Physical Geology: Update

by ZUMBERGE

• ISBN13: 9780073661797
• ISBN10: 0073661791
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-17
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Summary

This laboratory manual is written for the freshman-level laboratory course in physical geology. In this lab students study Earth materials, topographic maps, aerial photographs and other imagery from remote sensing, geologic interpretation of topographic maps, aerial photographs and Earth satellite imagery, structural geology and plate tectonics and related phenomena. With nearly 30 exercises, this gives flexibility when developing the syllabus for this course. The ease of use, tremendous selection, and tried and true nature of the labs selected, have made this the leading selling physical geology manual.

Table of Contents

Materials Needed by Students Using This Manual	viii
Preface	ix
Part 1 Earth Materials	1	(62)
Background	1	(1)
Minerals	2	(21)
Definition	2	(1)
Mineral Identification	2	(1)
Properties of Minerals	2	(21)
Identification of Common Minerals	7	(16)
Rocks	23	(32)
Background	23	(1)
Igneous Rocks	24	(11)
Identification of Common Igneous Rocks	29	(6)
Sedimentary Rocks	35	(10)
Identification of Common Sedimentary Rocks	42	(3)
Metamorphic Rocks	45	(10)
Identification of Common Metamorphic Rocks	51	(4)
The Geologic Column and Relative Geologic Time	55	(8)
Background	55	(1)
Constructing a Geologic Column	56	(7)
Building a Geologic Column from a Geologic Cross Section	60	(1)
Relative Ages of Igneous Rocks Intruded into Country Rock	61	(2)
Part 2 Topographic Maps, Aerial Photographs, and Other Imagery from Remote Sensing	63	(34)
Background	63	(1)
Map Coordinates and Land Division	64	(6)
Map Projection	65	(3)
Range and Township	68	(2)
Topographic Maps	70	(17)
Definition	70	(1)
Features of Topographic Maps	70	(1)
Elements of a Topographic Map	71	(10)
Problems on Contour Lines	76	(3)
Problems in Scale Conversion	79	(2)
Topographic Profiles	81	(6)
Drawing Profiles from Topographic Maps	83	(1)
Topographic Map Reading	84	(3)
Aerial Photographs and Other Imagery from Remote Sensing	87	(10)
Background	87	(1)
Determining Scale on Aerial Photographs	87	(1)
Stereoscopic Use of Aerial Photographs	88	(1)
Interpretation of Aerial Photographs	89	(2)
Landsat False Color Images	91	(6)
Introduction to Aerial Photograph Interpretation	93	(4)
Part 3 Geologic Interpretation of Topographic Maps, Aerial Photographs, and Earth Satellite Images	97	(92)
Background	97	(1)
General Instructions	97	(1)
Geologic Work of Running Water	98	(19)
Stream Gradients and Base Level	103	(1)
Stream Gradients and Drainage Divides	104	(3)
Pediments and Alluvial Fans	107	(4)
Charles Creek, Canada	111	(1)
Refuge Map, Arkansas-Mississippi Greenwood Map, Arkansas-Mississippi	112	(5)
Groundwater Movement, Groundwater Pollution, and Groundwater as a Geologic Agent	117	(12)
Water Table Contours	118	(2)
Groundwater Pollution	120	(4)
Karst Topography	124	(2)
Sinkholes	126	(3)
Sinkhole Formation	129	(4)
Evolution of a Karst Terrain	131	(2)
Glaciers and Glacial Geology	133	(1)
Wastage and Accumulation	133	(1)
Alpine Glaciers	133	(12)
Mass Balance of an Alpine Glacier	136	(5)
Snow Line, Moraines, and Glacier Flow	141	(1)
Erosional Landforms Produced by Former Alpine Glaciers	142	(3)
Continental Glaciation	145	(9)
Moraines and Outwash Plains	146	(2)
Drumlins	148	(4)
Ice-Contact Deposits	152	(2)
Landforms Produced by Wind Action	154	(9)
Barchans	156	(2)
Coastal Dunes	158	(2)
Inactive Dune Fields	160	(3)
Modern and Ancient Shorelines	163	(16)
Coastal Processes and Shoreline Evolution	170	(2)
Deltas of the Mississippi River	172	(2)
Ancestral Lakes of Lake Erie	174	(2)
Shore Erosion and Levels of Lake Michigan	176	(3)
Landforms Produced by Volcanic Activity	179	(10)
Mauna Loa, a Hawaiian Shield Volcano	182	(6)
The Impact of the Eruption of Mount St. Helens on Surrounding Topography	188	(1)
Part 4 Structural Geology	189	(52)
Background	189	(1)
Structural Features of Sedimentary Rocks	190	(29)
Deformation of Sedimentary Strata	190	(1)
Methods of Geologic Illustration	190	(1)
Sedimentary Rock Structures	191	(5)
Geologic Maps and Cross Sections	196	(23)
Geologic Structures on Block Diagrams, Geologic Symbols, and Relative Ages of Formations	200	(2)
Chase County, Kansas	202	(2)
Fremont County, Wyoming	204	(2)
Aerial Photograph, Arkansas	206	(2)
Little Dome, Wyoming	208	(2)
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania	210	(2)
Lancaster Geologic Map, Wisconsin	212	(2)
Swan Island Geologic Map, Tennessee	214	(2)
Coleman Gap Geologic Map, Tennessee-Virginia	216	(3)
Faults and Earthquakes	219	(14)
Inactive Faults	219	(8)
Fault Problems on Block Diagrams	221	(4)
Faulted Sedimentary Strata	225	(2)
Active Faults	227	(6)
Relationship of Fault Planes to Fault Traces, Epicenters, and Foci	228	(5)
The Use of Seismic Waves to Locate the Epicenter of an Earthquake	233	(8)
Seismographs, Seismograms, and Seismic Observatories	233	(8)
Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake	238	(3)
Part 5 Plate Tectonics and Related Geologic Phenomena	241	(23)
Background	241	(1)
The Major Components of the Earth	241	(8)
Plate Boundaries	245	(1)
The Nazca Plate	246	(3)
Seafloor Spreading in the South Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans	249	(15)
Background	249	(1)
The Earth's Magnetic Field	249	(9)
Spreading Rates on the East Pacific Rise and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge	254	(2)
Restoration of the South Atlantic Coastline 50 Million Years Before the Present	256	(2)
Volcanic Islands and Hot Spots	258	(6)
Movement of the Volcanoes in the Hawaiian Ridge Over the Hawaiian Hot Spot	260	(1)
Islands in French Polynesia of the South Pacific Ocean	261	(3)
Glossary	264