Physical Ceramics Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering

by Chiang, Yet-Ming; Birnie, Dunbar P.; Kingery, W. David

• ISBN13: 9780471598732
• ISBN10: 0471598739
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-05-14
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Designed to provide students with the core understanding necessary to pursue the subject of ceramics as it now exists and to be prepared for any surprises likely to emerge. Key concepts are developed in a sequence which builds on firm foundations, using the material learned so that its significance is continuously reinforced. The nature of defects which intrudes upon the perfect geometry of ideal crystal structures, migration of matter and charge, chemical and phase equilibria are among the subjects discussed.

Author Biography

Yet-Ming Chiang and Dunbar P. Birnie are the authors of Physical Ceramics: Principles for Ceramic Science and Engineering, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Structure of Ceramics	1	(100)
Assumed Knowledge	2	(1)
Close-Packed Lattices	3	(6)
FCC and HCP Lattices	3	(4)
Location and Density of Interstitial Sites	7	(1)
Sites Between Two Close-Packed Layers	7	(1)
Three-Dimensional Arrangements of Interstitial Sites	8	(1)
Stability of Ionic Crystals	9	(10)
The Madelung Constant	9	(4)
Pauling's Rules	13	(6)
Ceramic Crystal Structures	19	(53)
FCC Based Structures	23	(1)
Rocksalt	23	(1)
Anti-Fluorite and Fluorite	24	(3)
Zincblende	27	(2)
Special Topic: Polymorphs and Polytypes	29	(2)
HCP Based Structures	31	(1)
Wurtzite	31	(1)
Corundum	32	(2)
Ilmenite and Lithium Niobate	34	(3)
Rutile	37	(1)
Perovskite	38	(4)
Special Topic: Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics	42	(7)
Spinel	49	(3)
Special Topic: Magnetic Ceramics	52	(7)
Perovskite/Rocksalt Derivatives: Cuprate Superconductors	59	(6)
Special Topic: Structure, Conductivity, and Superconductivity	65	(3)
Covalent Ceramics	68	(1)
Silicon Nitride	68	(1)
Oxynitrides: Charge Compensating Solid Solutions	69	(3)
Crystalline Silicates	72	(8)
Oxygen/Silicon Ratio	73	(1)
Clay Minerals	73	(7)
Glass Structure	80	(21)
Glass Formation	80	(3)
Continuous Random Networks	83	(2)
Random Close-Packing
Radial Distribution Function	85	(2)
Oxide Glasses	87	(4)
Borates and Borosilicates	91	(2)
Additional Reading	93	(2)
Problems	95	(6)
Defects In Ceramics	101	(84)
Point Defects	102	(34)
Intrinsic Ionic Disorder	104	(1)
Concentration of Intrinsic Defects	105	(2)
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Behavior	107	(3)
Units for Defect Concentration	110	(1)
Special Topic: Kroger-Vink Notation	110	(1)
Defect Chemical Reactions	111	(2)
Solute Incorporation	113	(2)
Electrons, Holes, and Defect Ionization	115	(1)
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions	116	(1)
Extent of Nonstoichiometry	117	(1)
Electronic Disorder	118	(1)
Bandgaps	119	(1)
Concentration of Intrinsic Electrons and Holes	119	(6)
Example: Intrinsic Electronic and Ionic Defect Concentrations in MgO and NaCl	125	(1)
Donors and Acceptors	126	(3)
Electronic vs. Ionic Compensation of Solutes	129	(2)
Special Topic: Point Defects and Crystalline Density in ZrO2	131	(2)
Special Topic: Color and Color Centers	133	(3)
Simultaneous Defect Equilibria: The Brouwer Diagram	136	(10)
Special Topic: Some Simple Procedures for Constructing a Brouwer Diagram	141	(1)
Special Topic: Oxygen Sensors based on Nonstoichiometric TiO2	142	(4)
Defect Association and Precipitation	146	(9)
Point Defect Association	146	(2)
Precipitation	148	(4)
Debye-Huckel Corrections	152	(1)
Special Topic: Cation Nonstoichiometry, Disorder, and Defect
Energetics in Lithium Niobate	152	(3)
Interactions Between Point Defects and Interfaces	155	(10)
Ionic Space Charge Potential	157	(1)
Intrinsic Potential	157	(1)
Extrinsic Potential	158	(7)
Line and Planare Defects	165	(20)
Dislocations	166	(5)
Grain Boundaries	171	(1)
Special Boundaries	172	(4)
General Boundaries	176	(1)
Boundary Films	176	(6)
Additional Reading	182	(1)
Problems	183	(2)
Mass and Electrical Transport	185	(78)
Continuum Diffusion Kinetics	186	(5)
Atomistic Diffusion Processes	191	(20)
Random Walk Diffusion	192	(1)
Diffusion as a Thermally Activated Process	193	(2)
