The Penguin History of Europe

by Roberts, J. M. (Author)

• ISBN13: 9780140265613
• ISBN10: 0140265619
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-12-01
• Publisher: Penguin (Non-Classics)

Summary

Since its publication twenty years ago, J. M. Roberts's monumental History of the World has remained the "unrivaled World History of our day" ( A. J. P. Taylor), selling more than a quarter of a million copies worldwide. Now in an equally masterful performance, Roberts displays his consummate skills of exposition in telling the tale of the European continent, from its Neolithic origins and early civilizations of the Aegean to the advent of the twenty-first century. A sweeping and entertaining history, The Penguin History of Europe comprehensively traces the development of European identity over the course of thousands of years, ranging across empires and religions, economics, science, and the arts. Roberts's astute and lucid analyses of the disparate spheres of learning that have shaped European civilization and our understanding of it make The Penguin History of Europe a remarkable journey through the last two centuries.

Table of Contents

List of Maps	xi
List of Chronologies	xiii
Foreword	xv
Book One HERITAGES
Bedrock	3	(19)
Geography
The earliest Europeans
The Neolithic and agricultural revolutions
Migrants and immigrants
Mentalities
Early Aegean civilization
Ancient Greece	22	(22)
The importance of the classical past
The Greeks
The Greek dispora
The city-state
Conflict in the Greek world
The Greek `achievement'
The beginnings of systematic enquiry
An attempt to summarize
The Making of the Roman World	44	(21)
Etruscan origins
Macedon and the Hellenistic age
Alexander the Great
The Hellenistic world
The rise of Roman power
The Punic Wars
Empire
Celtic Europe
Republican decay
Civil war
The Jews and the Roman empire
Jesus of Nazareth
St Paul
Imperial Rome and World History	65	(26)
Establishing the empire
The imperial legacy
Law and order
Christianity and the empire
Imperial problems: the east
Imperial problems: Europe
Diocletian
Christian empire
Decline and fall in the west
Western Europe at the end of antiquity
The Merovingians
Book Two CHRISTENDOM
Re-definition	91	(29)
The age of Justinian
The burdens of empire
Changing religious destinies: monasticism
Bishops and popes
The western Church and the barbarians
Drifting apart
Doctrinal division
Byzantium and nearer Asia
Islam
The Arab conquests
An alternative civilization
Islam in Europe
Byzantium's new challengers
Slavs and Bulgars
Religious dispute
The Re-shaping of the West	120	(26)
Western Christendom
The papacy and the Franks
Charlemagne
The Carolingian heritage
A new empire
Italy and Mediterranean Europe
The Viking north
Anglo-Saxon England
The western Church at work
Church and State: issues of reform
Medieval Societies	146	(18)
Emerging from antiquity
A new agriculture
The social order
The beginnings of sustainable growth
Towns and trade
Technology
The Black Death and after
Social change
Frontiers and Neighbours	164	(19)
The World's Debate
Franks and Greeks
The Crusades
Eastern Europe and the Slavs
Kiev Rus
Christian Russia
Poland
Europe's emerging shape
A psychological frontier
The Civilization of the Middle Ages	183	(22)
The identification of an idea
The Church
Innovation and heresy
The Great Schism
New patterns of power
Kings and nations
England and France
Spain
Germany and Italy
A new political structure
New Prospects in the East	205	(28)
The Venetian republic
1204 and the crippling of Byzantium
The Ottomans
The end of Byzantium
Ottoman Europe
Russia
The mind of the west
Renaissance
Printing
Re-orientation
The weight of the past
Enterprise
A new world
New visions of the world
Book Three LAUNCHING MODERN HISTORY 1500--1800
A New Age	233	(17)
Modernity and modern history
Numbers and modernity
Feeding a larger population
A new commercial world
Oceanic commerce
Slaving
The foundations of an industrial economy
Europe in a wider world
Society and Belief	250	(22)
Social order
Women
The fragmentation of Christendom
Luther
The European Reformation
England: a special case
Wars of the Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Science: a new force
Enlightenment
The Political Organization of Western Europe	272	(19)
Building blocks
Structures and issues
Habsburg and Valois
The Italian wars
The era of Spanish decline
The new Netherlands
England
The travails of monarchy
The Thirty Years War
Political thinking and state power
The Ancien Regime	291	(25)
Contrasting monarchies: France and England
England
The France of Louis XIV
French ascendancy and the balance of power
The stabilization of western Europe
Change in eastern Europe
Poland's troubles
The new great power in the east
Peter the Great
