Phillips' Science of Dental Materials

by Anusavice

• ISBN13: 9780721693873
• ISBN10: 0721693873
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-30
• Publisher: Saunders

Summary

The 11th edition of this leading reference is an outstanding, scientifically based source of information in the field of dental materials science. It presents up-to-date information on materials that are used in the dental office and laboratory every day, emphasizing practical, clinical use, as well as the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials. Extensive new clinical photographs in this edition illustrate the topics, and color plates are integrated close to related concepts as they're discussed in each chapter. A new glossary of key terms found at the beginning of every chapter defines terms in the appropriate context of the chapter's discussion. Also in this edition, critical thinking questions throughout the book stimulate the readers' curiosity on specific topics, test their existing knowledge, and heighten their awareness of important or controversial subjects. Content outlines at the beginning of each chapter provide a quick reference for specific topics. The roles played by key organizations in ensuring the safety and efficacy of dental materials and devices are described such as the American Dental Association, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the International Organization for Standardization, and the Fédération Dentaire Internationale. Up-to-date Selected Readings are presented at the end of each chapter to direct readers to supplemental literature on each topic. Numerous boxes and tables throughout summarize and illustrate key concepts and compare characteristics and properties of various dental materials. Distinguished contributors lend their credibility and experience to the text. Content has been completely updated to include information on the most current dental materials available. Glossaries at the beginning of each chapter define key terms used within the context of that chapter. Revised artwork gives this edition a fresh look, with high-quality illustrations and clinical photos to aid in the visualization of materials and procedures described. Reorganization and consolidation of chapters into four major book parts presents the material in a more efficient way: Part I describes the principles of materials science that control the performance of dental materials in dental laboratories, research laboratories, student dental clinics, public health clinics, and private practice clinics. Part II focuses on impression materials, gypsum products, dental waxes, casting investments and procedures, and finishing and polishing abrasives and procedures. Part III provides an updated scientific and applied description of the composition, manipulation principles, properties, and clinical performance of bonded restorations, restorative resins, dental cements, dental amalgams, and direct-filling golds. Part IV presents a basic and applied description of materials that are processed in a laboratory or dental clinic. Critical thinking questions appear in every chapter to stimulate thinking and classroom discussion. The overall design has been improved to provide a more visually appealing format.