Types of Diffusion Coefficients	195	(6)
Diffusion in Lightly-Doped NaCl	201	(1)
Diffusion in a Highly Stoichiometric Oxide: MgO	202	(3)
Diffusion in Cation-Deficient Oxides: the Transition Metal Monoxides	205	(3)
Diffusion in a Highly Defective Oxide: Cubic Stabilized ZrO2	208	(3)
Electrical Conductivity	211	(22)
Relationship Between Mobility and Diffusivity	212	(4)
Ionic and Electronic Conductivity	216	(1)
Cobalt Oxide: a p-Type Electronic Conductor	217	(2)
Mixed Electronic-Ionic Conduction in MgO	219	(2)
Ionic Conduction in Cubic ZrO2	221	(1)
Conductivity in SrTiO3	222	(3)
Special Topic: Nonlinear Conducting Ceramics: Varistors and Thermistors	225	(8)
The Electrochemical Potention	233	(30)
The Nernst Equation and Application to Ionic Conductors Ambipolar Diffusion	236	(2)
Equilibration of Defect Structures	238	(4)
Ambipolar Diffusion in Sintering	242	(3)
Special Topic: Diffusional Creep as an Example of Ambipolar Diffusion	245	(6)
Special Topic: Kinetic Demixing	251	(5)
Additional Reading	256	(1)
Problems	256	(7)
Phase Equilibria	263	(88)
Thermodynamic Equilibrium	263	(4)
Special Topic: Metastability in Carbon: Diamond and Diamond-like Materials	265	(2)
The Gibbs Phase Rule	267	(4)
Binary Phase Diagrams	271	(22)
Complete Solid Solution	271	(2)
Limited Solid Solution	273	(1)
Binary Eutectic System	273	(4)
Intermediate Compounds
Special Topic: Free Energy Curves and the Common Tangent Construction	277	(6)
Peritectic Diagrams and Incongruent Melting	283	(2)
Subsolidus Phase Equilibria	285	(2)
Solidus and Liquidus Temperatures	287	(1)
Variable Valence Systems: Example in Fe-O	288	(2)
Binary Lever Rule	290	(1)
Special Topic: Crystal Growth and Phase Equilibria	291	(2)
Features of Ternary Phase Diagrams	293	(14)
Reading Compositions	294	(1)
Example: SiO2-Al2O3-``FeO''	295	(2)
Primary Phase Fields	297	(1)
Congruently and Incongruently Melting Compounds	297	(2)
Boundary Curves and Temperature Contours	299	(1)
Ternary Invariant Points	300	(1)
Compatibility Triangles	301	(1)
Solidus Temperatures	301	(1)
Liquid-Liquid Immiscibility	302	(1)
Special Topic: Reciprocal Salt Diagrams	302	(5)
Operations Using Ternary Diagrams	307	(11)
Constructing Binary Diagrams from Ternary Diagrams	307	(1)
Example: ``FeO''-SiO2 Binary Diagram	308	(2)
Constructing Isothermal Sections	310	(5)
The Ternary Lever Rule	315	(3)
Reactions Upon Heating and Cooling	318	(33)
Ternary Eutectic Reaction	318	(1)
Ternary Peritectic Reaction	319	(2)
Reactions Upon Heating	321	(1)
Heating Through a Ternary Eutectic	322	(5)
Heating Through a Ternary Peritectic	327	(5)
Equilibrium Crystallization Paths	332	(1)
Eutectic Solidification	332	(3)
Crystallization with Partial Resorption	335	(5)
Nonequilibrium Crystallization	340	(2)
Special Topic: Porcelain	342	(3)
Additional Reading	345	(1)
Problems	345	(6)
Microstructure	351	(164)
Capillarity	351	(20)
Pressure Due to Curved Surfaces	354	(2)
Chemical Potential Changes at Curved Surfaces	356	(4)
Wetting and Dihedral Angles	360	(8)
Special Topic: Rayleigh Instability and Microstructures	368	(3)
Grain Growth and Coarsening	371	(21)
Grain Boundary Migration and Grain Growth	372	(16)
Particle Coarsening (Ostwald Ripening)	388	(4)
Single Phase Sintering	392	(29)
Viscous Sintering	392	(6)
Crystalline Ceramics	398	(6)
Later Stage Sintering	404	(5)
Packing, Agglomeration, and Pore Growth	409	(4)
Special Topic: Magnesia-doped Alumina	413	(8)
Reactive Additive Sintering	421	(8)
Hot-Pressing	429	(1)
Glasses and Glass-Ceramics	430	(36)
Crystallization and Glass Formation	431
Controlled Crystallization in Glass-Ceramics	430	(19)
Phase Separation	449	(11)
Multiple Phase Separation	460	(4)
Special Topic: Thermal Shock Resistance	464	(2)
Composite Properties	466	(11)
Rules of Mixing	468	(6)
Percolation	474	(3)
Strength and Toughness	477	(38)
Brittle Fracture	478	(3)
Stress Intensity Factor and Fracture Toughness	481	(4)
Variability in Strength	485	(1)
Surface Flaws	486	(1)
Microstructural Toughening	487	(1)
Transformation Toughened Zirconia	488	(4)
Other Flaw-Tolerant Microstructures	492	(2)
Silicon Nitride	494	(2)
Fiber- and Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics	496	(4)
Additional Reading	500	(1)
Problems	501	(14)
Index	515