9780131186637

Phonics: What, Why, and How?	p. 1
Defining Phonics and Word Identification	p. 2
Phonics in The Middle Grades?	p. 4
Intervention When Students Struggle	p. 5
The Reading Wars: The Role of Phonics in Reading Instruction	p. 6
The 1950s and 1960s: The Great Debate	p. 6
The 1970s and 1980s: Phonics Versus Comprehension	p. 7
The 1990s: Whole Language Versus Phonics	p. 7
The Role of Phonics Instruction: Recent Developments	p. 10
The National Reading Panel Report	p. 10
No Child Left Behind and State Standards	p. 11
Assessing Phonics	p. 12
Phonics in a Comprehensive Language Arts Program	p. 12
Before You Move On	p. 12
What's in This Chapter for Me?	p. 13
Making Decisions About Instruction: What Teachers Need to Know	p. 17
Approaches to Phonics Instruction	p. 18
Traditional Approaches	p. 18
Contemporary Approaches	p. 19
Teachers must Show Students How to Use Cues to Identify Words	p. 21
Graphophonemic Cues	p. 21
Using Meaning Cues: The Semantic and Syntactic Systems	p. 22
How Readers Combine Cues	p. 22
Teachers must Extend the Alphabetic Knowledge and Phonemic Awareness that Children Develop at Home	p. 23
Letter and Alphabetic Knowledge	p. 23
Phonemic Awareness	p. 24
Teaching Word Identification Is Based on an Understanding of Development	p. 26
Prealphabetic Stage	p. 27
Partial Alphabetic Stage	p. 27
Alphabetic Stage	p. 27
Consolidated Stage	p. 28
Automatic Stage	p. 29
Teachers must Know Appropriate Interventions for Students who Struggle	p. 29
Intervention When Students Struggle	p. 30
Teachers must Guide Their Instruction About Phonics and Word Identification Through Ongoing Assessment	p. 31
Assessing Phonemic Awareness	p. 31
Before You Move On	p. 31
What's in This Chapter for Me?	p. 33
Learning and Teaching About Consonants	p. 35
Understanding Consonants	p. 36
Multiple Sounds	p. 37
Silent Consonants	p. 37
Learning About Consonants Through Sorting Activities	p. 38
Picture Sorting for Primary Students	p. 38
Word Sorting for Intermediate and Middle Grade Students	p. 39
Consonant Blends and Three-Letter Clusters	p. 40
Ending Consonant Blends	p. 40
Learning About Blends Through Independent and Guided Activities	p. 41
Consonant Digraphs	p. 41
Classroom Environments for Teaching Consonants	p. 43
Name Word Wall	p. 43
Learning Centers	p. 44
Alphabet Books	p. 44
Take-Home Magnets	p. 45
Games to Reinforce Consonant Sounds	p. 45
Assessing Consonant Letters and Sounds	p. 47
Intervention When Students Struggle	p. 49
Before You Move On	p. 49
What's in This Chapter for Me?	p. 50
Learning and Teaching About Vowels	p. 53
Understanding Vowels	p. 54
Short Vowel Sounds	p. 54
Rimes	p. 56
Long Vowel Sounds	p. 56
Making Words: A Way to Practice Vowel Patterns	p. 57
Other Vowel Sounds	p. 59
Whole Class Teaching and Learning Activities	p. 62
Word Walls	p. 62
Brand Name Phonics	p. 63
Word Sorts	p. 63
Word Ladders	p. 64
Onset and Rime Writing	p. 64
Small Group Games	p. 64
Onset and Rime Bingo	p. 64
Red Light/Green Light	p. 65
Roll-a-Vowel	p. 65
Make-a-Word	p. 65
Spill-a-Word	p. 65
Word Rummy	p. 66
Rime Scattergories	p. 66
Content Area Vowel Rummy	p. 66
Interventions When Students Struggle	p. 66
Assessing Vowel Sounds	p. 67
Before You Move On	p. 68
What's in This Chapter for Me?	p. 70
Incorporating Phonics and Word Identification into Reading Instruction	p. 71
Using Embedded Instruction	p. 73
Planning "Spontaneous" Lessons	p. 73
