Philosophical Questions Readings and Interactive Guides

by Fieser, James; Lillegard, Norman

• ISBN13: 9780195139839
• ISBN10: 0195139836
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-09-23
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

In Philosophical Questions: Readings and Interactive Guides, James Fieser and Norman Lillegard make classic and contemporary philosophical writings genuinely accessible to students by incorporating numerous pedagogical aids throughout the book. Presenting the readings in manageable segments,they provide commentaries that elucidate difficult passages, explain archaic or technical terminology, and expand upon allusions to unfamiliar literature and arguments. In addition, "First Reactions" discussion questions, study questions, logic boxes, and chapter summaries require students to delvemore deeply into important issues and to reconstruct arguments in their own words. Some study questions test for minimal comprehension, while others are designed to provoke analysis and independent philosophical reflection. This extensive pedagogical support enables students to more easilycomprehend and engage with challenging material by establishing an interactive dialogue with the philosophers. This topically organized anthology and textbook includes numerous excerpts from contemporary philosophers, as well as from Western classics and major Eastern texts, encouraging students to explore connections between works from the Western and Eastern traditions and from different timeperiods. Topics covered include the philosophy of religion; human nature and the self; souls, minds, bodies, and machines; epistemology; ethics; and political philosophy. A glossary, portraits of philosophers, title pages of famous works, and thirteen specially commissioned cartoons are also included. Philosophical Questions: Readings and Interactive Guides is a rich and flexible volume ideal for introduction to philosophy courses. An Instructor's Manual withTest Questions will be available to adopters of the book. In addition, a Companion Website accompanies the book.

