Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

by Federal Aviation Association

• ISBN13: 9781560273097
• ISBN10: 1560273097
• Edition: Revised
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-06-01
• Publisher: Aviation Supplies & Academics
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Table of Contents

Principles of Flight
Introduction	p. 1
Forces Acting on the Airplane in Flight	p. 1
Terms and Definitions	p. 2
Lift	p. 3
Gravity (Weight)	p. 4
Thrust	p. 5
Drag	p. 5
Induced Drag	p. 5
Parasite Drag	p. 5
Relationship Between Angle of Attack and Lift	p. 6
Relationship of Thrust and Drag in Straight-and-Level Flight	p. 7
Relationship Between Lift and Weight in Straight-and-Level Flight	p. 7
Factors Affecting Lift and Drag	p. 7
Effect of Wing Area on Lift and Drag	p. 7
Effect of Airfoil Shape on Lift and Drag	p. 7
Effect of Wing Design on Stall	p. 8
Effect of Airspeed on Lift and Drag	p. 8
Effect of Air Density on Lift and Drag	p. 8
Turning Tendency (Torque Effect)	p. 9
Torque Reaction	p. 10
Spiraling Slipstream	p. 10
Gyroscopic Precession	p. 10
Asymmetric Propeller Loading ("P" Factor)	p. 10
Corrections for Turning Tendency or Torque During Flight	p. 11
Airplane Stability	p. 11
Positive Stability	p. 11
Neutral Stability	p. 11
Negative Stability	p. 12
Longitudinal Stability about the Lateral Axis	p. 13
Longitudinal Control (Pitch) about the Lateral Axis	p. 14
Lateral Stability about the Longitudinal Axis	p. 15
Dihedral	p. 15
Sweepback	p. 15
Keel Effect	p. 15
Lateral Control about the Longitudinal Axis	p. 16
Lateral Stability or Instability in Turns	p. 16
Directional Stability about the Vertical Axis (YAW)	p. 16
Directional Control about the Vertical Axis (YAW)	p. 17
Loads and Load Factors	p. 17
Load Factors and Airplane Design	p. 18
Effect of Turns on Load Factor	p. 18
Effect of Load Factor on Stalling Speed	p. 19
Effect of Speed on Load Factor	p. 20
Effect of Flight Maneuvers on Load Factor	p. 20
Effect of Turbulence on Load Factor	p. 21
Determining Load Factors in Flight	p. 21
Forces Acting on the Airplane when at Airspeeds Slower than Cruise	p. 22
Forces in a Climb	p. 22
Forces in a Glide	p. 23
Turns During Flight	p. 24
Airplanes and Engines
Introduction	p. 1
Airplane Structure	p. 1
Flight Control Systems	p. 1
Wing Flaps	p. 2
Landing Gear	p. 2
Conventional Landing Gear	p. 2
Tricycle Landing Gear	p. 2
Electrical System	p. 3
Engine Operation	p. 5
How an Engine Operates	p. 6
Cooling System	p. 7
Ignition System	p. 8
Fuel System	p. 9
Fuel Tanks, Selectors, Strainers, and Drains	p. 9
Fuel Primer	p. 9
Fuel Pressure Gauge	p. 9
Induction, Carburetion, and Injection Systems	p. 9
Carburetor System	p. 9
Mixture Control	p. 10
Carburetor Icing	p. 10
Conditions Conducive to Carburetor Icing	p. 10
Indications of Carburetor Icing	p. 11
Use of Carburetor Heat	p. 11
Carburetor Air Temperature Gauge	p. 11
Outside Air Temperature Gauge	p. 12
Fuel Injection System	p. 12
Proper Fuel is Essential	p. 12
Fuel Contamination	p. 13
Refueling Procedures	p. 13
Oil System	p. 14
Propeller	p. 14
Fixed-Pitch Propeller	p. 15
Controllable-Pitch Propellers	p. 16
Starting the Engine	p. 17
Engines Equipped with a Starter	p. 17
Engines Not Equipped with a Starter	p. 17
Idling the Engine During Flight	p. 18
Aircraft Documents, Maintenance, and Inspections	p. 18
Aircraft Owner Responsibilities	p. 18
Certificate of Aircraft Registration	p. 19
Airworthiness Certificate	p. 19
Aircraft Maintenance	p. 20
Inspections	p. 21
Annual Inspection	p. 21
100-Hour Inspection	p. 21
Other Inspection Programs	p. 21
Preflight Inspection	p. 21
Preventive Maintenance	p. 21
Repairs and Alterations	p. 22
Deferred Repair	p. 22
Special Flight Permits	p. 22
Airworthiness Directives	p. 22
Flight Instruments
Introduction	p. 1
The Pitot-Static System and Associated Instruments	p. 1
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines	p. 1
Static Pressure Chamber and Lines	p. 1
Altimeter	p. 2
Principle of Operation	p. 2
