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Preface | p. xi |
Contributors | p. xii |
Abbreviations | p. xv |
Plant foods and health | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Historical changes in the plant content of the human diet | p. 1 |
Changing composition of dietary constituents in the past 50 years | p. 5 |
Plants - nutrients and other constituent | p. 6 |
A summary of the evidence linking plant food intake and health | p. 6 |
Coronary heart disease and stroke | p. 9 |
Fruits and vegetables | p. 9 |
Pulses and nuts | p. 13 |
Cereals | p. 15 |
Antioxidant nutrients | p. 17 |
Other bioactive substances | p. 18 |
Antioxidant hypothesis | p. 20 |
Phytosterols and -stanols | p. 20 |
Conclusions for coronary heart disease and stroke | p. 21 |
Cancer | p. 21 |
Fruit and vegetables | p. 21 |
Legumes and nuts | p. 26 |
Foods containing fibre | p. 26 |
Vitamins | p. 26 |
Other plant-derived substances | p. 28 |
Conclusions for cancer | p. 28 |
Type 2 diabetes | p. 29 |
Age-related macular degeneration and cataract | p. 29 |
Age-related cognitive decline | p. 30 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | p. 31 |
Osteoporosis and bone health | p. 31 |
Plant foods and health: overall conclusions | p. 32 |
Recommendations and current policy on plant food intake | p. 33 |
Fruit and vegetables | p. 33 |
Wholegrain foods | p. 35 |
Current consumption patterns | p. 35 |
Conclusions | p. 39 |
Acknowledgement | p. 40 |
Carbohydrates and lipids | p. 52 |
Introduction | p. 52 |
Major carbohydrates | p. 53 |
Sugars | p. 54 |
Polysaccharides | p. 55 |
Starch | p. 55 |
Cell wall polymers | p. 58 |
Biosynthesis of cell wall polymers | p. 60 |
Cell wall turnover | p. 62 |
Nutritional benefits of plant carbohydrates | p. 64 |
Major sources of dietary fibre within the diet and recommended intakes | p. 64 |
Definition and measurement of dietary fibre | p. 65 |
Physiological effects of dietary fibre | p. 66 |
Lipids | p. 68 |
Synthesis of fatty acids in plants | p. 69 |
Synthesis of glycerolipids in plants | p. 70 |
Modification of plant lipids | p. 73 |
Fatty acid composition of plant foods | p. 76 |
Vegetables | p. 76 |
Cereals | p. 77 |
Fruit | p. 77 |
Oil seeds | p. 77 |
Dietary lipids and human health | p. 79 |
Phytosterols | p. 80 |
Carotenoids | p. 89 |
Introduction | p. 89 |
Structure, biosynthesis and function of plant carotenoids | p. 90 |
Dietary sources and health benefits | p. 93 |
Absorption and bioavailability of dietary carotenoids | p. 97 |
Carotenoid type | p. 98 |
Food matrix | p. 98 |
Carotenoid metabolism in humans | p. 99 |
Meeting the dietary demand and consequences for imbalance | p. 101 |
Acknowledgements | p. 102 |
Polyphenols | p. 110 |
Introduction | p. 110 |
Polyphenol structure | p. 110 |
Phenolic acids and stilbenes | p. 110 |
Flavonoids | p. 113 |
Biosynthetic routes within the plant | p. 115 |
Shikimic precursor and benzoic acid biosynthesis | p. 115 |
Cinnamic acid biosynthesis | p. 115 |
Stilbene biosynthesis | p. 119 |
Flavonoid biosynthesis | p. 119 |
Major sources within the diet | p. 121 |
Phenolic acids and stilbenes | p. 121 |
Flavonoids | p. 121 |
Flavonols | p. 121 |
Flavanones | p. 122 |
Flavanols | p. 123 |
Flavones | p. 123 |
Anthocyanins | p. 123 |
Isoflavones | p. 123 |
Metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols | p. 124 |
Gastrointestinal tract metabolism | p. 124 |
Colonic metabolism | p. 126 |
Role in human health | p. 127 |
Flavonoids as classical antioxidants | p. 128 |
Non-antioxidant activities of flavonoids | p. 130 |
Interactions with cell signalling pathways | p. 131 |
Other potential mechanisms of action | p. 133 |
Conclusion | p. 133 |
Summary | p. 134 |
Acknowledgements | p. 134 |
Vitamins C and E | p. 146 |
Introduction | p. 146 |
Vitamin C: structure and chemistry | p. 146 |
Dietary sources of vitamin C | p. 147 |
Vitamin C: biosynthesis and metabolism in plants | p. 148 |
Vitamin C functions in plants | p. 152 |
Vitamin C manipulation in plants | p. 154 |
Absorption and transport of vitamin C in mammals | p. 155 |
Vitamin E: structure and chemistry | p. 156 |
