9780130352491

Introduction, Measurement, Estimating	p. 1
The Nature of Science	p. 1
Physics and Its Relation to Other Fields	p. 2
Models, Theories, and Laws	p. 3
Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures	p. 3
Units, Standards, and the SI System	p. 5
Converting Units	p. 6
Order-of-Magnitude: Rapid Estimating	p. 6
Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis	p. 7
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 7
Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension	p. 8
Reference Frames and Displacement	p. 8
Average Velocity	p. 9
Instantaneous Velocity	p. 10
Acceleration	p. 10
Motion at Constant Acceleration	p. 11
Solving Problems	p. 12
Falling Objects	p. 12
Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion	p. 13
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 14
Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors	p. 16
Vectors and Scalars	p. 16
Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods	p. 17
Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar	p. 19
Adding Vectors by Components	p. 20
Projectile Motion	p. 21
Solving Problems Involving Projectile Motion	p. 23
Projectile Motion is Parabolic	p. 25
Relative Velocity	p. 25
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 26
Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion	p. 28
Force	p. 28
Newton's First Law of Motion	p. 29
Mass	p. 29
Newton's Second Law of Motion	p. 30
Newton's Third Law of Motion	p. 30
Weight-the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force	p. 31
Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams	p. 32
Applications Involving Friction, Inclines	p. 33
Problem Solving-A General Approach	p. 36
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 37
Circular Motion; Gravitation	p. 39
Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion	p. 39
Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion	p. 40
Highway Curves, Banked and Unbanked	p. 41
Nonuniform Circular Motion	p. 42
Centrifugation	p. 43
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation	p. 43
Gravity Near the Earth's Surface; Geophysical Applications	p. 45
Satellites and "Weightlessness"	p. 46
Kepler's Laws and Newton's Synthesis	p. 47
Types of Forces in Nature	p. 49
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 50
Work and Energy	p. 51
Work Done by a Constant Force	p. 51
Work Done by a Variable Force	p. 52
Kinetic Energy, and the Work-Energy Principle	p. 53
Potential Energy	p. 54
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces	p. 56
Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation	p. 57
Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy	p. 58
Other Forms of Energy; Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy	p. 59
Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems	p. 59
Power	p. 60
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 61
Linear Momentum	p. 63
Momentum and Its Relation to Force	p. 63
Conservation of Momentum	p. 64
Collisions and Impulse	p. 65
Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions	p. 66
Elastic Collisions in One Dimension	p. 66
Inelastic Collisions	p. 67
Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions	p. 68
Center of Mass (CM)	p. 68
CM for the Human Body	p. 69
Center of Mass and Translational Motion	p. 70
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 71
Rotational Motion	p. 72
Angular Quantities	p. 72
Constant Angular Acceleration	p. 75
Rolling Motion (Without Slipping)	p. 76
Torque	p. 76
Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia	p. 78
Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics	p. 79
Rotational Kinetic Energy	p. 79
Angular Momentum and Its Conservation	p. 81
Vector Nature of Angular Quantities	p. 82
Suggestion for Solving Problems	p. 83
Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture	p. 85
The Conditions for Equilibrium	p. 85
Solving Statics Problems	p. 86
Applications to Muscles and Joints	p. 86
Stability and Balance	p. 87
Elasticity; Stress and Strain	p. 88
Fracture	p. 91
Spanning a Space: Arches and Domes	p. 91
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 92
Fluids	p. 93
Phases of Matter	p. 94
Density and Specific Gravity	p. 94
Pressure in Fluids	p. 95
Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure	p. 96
Pascal's Principle	p. 96
Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer	p. 97
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle	p. 98
Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity	p. 99
Bernoulli's Equation	p. 100
Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs, and TIA	p. 101
Viscosity	p. 102
Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's Equation, Blood Flow	p. 103
Surface Tension and Capillarity	p. 104
Pumps, and the Heart	p. 105
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 106
Vibrations and Waves	p. 108
Simple Harmonic Motion	p. 108
Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator	p. 109
The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM	p. 110
The Simple Pendulum	p. 113
Damped Oscillations	p. 114
Forced Vibrations; Resonance	p. 115
Wave Motion	p. 116
Types of Waves; Transverse and Longitudinal	p. 118
Energy Transported by Waves	p. 120
Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency	p. 121
Reflection and Transmission of Waves	p. 121
Interference	p. 122
Standing Waves; Resonance	p. 123
Refraction	p. 124
Diffraction	p. 124
Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave	p. 125
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 125
Sound	p. 127
Characteristics of Sound	p. 128
Intensity of Sound: Decibels	p. 129
The Ear and Its Response; Loudness	p. 130
Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns	p. 131
Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition	p. 133
Interference of Sound Waves; Beats	p. 133
Doppler Effect	p. 135
Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom	p. 137
Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging	p. 137
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 138
Temperature and Kinetic Theory	p. 140
Atomic Theory of Matter	p. 141
