Photography

by London, Barbara; Upton, John

• ISBN13: 9780321011084
• ISBN10: 0321011082
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-08-01
• Publisher: Varsitybooks.Com

Summary

This best-selling, comprehensive guide to photography featuring superb instructional illustrations is the most cutting-edge photography book on the market. It offers extensive coverage of digital imaging with the latest technological developments, such as Web page design and formatting photos on CD-ROMs. Chapter topics explore the process of getting started, camera, lens, film and light, exposure, processing the negative, mounting and finishing, color, digital camera, digital darkroom, lighting, special techniques, view camera, zone system, seeing photographs, and the history of photography. Step-by-step instructions include a " Lights Out" feature to help learners better identify darkroom techniques. For anyone with a personal or professional interest in photography.

Table of Contents

Preface	vi
1 Getting Started	1	(12)
Camera and Film	2	(1)
Loading Film into the Camera	3	(1)
Focusing and Setting the Exposure	4	(2)
Exposing the Film	6	(1)
What Will You Photograph?	7	(6)
Photographing People	8	(2)
Photographing Where You Are	10	(3)
2 Camera	13	(22)
Basic Camera Controls	14	(2)
The Shutter	16	(4)
The Shutter and Light	16	(2)
The Shutter and Motion	18	(2)
The Aperture	20	(4)
The Aperture and Light	20	(2)
The Aperture and Depth of Field	22	(2)
Using Shutter and Aperture Together	24	(2)
The Major Types of Cameras	26	(2)
Choosing a Camera	28	(2)
Special-Purpose Cameras	30	(1)
Keeping the Camera Steady	31	(1)
Photographer at Work: Dance Photography	32	(3)
3 Lens	35	(28)
From Pinhole to Lens	36	(2)
Lens Focal Length	38	(9)
Normal-Focal-Length Lenses	40	(2)
Long-Focal-Length Lenses	42	(2)
Short-Focal-Length Lenses	44	(2)
Zoom Lenses	46	(1)
Special-Purpose Lenses	47	(1)
Focusing Your Lens	48	(2)
Automatic Focus	48	(1)
Manual Focus	49	(1)
Focus and Depth of Field	50	(6)
Controlling Depth of Field	52	(2)
Zone Focusing and Focusing on the Hyperfocal Distance	54	(2)
Perspective	56	(4)
Using Perspective	58	(2)
Choosing Lenses	60	(1)
Getting the Most from Your Camera and Lens	61	(2)
4 Light and Film	63	(26)
Selecting and Using Film	64	(10)
Film Speed	66	(1)
Film Speed and Grain	67	(1)
Fast Film--When Speed is Essential	68	(2)
Medium-Speed and Slow Films--For Maximum Detail	70	(2)
Instant Films	72	(2)
How Film Responds to Light	74	(8)
Characteristic Curves	76	(2)
How Black-and-White Film Records Color	78	(2)
Infrared Film	80	(2)
Using Filters	82	(7)
Filters for Black-and-White Film	84	(1)
A Polarizing Filter to Reduce Reflections	85	(1)
Filters for Special Effects	86	(3)
5 Exposure	89	(16)
Exposure Basics	90	(4)
How Exposure Meters Work	90	(2)
Built-in Meters	92	(1)
Automatic Exposure	93	(1)
How to Meter	94	(9)
An Overall Reading for an Average Scene	94	(2)
Metering Scenes with High Contrast	96	(2)
Exposing for Specific Tones	98	(2)
Hard-to-Meter Scenes	100	(2)
Substitution Readings	102	(1)
Using Exposure	103	(2)
6 Developing the Negative	105	(26)
How to Process Black-and-White Roll Film	106	(4)
Equipment and Chemicals You'll Need	106	(2)
Handling Chemicals	108	(1)