Effect of Nonstandard Pressure and Temperature	p. 2
Setting the Altimeter	p. 3
Types of Altitude	p. 4
Vertical Speed Indicator	p. 4
Principle of Operation	p. 4
Airspeed Indicator	p. 5
Kinds of Airspeed	p. 5
Indicated Airspeed	p. 5
Calibrated Airspeed	p. 5
True Airspeed	p. 5
Airspeed Indicator Markings	p. 6
Other Airspeed Limitations	p. 6
Gyroscopic Flight Instruments	p. 6
Sources of Power for Gyroscopic Operation	p. 7
Vacuum or Pressure System	p. 7
Engine-Driven Vacuum Pump	p. 7
Gyroscopic Principles	p. 7
Turn Coordinator	p. 8
The Heading Indicator	p. 8
The Attitude Indicator	p. 9
Magnetic Compass	p. 10
Compass Errors	p. 11
Variation	p. 11
Deviation	p. 11
Using the Magnetic Compass	p. 12
Weight and Balance and Airplane Performance
Introduction	p. 1
Weight Control	p. 1
Effects of Weight	p. 1
Weight Changes	p. 2
Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity	p. 2
Effects of Adverse Balance	p. 2
Management of Weight and Balance Control	p. 3
Terms and Definitions	p. 3
Control of Loading--General Aviation Airplanes	p. 4
Basic Principles of Weight and Balance Computations	p. 4
Weight and Balance Restrictions	p. 5
Determining Loaded Weight and Center of Gravity	p. 6
Computational Method	p. 6
Graph Method	p. 6
Table Method	p. 8
Shifting, Adding, and Removing Weight	p. 8
Weight Shifting	p. 8
Weight Addition or Removal	p. 9
Airplane Performance	p. 10
Density Altitude	p. 10
Effect of Density Altitude on Engine Power and Propeller Efficiency	p. 10
Humidity	p. 11
Effect of Wind on Airplane Performance	p. 11
Runway Surface Condition and Gradient	p. 11
Ground Effect	p. 11
Use of Performance Charts	p. 11
Interpolation	p. 12
Performance Charts	p. 13
Density Altitude Charts	p. 13
Takeoff Data Charts	p. 14
Climb and Cruise Performance Data	p. 15
Landing Performance Data	p. 16
Combined Graphs	p. 16
Weather
Introduction	p. 1
Observations	p. 1
Surface Aviation Weather Observations	p. 1
Upper Air Observations	p. 1
Radar Observation	p. 1
Service Outlets	p. 2
FAA Flight Service Station (FSS)	p. 2
Pilot's Automatic Telephone Weather Answering System (PATWAS)	p. 2
Transcribed Information Briefing Service (TIBS)	p. 2
Direct User Access Terminal Service (DUATS)	p. 2
Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB)	p. 2
Weather Briefing	p. 2
Standard Briefing	p. 2
Abbreviated Briefing	p. 3
Outlook Briefing	p. 3
Nature of the Atmosphere	p. 3
Oxygen and the Human Body	p. 4
Significance of Atmospheric Pressure	p. 4
Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure	p. 4
Effect of Altitude on Atmospheric Pressure	p. 4
Effect of Altitude on Flight	p. 4
Effect of Differences in Air Density	p. 6
Pressure Recorded in "Millibars"	p. 6
Wind	p. 6
The Cause of Atmospheric Circulation	p. 6
Wind Patterns	p. 7
Convection Currents	p. 8
Effect of Obstructions on Wind	p. 10
Low-Level Wind Shear	p. 11
Wind and Pressure Representation on Surface Weather Maps	p. 12
Moisture and Temperature	p. 14
Relative Humidity	p. 14
Temperature/Dewpoint Relationship	p. 14
Methods by Which Air Reaches the Saturation Point	p. 14
Effect of Temperature on Air Density	p. 14
Effect of Temperature on Flight	p. 14
Effect of High Humidity on Air Density	p. 15
Effect of High Humidity on Flight	p. 15
Dew and Frost	p. 15
Fog	p. 15
Clouds	p. 15
Ceiling	p. 18
Visibility	p. 19
Precipitation	p. 19
Air Masses and Fronts	p. 19
Warm Front	p. 19
Flight Toward an Approaching Warm Front	p. 20
Cold Front	p. 21
Fast-Moving Cold Fronts	p. 21
Flight Toward an Approaching Cold Front	p. 21
Comparison of Cold Fronts with Warm Fronts	p. 22
Wind Shifts	p. 22
Occluded Front	p. 22
Aviation Weather Reports, Forecasts, and Weather Charts	p. 24
Aviation Weather Reports	p. 25
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)	p. 25
Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)	p. 28
Radar Weather Reports (RAREPs)	p. 28
Aviation Forecasts	p. 29
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)	p. 29
Area Forecast (FA)	p. 30
In-Flight Weather Advisories	p. 31
Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET)	p. 31
Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET)	p. 32
Convective Significant Meteorological Information	p. 32
Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast (FD)	p. 32
Weather Charts	p. 32
Surface Analysis Chart	p. 33
Weather Depiction Chart	p. 34
Radar Summary Chart	p. 34
Significant Weather Prognostic Charts	p. 34
Airport Operations
Introduction	p. 1
Types of Airports	p. 1
Controlled Airport	p. 1
Uncontrolled Airport	p. 1
Sources for Airport Data	p. 1
Aeronautical Charts	p. 1
Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)	p. 1
Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs)	p. 3
Airport Markings and Signs	p. 3
Runway Markings	p. 3
Taxiway Markings	p. 4
Other Markings	p. 4
Airport Signs	p. 4
Airport lighting	p. 4
Airport Beacon	p. 5
Approach Light Systems	p. 6
Visual Glideslope Indicators	p. 6
Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)	p. 6
Other Glidepath Systems	p. 6
Runway Lighting	p. 7
Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)	p. 7
Runway Edge Lights	p. 7
In-Runway Lighting	p. 8
Control of Airport Lighting	p. 8
Taxiway Lights	p. 8
Obstruction Lights	p. 8
Wind Direction Indicators	p. 8
Radio Communications	p. 8
Radio License	p. 9
Radio Equipment	p. 9
Radio Procedures	p. 10
Lost Communication Procedures	p. 10
Air Traffic Services	p. 11
Primary Radar	p. 11
Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS)	p. 12
Transponder	p. 12
Radar Traffic Information Service	p. 12
Wake Turbulence	p. 13
Vortex Generation	p. 13
Vortex Strength	p. 13
Vortex Behavior	p. 13
Vortex Avoidance Procedures	p. 14
Collision Avoidance	p. 14
Clearing Procedures	p. 15
Airspace
Introduction	p. 1
Controlled Airspace	p. 1
Class A Airspace	p. 1
Class B Airspace	p. 1
Class C Airspace	p. 1
Class D Airspace	p. 1
Class E Airspace	p. 3
Uncontrolled Airspace	p. 3
Class G Airspace	p. 3
Special Use Airspace	p. 3
Prohibited Areas	p. 3
Restricted Areas	p. 3
Warning Areas	p. 3
Military Operation Areas	p. 4
Alert Areas	p. 4
Controlled Firing Areas	p. 4
National Security Areas	p. 4
Other Airspace Areas	p. 4
Airport Advisory Areas	p. 4
Military Training Routes	p. 4
Temporary Flight Restrictions	p. 4
Parachute Jump Areas	p. 4
Published VFR Routes	p. 4
Navigation
Introduction	p. 1
Aeronautical Charts	p. 1
Sectional Charts	p. 1
Visual Flight Rule (VFR) Terminal Area Charts	p. 1
World Aeronautical Charts	p. 1
Latitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels)	p. 3
Time Zones	p. 3
Measurement of Direction	p. 4
Variation	p. 4
Deviation	p. 5
Effect of Wind	p. 7
Basic Calculations	p. 8
Converting Minutes to Equivalent Hours	p. 8
Converting Knots to Miles Per Hour	p. 9
Fuel Consumption	p. 9
Flight Computers	p. 9
Plotter	p. 9
Pilotage	p. 9
Dead Reckoning	p. 11
The Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis	p. 11
Flight Planning	p. 13
Assembling Necessary Material	p. 13
Weather Check	p. 13
Use of the Airport/Facility Directory	p. 15
Airplane Flight Manual or Pilot's Operating Handbook	p. 15
Charting the Course	p. 15
Steps in Charting the Course	p. 15
Filing a VFR Flight Plan	p. 17
Radio Navigation	p. 18
Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR)	p. 18
Using the VOR	p. 20
Tracking with Omni	p. 20
Tips on Using the VOR	p. 21
Automatic Direction Finder	p. 22
Other Navigational Systems	p. 24
Aeromedical Information
Introduction	p. 1
Obtaining A Medical Certificate	p. 1
Health Factors Affecting Pilot Performance	p. 2
Alcohol	p. 2
Fatigue	p. 2
Anxiety	p. 2
Stress	p. 2
Emotion	p. 3
Tobacco	p. 3
Environmental Factors Which Affect Pilot Performance	p. 3
Hypoxia	p. 3
Hyperventilation in Flight	p. 4
Middle Ear Discomfort or Pain	p. 4
Spatial Disorientation and Illusions in Flight	p. 4
Motion Sickness	p. 5
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning	p. 5
Decompression Sickness After Scuba Diving	p. 5
Vision in Flight	p. 6
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