Table of Contents

Preface for the Instructor	xi
Introducing the Book	2	(12)
Philosophical Questions and Wonder	2	(2)
Features of This Book	4	(1)
A Little Logic	5	(9)
The Philosophy of Religion	14	(102)
Challenges to Religious Belief	15	(20)
The Irrationality of Believing in Miracles	16	(12)
David Hume
Religion as the Opium of the Masses	28	(3)
Karl Marx
The Death of God	31	(4)
Friedrich Nietzsche
The Problem of Evil	35	(17)
God and Human Suffering	35	(6)
Fyodor Dostoevsky
The Logical Problem of Evil	41	(7)
John L. Mackie
The Logical Problem of Evil Challenged	48	(2)
William Rowe
A Soul-Making Theodicy	50	(2)
John Hick
Mysticism and Religious Experience	52	(16)
Hindu Mysticism	53	(4)
The Limited Authority of Mystical Experiences	57	(3)
William James
The Untrustworthiness of Mystical Experiences	60	(3)
Bertrand Russell
The Trustworthiness of Religious Experiences	63	(5)
Richard Swinburne
The Ontological Argument for God's Existence	68	(7)
Anselm's Proofs	70	(1)
Against the Ontological Argument	71	(4)
Gaunilo
Aquinas
Kant
The Cosmological Argument for God's Existence	75	(8)
Aquinas's Proofs	76	(3)
Clarke's Proof and Hume's Criticisms	79	(4)
The Design Argument for God's Existence	83	(16)
Against the Design Argument	84	(6)
David Hume
The Design Argument Revisited	90	(3)
William Paley
Evolution and the Design Argument	93	(4)
Charles Darwin
The Fine-Tuning Argument	97	(2)
Robin Collins
Faith and Rationality	99	(17)
Wagering on Belief in God	100	(3)
Blaise Pascal
The Will to Believe	103	(7)
William James
Can We Know God Without Arguments?	110	(6)
Alvin Plantinga
Jay Van Hook
Human Nature and the Self	116	(106)
Determinism Versus Free Will	117	(29)
The Case for Determinism	119	(3)
Baron d'Holbach
Compatibilism	122	(3)
David Hume
In Defense of Free Will	125	(4)
Thomas Reid
Determinism, Indeterminism, and Agency	129	(8)
Richard Taylor
Determinism and Second-Order Desires	137	(9)
Harry Frankfurt
Identity and Survival	146	(18)
No-Self and Transmigration of the Soul: Buddhism	147	(6)
The Self as a Bundle of Perceptions	153	(3)
David Hume
Identity and Survival	156	(8)
Terence Penelhum
The Self as Active Being	164	(38)
The Self as Spirit	166	(7)
Søren Kierkegaard
The Self as Worker	173	(8)
Karl Marx
The Self as the Will to Power	181	(6)
Friedrich Nietzsche
The Self as Being Toward Death	187	(15)
Martin Heidegger
The Self Connected with a Larger Reality	202	(20)
The Self-God: Hindu Upanishads	203	(3)
The Way of Nature	206	(2)
Chuang-tzu
The Ecological Self	208	(7)
Arne Naess
Human Beings as Evolved Animals	215	(7)
Charles Darwin
Souls, Minds, Bodies, and Machines	222	(94)
Ancient Western Views on Body, Soul, and Mind	223	(10)
Materialism, Atoms, and Sensation: Democritus and Lucretius	224	(1)
Soul and Body Plato	225	(5)
Soul as Form of the Body	230	(3)
Aristotle
Classic Hindu Views on Soul, Self, and God	233	(6)
The Outer Empirical Self and the Inner Self-God: Katha Upanishad	233	(3)
Strict Monism	236	(1)
Sankara
Qualified Monism	237	(2)
Ramanuja
Modern Views on Mind and Body	239	(9)
Mental and Physical Substance	240	(3)
Rene Descartes
The Mixture of Body and Soul	243	(3)
Anne Conway
Idealist Monism and Parallelism	246	(2)
Benedict Spinoza
Gottfried Willhelm Leibniz
Twentieth-Century Views on Mind and Body	248	(10)
Logical Behaviorism	249	(1)
Gilbert Ryle
Mind--Brain Identity and Eliminative Materialism	250	(3)
J. J. C. Smart
Paul Churchland
Functionalism	253	(5)
Jerry Fodor
Intentionality	258	(24)
Intentionality as the Mark of the Mental	259	(1)
Franz Brentano
Kinds of Intentional Psychology	260	(22)
Daniel Dennett
Minds and Machines	282	(34)
Humans as Machines	282	(8)
Thomas Huxley
Reminders About Machines and Thinking	290	(2)
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Paul Ziff
Minds, Brains, and the Chinese Room Argument	292	(12)
John Searle
A Reply to Searle	304	(2)
William G. Lycan
Natural Languages, AI, and Existential Holism	306	(10)
John Haugeland
Epistemology	316	(106)
Skepticism and Certainty	317	(17)
