Philosophy : The Classics

by Warburton; Nigel

• ISBN13: 9780415356299
• ISBN10: 0415356296
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-07-07
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

In his exemplary clear style, Warburton introduces and assesses twenty-seven philosophical classics from Plato's Republicto Rawls' A Theory of Justice. For the third edition there is new text design and revised further reading make this the ideal book for all students, while three new chapters on Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil, Russell's The Problems of Philosophyand Sartre's Existentialism and Humanismmean that all the A Level set texts are covered. This brisk and invigorating tour through the great books of western philosophy explores the works of Plato, Aristotle, Boethius, Machiavelli, Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, Hume, Rousseau, Kant, Schopenhauer, Mill, Kierkegaard, Marx and Engels, Nietzsche, Russell, Ayer, Sartre, Wittgenstein, and Rawls. Offering twenty-seven guidebooks for the price of one, this is the most comprehensive introduction to philosophers and their texts currently available.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xvii
Introduction	1	(92)
1 Plato
The Republic	5	(14)
The Cave	5	(1)
Plato and Socrates	6	(1)
Thrasymachus and Glaucon	7	(1)
Individual and state	7	(1)
Divison of labour	8	(1)
Rulers, Auxiliaries and Workers	8	(1)
Role of women	9	(1)
The myth of the metals	10	(1)
The just state and the just individual	10	(1)
The three parts of the soul	11	(1)
Philosopher kings	12	(1)
The theory of Forms	12	(1)
Examples of injustice	13	(1)
Against art	14	(1)
Criticisms of The Republic	15	(2)
Dates	17	(1)
Glossary	17	(1)
Further reading	18	(1)
2 Aristotle
Nicomachean Ethics	19	(12)
Eudaimonia: a happy life	20	(2)
The function of a human being	22	(1)
The virtues	22	(1)
The Golden Mean	23	(1)
Action and culpability	24	(1)
Akrasia: weakness of will	25	(1)
The contemplative life	26	(1)
Criticisms of the Nicomachean Ethics	26	(3)
Dates	29	(1)
Glossary	29	(1)
Further reading	30	(1)
3 Boethius
The Consolation of Philosophy	31	(6)
Philosophy	32	(1)
Chance and happiness	32	(1)
Evil and reward	33	(1)
God and free will	33	(2)
Criticism of The Consolation of Philosophy	35	(1)
Dates	36	(1)
Glossary	36	(1)
Further reading	36	(1)
4 Niccolò Machiavelli
The Prince	37	(8)
Human nature	38	(1)
Virtù	39	(1)
Cesare Borgia versus Agathocles	40	(1)
Interpretations of The Prince	40	(2)
Criticisms of The Prince	42	(1)
Dates	43	(1)
Glossary	43	(1)
Further reading	44	(1)
5 René Descartes
Meditations	45	(13)
Cartesian Doubt	46	(1)
The evidence of the senses	46	(1)
The evil demon	47	(1)
The Cogito	48	(1)
Cartesian Dualism	49	(1)
The wax example	49	(1)
God	50	(1)
Beyond doubt	51	(1)
Criticisms of Meditations	52	(3)
Dates	55	(1)
Glossary	55	(1)
Further reading	56	(2)
6 Thomas Hobbes
Leviathan	58	(10)
The state of nature	59	(2)
Laws of nature 6o
The social contract	61	(1)
The sovereign	61	(1)
The prisioners' dilemma	62	(1)
Criticisms of Leviathan	63	(2)
Dates	65	(1)
Glossary	66	(1)
Further reading	67	(1)
7 Baruch de Spinoza
Ethics	68	(6)
The title	69	(1)
God and pantheism	69	(1)
Mind and body	70	(1)
Freedom and human bondage	70	(1)
Love of God	71	(1)
Criticisms of Ethics	72	(1)
Dates	73	(1)
Glossary	73	(1)
Further reading	73	(1)
8 John Locke
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding	74	(11)
No innate principles	75	(1)
Ideas	76	(1)
Primary and secondary qualities	77	(1)
Personal identity	78	(2)
Language	80	(1)
Criticisms of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding	81	(2)
Dates	83	(1)
Glossary	83	(1)
Further reading	84	(1)
9 John Locke
Second Treatise of Government	85	(8)
First and Second Treatises	86	(1)
The state of nature and laws of nature	86	(1)
Property	87	(1)
Money	88	(1)
Civil society	89	(1)
Rebellion	90	(1)
Criticisms of Second Treatise of Government	90	(1)
Dates	91	(1)
Glossary	92	(1)
Further reading	92	(1)
10 David Hume
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	93	(10)
The origin of ideas	94	(1)
The association of ideas	95	(1)
Causation	96	(1)
Free will	97	(2)
Miracles	99	(1)
Hume's Fork	100	(1)
Criticisms of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	100	(1)
Dates	101	(1)
Glossary	101	(1)
Further reading	102	(1)
11 David Hume
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	103	(9)
The characters	104	(1)
The Design Argument	104	(1)
Criticisms of the Design Argument	105	(3)
The First Cause Argument	108	(1)
Was Hume an atheist?	109	(1)
Dates	110	(1)
Glossary	110	(1)
Further reading	111	(1)
12 Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The Social Contract	112	(7)
Social contract	113	(1)
The general will	113	(1)
Freedom	114	(1)
The legislator	114	(1)
Government	115	(1)
Three types of government	115	(2)