Table of Contents

General Classes and Properties of Dental Materials
Overview of Materials for Dental Applications	p. 3
What Are Dental Materials?	p. 4
Historical Use of Restorative Materials	p. 6
Standards for Dental Materials	p. 9
ADA Acceptance Program	p. 9
General Provisions for ADA Acceptance	p. 11
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Regulations	p. 13
International Standards	p. 14
ISO Standards, Subcommittees, and Working Groups	p. 15
Other Dental Standards Organizations	p. 16
How Safe Are Dental Restorative Materials?	p. 18
Structure of Matter and Principles of Adhesion	p. 21
Change of State	p. 22
Interatomic Primary Bonds	p. 23
Interatomic Secondary Bonds	p. 25
Interatomic Bond Distance and Bonding Energy	p. 26
Thermal Energy	p. 28
Crystalline Structure	p. 30
Noncrystalline Solids and Their Structures	p. 32
Diffusion	p. 33
Adhesion and Bonding	p. 34
Adhesion to Tooth Structure	p. 39
Physical Properties of Dental Materials	p. 41
What Are Physical Properties?	p. 42
Abrasion and Abrasion Resistance	p. 43
Viscosity	p. 43
Structural and Stress Relaxation	p. 45
Creep and Flow	p. 46
Color and Color Perception	p. 46
Thermophysical Properties	p. 52
Introduction to Tarnish and Corrosion	p. 56
Causes of Tarnish and Corrosion	p. 57
Classification of Corrosion	p. 57
Electrochemical Corrosion	p. 58
Protection Against Corrosion	p. 65
Corrosion of Dental Restorations	p. 65
Evaluation of Tarnish and Corrosion Resistance	p. 66
Clinical Significance of Galvanic Currents	p. 69
Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials	p. 73
What Are Mechanical Properties?	p. 74
Stresses and Strains	p. 75
Mechanical Properties Based on Elastic Deformation	p. 79
Strength Properties	p. 85
Mechanical Properties of Tooth Structure	p. 92
Mastication Forces and Stresses	p. 93
Other Mechanical Properties	p. 94
Stress Concentration Factors	p. 99
Criteria for Selection of Restorative Materials	p. 100
Solidification and Microstructure of Metals	p. 103
Metals	p. 104
Metallic Bonds	p. 107
Alloys	p. 107
Solidification of Metals	p. 108
Equilibrium Phases in Cast Alloys	p. 119
Classification of Alloys	p. 120
Solid Solutions	p. 121
Constitution or Equilibrium Phase Diagrams	p. 124
Eutectic Alloys	p. 130
Physical Properties	p. 134
Peritectic Alloys	p. 134
Solid State Reactions	p. 135
Other Binary Systems	p. 139
Ternary and Higher-Order Alloy Systems	p. 140
Dental Polymers	p. 143
Applications of Resins in Dentistry	p. 144
Classification	p. 144
Requisites for Dental Resins	p. 145
Physical Properties of Polymers	p. 150
Chemistry of Polymerization	p. 154
Copolymerization	p. 162
Acrylic Dental Resins	p. 163
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials	p. 171
Biocompatibility: Historical Background	p. 172
Adverse Effects from Dental Materials	p. 174
Biological Response in the Dental Environment	p. 181
Measuring the Biocompatibility of Materials	p. 188
Current Biocompatibility Issues in Dentistry	p. 194
Clinical Guidelines for Selecting Biocompatible Materials	p. 200
Auxiliary Dental Materials
Impression Materials	p. 205
Impression Materials: Purpose and Requirements	p. 207
Materials Used for Making Impressions	p. 208
Elastomeric Impression Materials	p. 210
Elastomeric Impression Materials: Chemistry and Composition	p. 212
Elastomeric Materials: Making an Impression	p. 216
Elastomeric Impression Materials: Properties	p. 223
Hydrocolloids	p. 231
Agar (Reversible) Hydrocolloids	p. 234
Alginate (Irreversible) Hydrocolloids	p. 239
Other Applications and Handling of Hydrocolloids	p. 245
Inelastic Impression Materials	p. 248
Impression Compound	p. 250
Zinc Oxide-Eugenol (ZOE) Impression Pastes	p. 251
Gypsum Products	p. 255
Uses of Gypsum in Dentistry	p. 255
Dental Plaster and Stone	p. 257
Setting of Gypsum Products	p. 258
Setting Reactions	p. 259
Tests for Working, Setting, and Final Setting Times	p. 261
Control of the Setting Time	p. 264
Setting Expansion	p. 266
Accelerators and Retarders: Practice and Theory	p. 268
Hygroscopic Setting Expansion	p. 270
Strength	p. 271
Types of Gypsum Products	p. 273
Proportioning, Mixing, and Caring for Gypsum Products	p. 276
Infection Control	p. 280
Dental Waxes	p. 283
Types of Inlay Wax	p. 284
Composition	p. 285
Desirable Properties	p. 286
Flow	p. 287
Thermal Properties	p. 288
Wax Distortion	p. 289
Manipulation of Inlay Wax	p. 290
Other Dental Waxes	p. 292
Casting Investments and Procedures	p. 295
Gypsum-Bonded Investment	p. 296
Phosphate-Bonded Investment	p. 309
Ethyl Silicate-Bonded Investment	p. 313
Clinical Evaluation of Casting Fit	p. 314
Compensation for Solidification Shrinkage	p. 316
Preparation of the Master Die	p. 316
Methods of Altering Die Dimensions	p. 317
Variables and Principles of Optimal Sprue Design	p. 319
Casting Ring Liner	p. 323
Investing Procedure	p. 324
Casting Procedure	p. 326
Technical Considerations for Phosphate-Bonded Investment	p. 336
Causes of Defective Castings	p. 337
Finishing and Polishing Materials	p. 351
Benefits of Finishing and Polishing Restorative Materials	p. 352
Principles of Cutting, Grinding, Finishing, and Polishing	p. 352
Abrasion and Erosion	p. 358
Abrasive Instrument Design	p. 361
Types of Abrasives	p. 367