Monarchy and the state in the eighteenth century
Prussia and the Habsburgs
Russia and the eastern question
Polish partition
New international structures
The World's New Shape	316	(27)
A new picture of the world
Africa
The Americas
The beginnings of European imperialism
The North American colonies
Europe encounters East Asia
Europe and China
Japan
Europeans in India
Trade, empire, diplomacy and war
Global economic change
Subjection and domination
Chaning the world
Perception and feelings
The spread of Christianity
The beginnings of a European world
Book Four THE EUROPEAN AGE
New Politics	343	(22)
An age of revolution
The first overseas European nation
The United States and European opinion
The French Revolution
Revolutionary appearance and reality
The Revolution abroad
Revolution and European overseas empire
Napoleonic Europe
The new map of Europe
Shared experience
The World's New Rich	365	(14)
Europe's numbers
A new abundance
Rural Europe
New European lands
Industrialism
Steam
Industrial societies
A world economic system
Cities
A New Sort of Civilization	379	(14)
New patterns of life
Industrialization and ideology
Socialism
Intellectual and cultural change
Science
A New European Order	393	(26)
Legitimacy and its challengers
Foundations of peace
The July Monarchy
The new Eastern Question
1848
The Crimean War
Reshaping the map
Conservatism and modernization: Russia
Conservatism and modernization: the United Kingdom
World Hegemony	419	(31)
Europe's new global role
The Great Resettlement
The civilized world
The direct impact
New European nations overseas
Empire-building
India: the growth of responsibility
India: the Mutiny and after
France overseas
The imperialist wave' and international relations
The Scramble for Africa
Imperial Europe and the Far East
China: the barbarian onslaught
China: concessions and decline
Japan: qualified hegemony
International Order and Disorder	450	(21)
New patterns of power
Nationalism
The management of danger
Socialism
Changing opinions
Rome and modernity
Bismarck's Europe
International relations in the 1890s
Book Five EUROPE'S TWENTIETH CENTURY: THE ERA OF EUROPEAN CIVIL WAR
Pressures and Strains	471	(22)
European identity in a changing world
Privilege and democracy
Women in politics and society
The politics of mass society
Social fear
The spectre of socialism
Religion in European public life
Changing mentalities
Cracks in the European world hegemony
New competitors: Young Turks
New competitors: the Far East
Troubled empires
The Breakdown of International Order	493	(19)
Attitudes and expectations
Alliances and entanglements
The beginnings of international change
The re-emergence of Balkan questions
Russian recovery and Russian power
The end of peace
The crisis and after
European Revolution	512	(22)
The Great War
Revolutionizing the war
Revolution and strategy
The Ottoman collapse
The end of the first German war
The peace settlements
The League of Nations and Europe
Revolution and the new Russia
Locarno
Crumbling Foundations	534	(17)
Attitudes and ideas
The last age of formal empire
British India
A new Asia in the making
European empire in the Middle East
Europeanizing Islamic societies
Economic disaster: the world slump
The Last Years of European Illusion	551	(28)
New politics
A new authoritarianism
The re-emergence of the German question
Ideology in international relations
Hitler's revolution
The path to war
The second German war
The Second World War
The meaning of victory
Europe in 1945
Book Six EUROPE IN THE COLD WAR AND AFTER
Europe in the Aftermath of War	579	(20)
The dwarfing of Europe
The new balance of power
The post-war USSR
The United States and post-war Europe
Cold War origins
The Marshall Plan
The liquidation of empire
The post-war Middle East
Israel and the Cold War
Europe divided: the first crisis
The beginnings of European political integration
Europe and Global Cold War	599	(28)
A new East Asia
The Middle East and North Africa
Europe and sub-Saharan Africa
European recovery
Political reorganization
New structures in western Europe
East European rumblings
The tensions of 1960--62
Change in the USSR
Complications
De Gaulle and Gaullisme
Germany: Ostpolitik
The End of the European Post-war Order	627	(17)
A search for stability: the 1970s
The oil crisis and western Europe
The United Kingdom
Communist Europe
Detente and the Soviet Union
The United Kingdom in the 1980s
Polish revolution
Contagion and emulation
A new Germany
Revolution in the Soviet Union
The dissolution of eastern Europe
A New Order in the Making?	644	(19)
The break-up of Yugoslavia
The end of the USSR
European integration
The Islamic bogy
The new Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States
European disorder
Postscript: Facing the Twenty-first Century	663	(8)
Index	671