Chemical Safety	109	(1)
Processing Black-and-White Roll Film Step by Step	110	(6)
Processing Black-and-White Roll Film--A Summary	115	(1)
How Film Processing Affects Your Picture	116	(6)
How Developer Affects a Negative	116	(1)
How Fixer Affects a Negative	117	(1)
How Time and Temperature Affect Development	118	(2)
The Importance of Proper Agitation and Fresh Solutions	120	(2)
Exposure and Development: Under, Normal, Over	122	(2)
Push Processing	124	(3)
Intensification and Reduction	127	(1)
Photographer at Work: Another Angle on Sports	128	(3)
7 Printing the Positive	131	(30)
Black-and-White Printing: Equipment and Materials You'll Need	132	(6)
The Enlarger	134	(2)
Printing Papers	136	(2)
Making a Black-and-White Print Step by Step	138	(10)
A Contact Sheet: A Whole Roll at Once	138	(2)
Setting Up an Enlargement	140	(2)
A Test Strip for Your Final Print	142	(1)
A Trial Print--And Eventually a Final Print	143	(1)
Processing a Black-and-White Print	144	(3)
Processing Black-and-White Prints--A Summary	147	(1)
Evaluating Density and Contrast in a Print	148	(2)
Papers that Control Contrast	150	(4)
Graded-Contrast Papers	150	(2)
Variable-Contrast Papers	152	(2)
Dodging and Burning In	154	(2)
Cropping	156	(1)
Archival Processing for Maximum Permanence	157	(1)
Toning for Color and Other Effects	158	(3)
8 Finishing and Mounting	161	(8)
Spotting to Remove Minor Flaws	162	(1)
Mounting a Print	163	(3)
Equipment and Materials You'll Need	163	(1)
Dry Mounting	164	(2)
Cutting an Overmat	166	(3)
9 Special Techniques	169	(22)
Making Close-Up Photographs	170	(4)
Close-Up Equipment	172	(1)
Close-Up Exposures: Greater than Normal	173	(1)
Copying Techniques	174	(2)
Pinhole Photography	176	(2)
Special Printing Techniques	178	(4)
A Photogram: A Cameraless Picture	178	(2)
A Sabattier Print: Part Negative, Part Positive	180	(2)
Alternative Processes	182	(6)
Hand-Applied Emulsions	182	(2)
Image Transfer	184	(1)
Hand Coloring	185	(1)
Mixed Media	186	(2)
Making an Image on High-Contrast Film	188	(3)
10 Color	191	(32)
Color: Additive or Subtractive	192	(1)
Color Photographs: Three Image Layers	193	(1)
Choosing a Color Film	194	(1)
Instant Color Film	195	(1)
Exposure Latitude: How Much Can Exposures Vary?	196	(2)
Color Balance	198	(10)
Color Temperature and the Color Balance of Film	198	(2)
Filters to Balance Color	200	(2)
Color Casts	202	(2)
Color Changes throughout the Day	204	(2)
Shifted Colors from Reciprocity Effect	206	(2)
Developing Color Film	208	(2)
Making a Color Print from a Negative	210	(8)
Equipment and Materials You'll Need	210	(2)
Exposing a Test Print	212	(2)
Judging Density in a Print Made from a Negative	214	(1)
Judging Color Balance in a Print Made from a Negative	215	(2)
More about Color Balance/Print Finishing	217	(1)
Making a Color Print from a Transparency	218	(2)
Judging a Print Made from a Transparency	219	(1)
Photographer at Work: Advertising Photography	220	(3)
11 Lighting	223	(30)
Direction of Light	224	(2)
Degree of Diffusion: From Hard to Soft Light	226	(2)
Available Light--Outdoors	228	(1)
Available Light--Indoors	229	(1)
Artificial Light	230	(2)
Lights and Other Lighting Equipment	230	(1)
Qualities of Artificial Light	231	(1)