Criticisms of The Social Contract	117	(1)
Dates	117	(1)
Glossary	118	(1)
Further reading	118	(1)
13 Immanuel Kant
Critique of Pure Reason	119	(7)
The synthetic a priori	120	(1)
Appearances and the thing-in-itself	121	(1)
Space/time	122	(1)
The categories	122	(1)
The transcendental deduction	123	(1)
Criticism of the Critique of Pure Reason	123	(1)
Dates	124	(1)
Glossary	124	(1)
Further reading	125	(1)
14 Immanuel Kant
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals	126	(8)
The good will	126	(1)
Duty and inclination	127	(1)
Maxims	128	(1)
The categorical imperative	128	(2)
Kant, Aristotle and Mill	130	(1)
Criticisms of The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals	130	(2)
Dates	132	(1)
Glossary	132	(1)
Further reading	133	(1)
15 Arthur Schopenhauer
The World as Will and Idea	134	(8)
The world as idea	134	(1)
The world as will	135	(1)
Art	136	(1)
Music	137	(1)
Free will	137	(1)
Suffering and salvation	138	(1)
Criticisms of The World as Will and Idea	139	(1)
Dates	139	(1)
Glossary	140	(1)
Further reading	140	(2)
16 John Stuart Mill
On Liberty	142	(11)
Authorship	143	(1)
The Harm Principle	143	(2)
Freedom of speech	145	(2)
Criticisms of On Liberty	147	(3)
Dates	150	(1)
Glossary	151	(1)
Further reading	151	(2)
17 John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism	153	(7)
Bentham's utilitarianism	153	(1)
Mill on higher and lower pleasures	154	(1)
The 'proof of utilitarianism	155	(1)
Criticisms of Utilitarianism	156	(2)
Dates	158	(1)
Glossary	158	(1)
Further reading	159	(1)
18 Søren Vierkegaard
Either/Or	160	(8)
Pseudonymous authorship	160	(1)
Either	161	(1)
The aesthetic approach to life	161	(1)
Crop Rotation	162	(1)
'The Seducer's Diary'	162	(1)
The ethical approach to life	163	(1)
Readings of Either/Or	164	(2)
Criticisms of Either/Or	166	(1)
Dates	167	(1)
Glossary	167	(1)
Further reading	167	(1)
19 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The German Ideology, Part One	168	(7)
Historical materialism	169	(1)
Division of labour	170	(1)
Ideology	170	(1)
Revolution	171	(1)
Criticisms of The German Ideology	171	(2)
Dates	173	(1)
Glossary	174	(1)
Further reading	174	(1)
20 Friedrich Nietzsche
Beyond Good and Evil	175	(7)
The title	176	(1)
The Will to Power	177	(1)
On the prejudices of philosophers	177	(1)
Truth	178	(1)
Unconscious drives	178	(1)
Religion	179	(1)
Criticisms of Beyond Good and Evil	179	(2)
Dates	181	(1)
Glossary	181	(1)
Further reading	181	(1)
21 Friedrich Nietzsche
On the Genealogy of Morality	182	(8)
Genealogy	183	(1)
First essay: 'good and evil' and 'good and bad'	183	(1)
Ressentiment	184	(1)
Second essay: conscience	185	(1)
Third essay: asceticism	186	(1)
Criticisms of On the Genealogy of Morality	187	(2)
Dates	189	(1)
Glossary	189	(1)
Further reading	189	(1)
22 Bertrand Russell
The Problems of Philosophy	190	(8)
The title	191	(1)
What is philosophy?	191	(1)
Appearance and reality	192	(1)
Knowledge by acquaintance and by description	193	(1)
The a priori	194	(1)
Induction	195	(1)
Criticisms of The Problems of Philosophy	195	(1)
Dates	196	(1)
Glossary	196	(1)
Further reading	197	(1)
23 A.J. Ayer
Language, Truth and Logic	198	(12)
The Verification Principle	199	(2)
Strong and weak senses of 'verifiability'	201	(1)
Metaphysics and poetry	202	(1)
Philosophy	202	(1)
The problem of induction	203	(1)
Mathematics	204	(1)
Ethics	204	(2)
Religion	206	(1)
Criticisms of Language, Truth and Logic	206	(2)
Dates	208	(1)
Glossary	208	(1)
Further reading	209	(1)
24 Jean-Paul Sartre
Being and Nothingness	210	(12)
Phenomenological approach	211	(1)
Being	211	(1)
Nothingness	211	(1)
Freedom	212	(1)
Bad faith	213	(2)
Critique of Freud	215	(1)
Shame	216	(1)
Love My death	217	(1)
Existential psychoanalysis	218	(1)
Criticisms of Being and Nothingness	218	(1)
Dates	219	(1)
Glossary	219	(1)
Further reading	220	(2)
25 Jean-Paul Sartre
Existentialism and Humanism	222	(10)
What is existentialism?	222	(1)
What is humanism?	222	(1)
Answering his critics	223	(1)
Abandonment	224	(1)
Anguish	225	(1)
Despair	225	(1)
Sartre's pupil	226	(2)
Criticisms of Existentialism and Humanism	228	(2)
Dates	230	(1)
Glossary	230	(1)
Further reading	230	(2)
26 Ludwig Wittgenstein
Philosophical Investigations	232	(9)
Relation to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus	232	(1)
The nature of philosophy	233	(1)
Meaning as use	233	(2)
Family resemblance terms	235	(1)
The Private Language Argument	235	(3)
Seeing aspects	238	(1)
Criticisms of Philosophical Investigations	238	(1)
Dates	239	(1)
Glossary	240	(1)
Further reading	240	(1)
27 John Rawls
A Theory of Justice	241	(8)
The original position	241	(1)
The liberty principle	242	(1)
The fair equality of opportunity principle and the difference principle	243	(1)
Criticisms of A Theory of Justice	244	(2)
Dates	246	(1)
Glossary	247	(1)
Further reading	247	(2)
Index (including key concepts)	249