Encouraging Students to Use Cueing Systems	p. 74
Incorporating Phonics Instruction in Shared Reading	p. 74
Using Poetry and Verse	p. 76
Teaching and Learning with Decodable Text	p. 78
Guided Reading Using Leveled Texts	p. 80
Teaching Word Identification in Literature Circles	p. 83
A Glimpse into a Grade 5/6 Classroom: Mrs. Lanyi	p. 83
Interventions When Students Struggle	p. 84
A Glimpse into the Classroom: Mrs. Alberty	p. 85
Assessing Word Identification with Meaningful Texts	p. 85
Before You Move On	p. 87
What's in This Chapter for Me?	p. 87
Spelling and Writing Instruction	p. 89
Orthography: A Language for Spellers	p. 90
High Frequency Words	p. 90
Developmental Spelling Stages	p. 91
Prephonemic Stage	p. 92
Phonemic Stage	p. 92
Transitional Stage	p. 94
Conventional Stage	p. 94
Invented Spelling	p. 96
Guiding Principles for Spelling Instruction	p. 96
Classroom Strategies for Spelling and Writing	p. 97
Shared (or Interactive) Writing	p. 97
Writing Journals	p. 97
Writing Workshop	p. 98
Mini Lessons	p. 99
Buddy Study Spelling	p. 99
High Frequency Word Walls	p. 102
A Glimpse into Mrs. Schlotterer's First-Grade Classroom	p. 103
Teacher-Made Spelling Games	p. 104
Where's My Stuff?	p. 104
I Won One	p. 105
Spelling Survivor	p. 105
Interventions When Students Struggle	p. 106
A Glimpse into an Intervention Classroom	p. 106
Assessing Spelling	p. 107
Before You Move On	p. 108
What's in This Chapter for Me?	p. 108
Teaching Word Structure for Sound and Meaning	p. 111
Understanding Morphemes	p. 112
Structural Analysis	p. 113
Compound Words	p. 113
Prefixes	p. 113
Suffixes	p. 114
Teaching and Learning About Affixes	p. 114
Greek and Latin Roots	p. 115
Teaching Big Words in Meaningful Context	p. 116
Inflectional Endings	p. 117
Interventions When Students Struggle	p. 119
Syllables and Accents	p. 120
Assessing Affixes	p. 122
Building a Rich Vocabulary Knowledge	p. 122
Interesting Words	p. 123
New Words and Slang	p. 123
Ethnic Heritage	p. 124
Words of the Year	p. 126
Specialized Words	p. 126
Idioms	p. 126
Oxymorons	p. 127
Palindromes and Portmanteaus	p. 127
Before You Move On	p. 127
What's in This Chapter for Me?	p. 128
Accommodating and Supporting Students with Language Differences	p. 131
Understanding the Needs of English Language Learners	p. 132
Literacy in the Primary Language	p. 133
Developing Conversational English Proficiency	p. 133
Developing Academic English Proficiency	p. 134
Social and Cultural Transitions	p. 134
Phonetic and Graphic Differences Between Languages	p. 134
Assessing English Language Learners	p. 135
Environments for Supporting English Language Learning	p. 137
Surround All Students with Oral and Written Language	p. 137
Encourage Social Interaction	p. 138
Share and Respect Culture	p. 139
Interventions When Students Struggle	p. 141
Shared Reading	p. 141
Journal Writing	p. 141
Shared Writing	p. 141
Sheltered Instruction	p. 142
Strategy Teaching	p. 142
Other Suggestions	p. 142
Nonmainstream English Speakers	p. 143
Culturally Responsive Instruction	p. 144
Regional Dialects	p. 145
Before You Move On	p. 146
What's in This Chapter for Me?	p. 148
Appendix	p. 149
Glossary	p. 153
References	p. 159
Index	p. 167
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Phonics and Word Identification Instruction and Intervention K-8

0131186639

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