervertebral Disc	505	(1)
Case Study	506	(1)
Chapter Summary	506	(1)
Study Questions	507	(1)
Additional Resources	507	(1)
Disorders of the Eye and Ear	508	(16)
The Eye	510	(7)
Review of Normal Structure and Function	510	(2)
Diagnostic Tests	512	(1)
Structural Defects	512	(1)
Infections and Trauma	512	(2)
Glaucoma	514	(2)
Cataracts	516	(1)
Detached Retina	516	(1)
Macular Degeneration	516	(1)
The Ear	517	(3)
Review of Normal Structure and Function	517	(1)
Hearing Loss	518	(1)
Ear Infections	519	(1)
Chronic Disorders of the Ear	520	(1)
Case Studies	520	(1)
Chapter Summary	521	(1)
Study Questions	522	(1)
Additional Resources	522	(2)
Endocrine Disorders	524	(26)
Review of the Endocrine System	526	(2)
Endocrine Disorders	528	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	529	(1)
Treatment	529	(1)
Insulin and Diabetes Mellitus	529	(8)
Comparison of Type I (IDDM) and Type II (NIDDM) Diabetes	529	(1)
Pathophysiology	530	(1)
Signs and Symptoms	530	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	530	(1)
Treatment	531	(1)
Complications	532	(5)
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium	537	(2)
Pituitary Hormones	539	(1)
Growth Hormone	539	(1)
Antidiuretic Hormone	540	(1)
Diabetes Insipidus	540	(1)
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome	540	(1)
Thyroid Disorders	540	(4)
Goiter	541	(1)
Hyperthyroidism (Graves' Disease)	541	(2)
Hypothyroidism	543	(1)
Adrenal Glands	544	(1)
Adrenal Medulla	544	(1)
Adrenal Cortex	544	(1)
Case Studies	544	(2)
Chapter Summary	546	(1)
Study Questions	547	(1)
Additional Resources	548	(2)
Musculoskeletal Disorders	550	(22)
Review of the Musculoskeletal System	552	(5)
Bone	552	(1)
Skeletal Muscle	552	(3)
Joints	555	(2)
Diagnostic Tests	557	(1)
Trauma	557	(5)
Fractures	557	(4)
Dislocations	561	(1)
Sprains and Strains	561	(1)
Other Injuries	561	(1)
Bone Disorders	562	(2)
Osteoporosis	562	(1)
Rickets and Osteomalacia	563	(1)
Paget's Disease (Osteitis Deformans)	563	(1)
Bone Tumors	563	(1)
Disorders of Muscle, Tendons, and Ligaments	564	(1)
Muscular Dystrophy	564	(1)
Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome	564	(1)
Joint Disorders	565	(5)
Osteoarthritis	565	(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis	566	(2)
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis	568	(1)
Infectious (Septic) Arthritis	568	(1)
Gout (Gouty Arthritis)	569	(1)
Ankylosing Spondylitis	569	(1)
Case Studies	570	(1)
Chapter Summary	570	(1)
Study Questions	571	(1)
Additional Resources	571	(1)
Skin Disorders	572	(20)
Review of the Normal Skin	574	(1)
Skin Lesions	575	(3)
Diagnostic Tests	577	(1)
General Treatment Measures	577	(1)
Inflammatory Disorders	578	(4)
Contact Dermatitis	578	(1)
Urticaria (Hives)	578	(1)
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)	578	(1)
Psoriasis	579	(2)
Lichen Planus	581	(1)
Discoid (Cutaneous) Lupus Erythematosus	581	(1)
Pemphigus	581	(1)
Scleroderma	581	(1)
Skin Infections	582	(4)
Bacterial Infections	582	(1)
Viral Infections	583	(2)
Fungal Infections (Mycoses)	585	(1)
Other Infections	586	(1)
Skin Tumors	586	(3)
Keratoses	588	(1)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma	588	(1)
Malignant Melanoma	589	(1)
Kaposi's Sarcoma	589	(1)
Case Studies	589	(1)
Chapter Summary	590	(1)
Study Questions	590	(1)
Additional Resources	591	(1)
Reproductive System Disorders	592	(41)
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System	594	(7)
Review of the Normal Male Reproductive System	594	(1)
Infertility	595	(1)
Congenital Abnormalities of the Penis	595	(1)
Disorders of the Testes and Scrotum	595	(1)
Inflammation and Infections	596	(2)
Tumors	598	(3)
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System	601	(14)
Review of the Normal Female Reproductive System	601	(3)
Infertility	604	(1)
Structural Abnormalities	605	(1)
Menstrual Disorders	606	(2)
Infections	608	(2)
Benign Tumors	610	(2)
Malignant Tumors	612	(3)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	615	(5)
Bacterial Infections	616	(2)
Viral Infections	618	(2)
Protozoan Infection	620	(1)
Case Studies	620	(1)
Chapter Summary	621	(1)
Study Questions	621	(1)
Additional Resources	622	(1)
Appendices
Ready Reference 1 Anatomic Terms	623	(1)
Ready Reference 2 Common Pharmaceutical Abbreviations	624	(1)
Ready Reference 3 Common Abbreviations and Acronyms	624	(3)
Ready Reference 4 Common Diagnostic Tests	627	(6)
Glossary	633	(8)
Additional Resources	641	(2)
Index	643