Dietary sources of vitamin E | p. 159 |
Vitamin E: biosynthetic pathways | p. 159 |
Roles of tocochromanols in plants | p. 161 |
Manipulation of tocochromanol concentration | p. 162 |
Absorption and transport of vitamin E in mammals | p. 164 |
Antioxidant functions of vitamin E | p. 164 |
Folate | p. 173 |
Introduction | p. 173 |
One-carbon metabolism | p. 174 |
Generation and interconversion of Cl-units | p. 176 |
Serine-glycine metabolism | p. 176 |
Formate activation | p. 176 |
Histidine catabolism | p. 177 |
Interconvertion of C1-substituted folates | p. 178 |
Utilisation of C1-units | p. 179 |
Methionine synthesis | p. 179 |
Purine ring formation | p. 179 |
Formylation of methionyl-tRNA | p. 180 |
Thymidylate synthesis | p. 180 |
Pantothenate synthesis | p. 180 |
Folate synthesis and distribution in plants | p. 181 |
Biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolate in plants | p. 181 |
Pterin branch | p. 182 |
pABA branch | p. 183 |
Assembly of the pterin, pABA and glutamate moieties | p. 183 |
Reduction and polyglutamylation | p. 184 |
Catabolism and salvage pathway | p. 185 |
Compartmentation and transport of folates | p. 185 |
Subcellular location of folates | p. 185 |
Folate transporters | p. 186 |
Folates distribution in plants | p. 186 |
Physiology of folate in human health and disease | p. 188 |
Absorption | p. 188 |
Transport, storage, catabolism and excretion | p. 189 |
Metabolic and clinical manifestations of folate deficiency | p. 189 |
Diagnosis of folate deficiency | p. 190 |
Folate bioavailability, requirements and food fortification | p. 191 |
Bioavailability | p. 191 |
Dietary intake recommendations | p. 192 |
Dietary sources of folate | p. 192 |
Food fortification | p. 194 |
Prospects for plant foods biofortification | p. 195 |
Phytoestrogens | p. 203 |
Introduction | p. 203 |
Biosynthesis of phytoestrogens | p. 203 |
Introduction | p. 203 |
Isoflavonoids | p. 203 |
Prenylated flavonoids | p. 205 |
Stilbenes | p. 205 |
Lignans | p. 205 |
Genetic engineering | p. 205 |
Isoflavonoids | p. 206 |
Introduction | p. 206 |
Dietary sources and intakes | p. 206 |
Metabolism and bioavailability | p. 208 |
Isoflavonoids and cancer prevention | p. 211 |
Hormone-dependent cancer prevention by isoflavonoids | p. 211 |
Oestrogens and risk of breast cancer | p. 213 |
Oestrogen receptor-mediated events | p. 213 |
Animal models | p. 215 |
Mechanisms of anticancer action of isoflavonoids | p. 217 |
Clinical studies | p. 219 |
Protection by isoflavonoids against cardiovascular disease | p. 220 |
Cholesterol-lowering and isoflavonoids | p. 220 |
Antioxidant action | p. 222 |
Arterial function | p. 225 |
Cellular effects | p. 226 |
Protection by isoflavonoids against osteoporosis, cognitive decline and menopausal symptoms? | p. 226 |
Osteoporosis | p. 226 |
Menopausal symptoms and cognitive decline | p. 227 |
Isoflavonoids: potential risks | p. 228 |
Lignans | p. 229 |
Introduction | p. 229 |
Production of mammalian lignans | p. 230 |
Cardiovascular disease | p. 230 |
Breast cancer prevention | p. 230 |
Prostate cancer prevention | p. 230 |
Prevention of other types of cancer | p. 231 |
Other health benefits | p. 231 |
Prenylflavonoids | p. 231 |
Stilbenes | p. 233 |
Miroestrol | p. 235 |
Deoxybenzoins | p. 235 |
Coumestans | p. 236 |
Phytoestrogens and human health: conclusions | p. 236 |
Plant minerals | p. 254 |
Introduction | p. 254 |
Genetic variation in plant mineral concentration | p. 258 |
Introduction | p. 258 |
Between-species genetic variation in plant mineral concentration | p. 258 |
Within-species genetic variation in plant mineral concentration | p. 259 |
tIron and zinc | p. 260 |
Iodine and selenium | p. 263 |
Calcium and magnesium | p. 264 |
Copper | p. 266 |
Has the mineral concentration of crops declined due to breeding for increased yield? | p. 266 |
Evidence for a decline in mineral concentration of horticultural crops | p. 266 |
Is there evidence for a decline in mineral concentration of staple crops? | p. 267 |
A case study on potatoes; a précis of White et al. (2009) | p. 268 |
Index | p. 278 |
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