Finishing and Polishing Procedures	p. 371
Dentifrices	p. 373
Direct Restorative Materials
Bonding	p. 381
Mechanisms of Adhesion	p. 382
Acid-Etch Technique	p. 382
Dentin Bonding Agents	p. 386
Measurement of Bond Strength and Microleakage	p. 394
Glass Ionomer Restoratives	p. 395
Amalgam Bonding	p. 396
Pit and Fissure Sealants	p. 396
Restorative Resins	p. 399
Aesthetic Restorative Materials	p. 400
Composite Restorative Materials	p. 401
Curing of Resin-Based Composites	p. 410
Classification of Resin-Based Composites	p. 417
Composites for Posterior Restorations	p. 428
Use of Composites for Resin Veneers	p. 433
Finishing of Composites	p. 434
Biocompatibility of Composites	p. 436
Repair of Composites	p. 437
Survival Probability of Composites	p. 437
Dental Cements	p. 443
Dental Cements	p. 445
Fluoride-Releasing Cements for Direct-Filling Restorations	p. 446
Cements as Luting Agents	p. 449
Agents for Pulp Protection	p. 458
Zinc Phosphate Cement	p. 461
Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement	p. 466
Glass Ionomer Cement	p. 471
Metal-Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cements	p. 479
Highly Viscous Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement	p. 481
Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (Hybrid Ionomer)	p. 482
Compomer	p. 484
Resin Cements	p. 486
Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement	p. 489
Calcium Hydroxide	p. 491
Solubility and Disintegration of Cements	p. 492
Summary	p. 493
Dental Amalgams	p. 495
Alloy Composition	p. 496
Manufacture of Alloy Powder	p. 500
Amalgamation and Resulting Microstructures	p. 502
Dimensional Stability	p. 508
Strength	p. 511
Creep	p. 515
Clinical Performance of Amalgam Restorations	p. 516
Factors Affecting Success of Amalgam Restorations	p. 520
Mercury/Alloy Ratio	p. 521
Mechanical Trituration	p. 523
Condensation	p. 527
Carving and Finishing	p. 530
Clinical Significance of Dimensional Change	p. 531
Side Effects of Mercury	p. 535
Marginal Deterioration	p. 538
Repaired Amalgam Restorations	p. 540
Direct Filling Gold	p. 545
History of Gold Foil Used as a Tooth-Filling Material	p. 546
Properties of Pure Gold	p. 546
Forms of Direct Filling Gold	p. 547
Gold Foil	p. 548
Electrolytic Precipitate	p. 550
Granular (Powdered) Gold	p. 551
Removal of Surface Impurities	p. 551
Compaction of Direct Filling Gold	p. 553
Physical Properties of Compacted Gold	p. 556
The Direct Gold Restoration	p. 558
Indirect Restorative and Prosthetic Materials
Dental Casting and Soldering Alloys	p. 563
Historical Perspective on Dental Casting Alloys	p. 564
Desirable Properties of Dental Casting Alloys	p. 567
Classification of Dental Casting Alloys	p. 570
Alloys for All-Metal and Resin-Veneered Restorations	p. 574
High Noble and Noble Alloys for Metal-Ceramic Prostheses	p. 580
Base Metal Alloys for Cast Metal and Metal-Ceramic Prostheses	p. 594
Biological Hazards and Precautions: Risks for Dental Laboratory Technicians	p. 596
Guidelines for Selection and Use of Base Metals for Crown and Bridge Applications	p. 598
Partial Denture Alloys and Guidelines for Selection	p. 604
Alternatives to Cast Metal Technology	p. 605
Soldering of Dental Alloys	p. 608
Heat Sources for Soldering	p. 612
Technique Considerations for Soldering	p. 614
Radiographic Analysis of Solder Joint Quality	p. 616
Laser Welding of Commercially Pure Titanium	p. 616
Cast-Joining Process	p. 617
Wrought Alloys	p. 621
Deformation of Metals	p. 622
Effects of Annealing Cold-Worked Metal	p. 633
Carbon Steels	p. 636
Stainless Steels	p. 637
Corrosion Resistance and Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel	p. 639
Soldering and Welding of Stainless Steel	p. 643
Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloys	p. 645
Nickel-Titanium Alloys	p. 646
Beta-Titanium Alloys	p. 649
Other Wrought Alloys	p. 652
Dental Ceramics	p. 655
What Are Ceramics?	p. 657
History of Dental Ceramics	p. 660
Classification of Dental Ceramics	p. 663
Ceramic Processing Methods	p. 664
Metal-Ceramic Prostheses	p. 666
Ceramic Prostheses	p. 680
Methods of Strengthening Ceramics	p. 697
Abrasiveness of Dental Ceramics	p. 704
Clinical Performance of Ceramic Prostheses	p. 710
Porcelain Denture Teeth	p. 711
Factors Affecting the Color of Ceramics	p. 711
Chemical Attack of Glass-Phase Ceramics by Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride	p. 713
Criteria for Selection and Use of Dental Ceramics	p. 714
Denture Base Resins	p. 721
Heat-Activated Denture Base Resins	p. 722
Compression Molding Technique	p. 724
Polymer-Monomer Interaction	p. 727
Chemically Activated Denture Base Resins	p. 734
Light-Activated Denture Base Resins	p. 737
Physical Properties of Denture Base Resins	p. 738
Miscellaneous Resins and Techniques	p. 747
Resin Teeth for Prosthetic Applications	p. 754
Materials for Maxillofacial Prosthetics	p. 755
Dental Implants	p. 759
History of Dental Implants	p. 760
Classification of Implants	p. 761
Implant Components	p. 766
Clinical Success of Dental Implants	p. 767
Implant Materials	p. 768
Selecting an Implant Material	p. 774
Biocompatibility of Implants	p. 777
Biomechanics	p. 778
Summary	p. 780
Appendix	p. 783
Index	p. 785
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