The Relativity of All Things	318	(1)
Chuang-tzu
The Goals and Methods of Skepticism	319	(3)
Sextus Empiricus
Dreams, Illusions, and the Evil Genius: Rene Descartes	322	(4)
Skepticism About the External World	326	(3)
David Hume
The Problem of Induction	329	(5)
David Hume
Peter Strawson
Sources of Knowledge: Rationalism and Empiricism	334	(15)
Knowledge Does Not Come from the Senses	334	(4)
Plato
All Knowledge Derives from the Senses	338	(4)
John Locke
The Nature of Perception	342	(7)
John Searle
A Priori Knowledge	349	(11)
The Fork	349	(2)
David Hume
Analytic and Synthetic Judgments	351	(3)
Immanuel Kant
One Dogma of Empiricism	354	(6)
Willard Van Orman Quine
Foundationalism and Coherence	360	(18)
Foundationalism	361	(4)
Rene Descartes
John Locke
Knowledge and Coherence	365	(8)
Jonathan Dancy
The Raft Versus the Pyramid	373	(5)
Ernest Sosa
Problems with Justified Belief	378	(27)
True Justified Belief Is Not Sufficient for Knowledge	378	(2)
Edmund Gettier
Justification, Internalism, and Warrant	380	(3)
Alvin Plantinga
Naturalist Externalism Versus Internalism	383	(7)
Keith Lehrer
Justified Belief and Intellectual Virtues	390	(15)
Linda Zagzebski
The Social Construction of Knowledge	405	(17)
Social Factors in the Development of Knowledge and Science	406	(2)
Thomas Kuhn
Epistemology and the Sex of the Knower: Lorraine Code	408	(7)
Confusions in Constructivist Views	415	(7)
Alan Sokal
Ethics	422	(106)
Are Moral Values Objective?	423	(17)
Morality Grounded in Unchanging Spiritual Forms	424	(4)
Plato
Moral Relativism	428	(3)
Sextus
Montaigne
Mackie
The Case Against Moral Relativism	431	(9)
James Rachels
Can Human Conduct Be Selfless?	440	(13)
Whether Human Nature Is Inherently Good or Evil: Mencius and Hsun-tzu	441	(3)
The Selfish Origins of Pity and Charity	444	(2)
Thomas Hobbes
Love of Others Not Opposed to Self-Love	446	(4)
Joseph Butler
Altruism and Sociobiology	450	(3)
Edward O. Wilson
Reason and Moral Judgments	453	(8)
Can We Derive Ought from Is?	454	(2)
David Hume
John Searle
Expressing Feelings	456	(2)
Alfred Jules Ayer
Morality and the Best Reasons	458	(3)
Kurt Baier
Gender and Morality	461	(14)
Rational Morality for Men and Women	461	(8)
Mary Wollstonecraft
Uniquely Female Morality	469	(6)
Carol Gilligan
Virtues	475	(14)
Virtue and Happiness	476	(8)
Aristotle
Traditions and Virtues	484	(5)
Alasdair MacIntyre
Duties	489	(21)
Duties to God, Oneself, and Others	490	(6)
Samuel Pufendorf
The Categorical Imperative	496	(7)
Immanuel Kant
Prima Facie Duties	503	(4)
William D. Ross
Duties Toward Animals	507	(3)
Kant
Regan
Pleasure and Consequences	510	(18)
Hedonistic Ethical Egoism	511	(1)
Epicurus
Utilitarian Calculus	512	(3)
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism and Higher Pleasures	515	(13)
John Stuart Mill
Political Philosophy	528	(105)
Anarchism	529	(9)
Governments Contrary to the Way of Nature	530	(2)
Chuang-tzu
An Argument for Anarchy	532	(4)
Errico Malatesta
The Conflict Between Authority and Autonomy	536	(2)
Robert Paul Wolff
Sources of Political Authority	538	(23)
Natural Law	539	(3)
Samuel Pufendorf
The Social Contract	542	(8)
Thomas Hobbes
Natural Rights	550	(11)
John Locke
Liberalism and Communitarianism	561	(16)
Justice in the Original Position	562	(6)
John Rawls
Libertarianism	568	(7)
Robert Nozick
Communitarianism	575	(2)
Michael J. Sandel
Virtuous Leadership	577	(15)
Virtuous Leaders at the Root of Good Government: Confucianism	578	(1)
The Philosopher King	579	(3)
Plato
Political Survival	582	(10)
Niccolo Machiavelli
Limits of Political Coercion	592	(25)
The Limited Purpose of Punishment	593	(9)
Cesare Beccaria
Preserving Individual Liberty	602	(7)
John Stuart Mill
Offense to Others	609	(8)
Joel Feinberg
Civil Obedience, Disobedience, and Revolution	617	(16)
Obedience to the State	617	(7)
Plato
Civil Disobedience	624	(2)
Martin Luther King
A Defense of Revolution	626	(7)
John Locke
Glossary	633	(8)
Works Cited	641	(8)
Illustration Acknowledgments	649	(2)
Index	651