The Main Light: The Dominant Source	232	(2)
The Fill Light: To Lighten Shadows	234	(2)
Lighting with Flash	236	(8)
Flash Equipment	237	(1)
Basic Flash Techniques	238	(2)
Automatic Flash Exposures	240	(1)
Manual Flash Exposures	241	(1)
Fill Flash: Flash Plus Daylight	242	(2)
Simple Portrait Lighting	244	(2)
Multiple-Light Portrait Setups	246	(2)
Lighting Textured Objects	248	(1)
Lighting Reflective Objects	249	(1)
Lighting Translucent Objects	250	(1)
Using Lighting	251	(2)
12 Digital Imaging	253	(28)
Digital Imaging: An Overview	254	(1)
Pictures into Pixels	255	(1)
Equipment Needed for Digital Imaging	256	(4)
Capture	257	(1)
Storage and Transmission	258	(1)
Printing	259	(1)
Editing a Digital Image	260	(8)
Changing a Selected Area	262	(2)
Enhancing Reality	264	(2)
Going Beyond Reality	266	(2)
Photographer at Work: Merging Photography and Illustration	268	(2)
Photographer at Work: A Photojournalist Uses Digital Imaging	270	(2)
Digital Imaging Used for Personal Expression	272	(2)
Digital Imaging Used for Advertising	274	(1)
Digital Imaging Encounters Ethics	275	(1)
Pictures on the Internet	276	(2)
Pictures on a CD-ROM	278	(3)
13 View Camera	281	(22)
Inside a View Camera	282	(2)
View Camera Movements	284	(8)
Rise and Fall	284	(2)
Shift	286	(2)
Tilt	288	(2)
Swing	290	(2)
Using a View Camera to Control the Image	292	(4)
Controlling the Plane of Focus	293	(1)
Controlling Perspective	294	(2)
Equipment You'll Need	296	(1)
What to Do First--and Next	297	(1)
Loading and Processing Sheet Film	298	(2)
Using a View Camera	300	(3)
14 Zone System	303	(12)
The Zone System Scales	304	(2)
Using the Zone Scale While Metering: Placing a Tone, Seeing Where Other Tones Fall	306	(2)
How Development Controls Contrast	308	(2)
Putting It All Together	310	(2)
Photographer at Work: Using the Zone System	312	(3)
15 Seeing Photographs	315	(26)
Basic Choices	316	(6)
Content	316	(2)
Framing the Subject	318	(2)
Backgrounds	320	(2)
Basic Design	322	(6)
Spot/Line	322	(2)
Shape/Pattern	324	(2)
Emphasis/Balance	326	(2)
More Choices	328	(8)
Using Contrasts of Sharpness	328	(2)
Using Contrasts of Light and Dark	330	(2)
Placing the Subject Within the Frame	332	(2)
Perspective and Point of View	334	(2)
Looking at--and Talking About--Photographs	336	(2)
Showing Your Work to Editors and Others	338	(3)
16 History of Photography	341	(29)
The Invention of Photography	342	(1)
Daguerreotype: "Designs on Silver Bright"	343	(1)
Calotype: Pictures on Paper	344	(1)
Collodion Wet-Plate: Sharp and Reproducible	345	(1)
Gelatin Emulsion/Roll-Film Base: Photography for Everyone	346	(1)
Color Photography	347	(1)
Early Portraits	348	(2)
Early Travel Photography	350	(1)
Early Images of War	351	(1)
Time and Motion in Early Photographs	352	(1)
The Photograph as Document	353	(1)
Photography and Social Change	354	(2)
Photojournalism	356	(4)
Photography as Art in the 19th Century	360	(1)
Pictorial Photography and the Photo-Secession	361	(1)
The Direct Image in Art	362	(1)
The Quest for a New Vision	363	(1)
Photography as Art in the 1950s and Beyond	364	(6)
Appendixes	370	(13)
Troubleshooting	370	(12)
Metric Conversions	382	(1)
Glossary	383	(5)
Bibliography	388	(4)
Credits	392	(1)
Index	393