Temperature and Thermometers	p. 142
Thermal Equilibrium and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	p. 143
Thermal Expansion	p. 143
Heat Thermal Stress	p. 144
The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature	p. 145
The Ideal Gas Law	p. 146
Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law	p. 147
Ideal Gas Law in terms of Molecules: Avogadro's Number	p. 147
Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature	p. 147
Distribution of Molecular Speeds	p. 149
Real Gases and Changes of Phase	p. 150
Vapor Pressure and Humidity	p. 151
Diffusion	p. 153
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 153
Heat	p. 155
Heat as Energy Transfer	p. 155
Internal Energy	p. 156
Specific Heat	p. 157
Calorimetry-Solving Problems	p. 157
Latent Heat	p. 158
Heat Transfer: Conduction	p. 159
Heat Transfer: Convection	p. 161
Heat Transfer: Radiation	p. 161
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 163
The Laws of Thermodynamics	p. 165
The First Law of Thermodynamics	p. 166
Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law	p. 166
Human Metabolism and the First Law	p. 168
The Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction	p. 169
Heat Engines	p. 169
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps	p. 172
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	p. 173
Order to Disorder	p. 174
Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death	p. 175
Evolution and Growth; "Time Arrow"	p. 175
Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law	p. 176
Thermal Pollution and Global Warming	p. 176
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 177
Electric Charge and Electric Field	p. 179
Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation	p. 179
Electric Charge in the Atom	p. 180
Insulators and Conductors	p. 180
Induced Charge; the Electroscope	p. 181
Coulomb's Law	p. 182
Solving Problems involving Coulomb's Law and Vectors	p. 184
The Electric Field	p. 185
Field Lines	p. 185
Electric Fields and Conductors	p. 187
Gauss's Law	p. 187
Electric Field in Molecular Biology: DNA Structure and Replication	p. 189
Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics	p. 190
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 191
Electric Potential	p. 193
Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference	p. 193
Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field	p. 194
Equipotential Lines	p. 195
The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy	p. 196
Electric Potential Due to Point Charges	p. 196
Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment	p. 197
Capacitors	p. 197
Dielectrics	p. 198
Storage of Electrical Energy	p. 200
Cathode Ray Tube: TV and Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope	p. 200
The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)	p. 201
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 202
Electric Currents	p. 204
Electric Battery	p. 205
Electric Current	p. 205
Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors	p. 206
Resistivity	p. 208
Electric Power	p. 209
Power in Household Circuits	p. 209
Alternating Current	p. 210
Microscopic View of Electric Current	p. 212
Superconductivity	p. 212
Electric Conduction in the Human Nervous System	p. 213
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 215
DC Circuits	p. 216
EMF and Terminal Voltage	p. 216
Resistors in Series and in Parallel	p. 217
Kirchhoff's Rules	p. 218
EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery	p. 219
Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel	p. 220
RC Circuits-Resistor and Capacitor in Series	p. 221
Electric Hazards	p. 222
Ammeters and Voltmeters	p. 223
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 225
Magnetism	p. 226
Magnets and Magnetic Fields	p. 227
Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields	p. 228
Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of B	p. 229
Force on Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field	p. 231
The Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire	p. 232
Force Between Two Parallel Wires	p. 233
Electromagnets and Solenoids	p. 234
Ampere's Law	p. 234
Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Moment	p. 235
Applications: Galvanometers, Motors, Loudspeakers	p. 236
Mass Spectrometers	p. 237
Ferromagnetism: Domains and Hysteresis	p. 238
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 240
Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law	p. 242
Induced EMF	p. 243
Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law	p. 243
EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor	p. 244
Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field	p. 245
Electric Generators	p. 245
Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents	p. 247
Transformers; Transmission of Power	p. 248
Applications of Induction: Sound Systems, Computer Memory, the Seismograph	p. 249
Inductance	p. 250
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field	p. 252
LR Circuit	p. 252
AC Circuits and Impedance	p. 253
LRC Series AC Circuit; Problem Solving	p. 255
Resonance in AC Circuits; Oscillators	p. 256
Impedance Matching	p. 257
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 258
Electromagnetic Waves	p. 261
Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell's Equations	p. 261
Production of Electromagnetic Waves	p. 262
Light as an Electromagnetic wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 264
Measuring the Speed of Light	p. 265
Energy in EM Waves	p. 266
Momentum Transfer and Radiation Pressure	p. 266
Radio and Television: Wireless Communication	p. 267
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 269
Light: Geometric Optics	p. 270
The Ray Model of Light	p. 271
Reflection; Image Formation by a Planar Mirror	p. 271
Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors	p. 273
Index of Refraction	p. 275
Refraction: Snell's Law	p. 275
Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics	p. 277
Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing	p. 278
The Thin Lens Equation; Magnification	p. 280
Combinations of Lenses	p. 281
The Lensmaker's Equation	p. 281
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 282
The Wave Nature of Light	p. 284
Waves Versus Particles; Huygens' Principle and Diffraction	p. 285
Huygens' Principle and the law of Refraction	p. 285
Interference-Young's Double-Slit Experiment	p. 286
The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion	p. 288
Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk	p. 289
Diffraction Gratings	p. 290
The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy	p. 291
Interference by Thin Films	p. 292
Michelson Interferometer	p. 293
Polarization	p. 294
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)	p. 296
Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere	p. 297
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 297
Optical Instruments	p. 299
Cameras, Standard and Digital	p. 300
The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses	p. 302
The Magnifying Glass	p. 303
Telescopes	p. 304
Compound Microscope	p. 305
Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors	p. 306
Limits of Resolution; the Raleigh Criterion	p. 308
Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the [Lambda] Limit	p. 309
Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification	p. 310
Specialty Microscopes and Contrast	p. 310
X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction	p. 311
X-Ray Imaging and Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan)	p. 313
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 314
Special Theory of Relativity	p. 315
Galilean-Newtonian Relativity	p. 315
Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity	p. 317
Simultaneity	p. 317
Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox	p. 318
Length Contraction	p. 320
Four-Dimensional Space-Time	p. 321
Relativistic Momentum and Mass	p. 321
The Ultimate Speed	p. 322
E = mc[superscript 2]; Mass and Energy	p. 322
Relativistic Addition of Velocities	p. 324
The Impact of Special Relativity	p. 325
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 326
Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atoms	p. 328
Discovery and Properties of the Electron	p. 329
Planck's Quantum Hypothesis	p. 331
Photon Theory of Light and the Photoelectric Effect	p. 332
Compton Effect	p. 334
Photon Interactions, Pair Production	p. 335
Wave-Particle Duality; the Principle of Complementarity	p. 336
Wave Nature of Matter	p. 336
Electron Microscopes	p. 337
Early Models of the Atom	p. 338
Atomic Spectra: Key to the Structure of the Atom	p. 339
The Bohr Model	p. 340
de Broglie Hypothesis As Applied to Atoms	p. 344
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 345
Quantum Mechanics of Atoms	p. 347
Quantum Mechanics-A New Theory	p. 348
The Wave Function and Its Interpretation; the Double-Slit Experiment	p. 348
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	p. 349
Philosophical Implications; Probability versus Determinism	p. 350
Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms	p. 351
Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom; Quantum Numbers	p. 351
Complex Atoms; the Exclusion Principle	p. 353
The Periodic Table of Elements	p. 353
X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Number	p. 354
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence	p. 355
Lasers	p. 356
Holography	p. 358
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 359
Molecules and Solids	p. 360
Bonding in Molecules	p. 360
Potential Energy Diagrams for Molecules	p. 362
Weak (van der Waals) Bonds	p. 363
Molecular Spectra	p. 364
Bonding in Solids	p. 366
Band Theory of Solids	p. 367
Semiconductors and Doping	p. 368
Semiconductor Diodes	p. 369
Transistors and Integrated Circuits	p. 372
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 373
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity	p. 374
Structure and Properties of the Nucleus	p. 375
Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces	p. 376
Radioactivity	p. 378
Alpha Decay	p. 378
Beta Decay	p. 379
Gamma Decay	p. 381
Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws	p. 381
Half-Life and Rate of Decay	p. 381
Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-Life	p. 382
Decay Series	p. 382
Radioactive Dating	p. 383
Stability and Tunneling	p. 383
Detection of Radiation	p. 384
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 386
Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation	p. 388
Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements	p. 389
Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors	p. 390
Fusion	p. 392
Passage of Radiation Through Matter; Radiation Damage	p. 394
Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry	p. 395
Radiation Therapy	p. 396
Tracers and Imaging in Research and Medicine	p. 397
Emission Tomography	p. 397
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	p. 398
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 400
Elementary Particles	p. 401
High Energy Particles and Accelerators	p. 401
Beginnings of Elementary Particle Physics-Particle Exchange	p. 404
Particles and Antiparticles	p. 406
Particle Interactions and Conservation Laws	p. 407
Particle Classification	p. 408
Particle Stability and Resonances	p. 408
Strange Particles	p. 409
Quarks	p. 409
The "Standard Model": Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and the Electroweak Theory	p. 410
Grand Unified Theories	p. 411
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 413
Astrophysics and Cosmology	p. 414
Stars and Galaxies	p. 415
Stellar Evolution: The Birth and Death of Stars	p. 416
Distance Measurements	p. 419
General Relativity: Gravity and the Curvature of Space	p. 419
The Expanding Universe: Red Shift and Hubble's Law	p. 422
The Big Bang and the Cosmic Microwave Background	p. 423
The Standard Cosmological Model: The Early History of the Universe	p. 424
Mass-Energy in the Universe; Dark Matter and Dark Energy	p. 426
Large-Scale Structure of the Universe	p. 427
Finally...	p. 427
Suggestions for Solving Problems	p. 428
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Physics : Principles with Applications

0130352497

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