Police Administration : Structures, Processes, and Behavior

by Swanson, Charles R.; Territo, Leonard; Taylor, Robert W.

• ISBN13: 9780130285737
• ISBN10: 0130285730
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

"The best-selling, most comprehensive text available for police administration and management, Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior, 7th edition, presents a carefully researched and vivid introduction to police organizations that focuses on the procedures, politics, and human relations issues that law enforcement managers and administrators must understand in order to succeed. Representing the collective experience of the authors' decades of experience in law enforcement, training, and teaching, Police Administration is recognized by both the academic and law enforcement communities as the authoritative treatment of this important topic."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xix
The Evolution of American Policing	1	(17)
Introduction	1	(1)
Politics and Administration	2	(1)
Police Professionalization	3	(4)
The Impact of Education	7	(2)
Research on Traditional Policing	9	(6)
The Kansas City Patrol Experiment	10	(1)
The RAND Criminal Investigation Study	11	(2)
Team Policing	13	(2)
Summary	15	(1)
Discussion Questions	15	(1)
Notes	15	(3)
Community Policing	18	(48)
Introduction	18	(14)
Newport News, Virginia	21	(3)
Madison, Wisconsin	24	(2)
Chicago, Illinois	26	(6)
Community Policing and the Crime Bill of 1994	32	(1)
Community Policing and New Information Technologies	32	(19)
Crime Analysis	32	(5)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)	37	(5)
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems	42	(5)
Fax Machines, Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs), and the Internet	47	(3)
The Impact of New Technologies	50	(1)
Problems with Community Policing	51	(10)
Summary	61	(1)
Discussion Questions	62	(1)
Notes	62	(4)
Politics and Police Administration: External Influences and Controls	66	(56)
Introduction	66	(1)
Police Accountability	67	(14)
Federal Influence in Law Enforcement	67	(2)
Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Law Enforcement: 1961 to 1966	69	(1)
More Recent Supreme Court Decisions	70	(1)
Age-Old Problems in Policing: Brutality and Scandal	71	(4)
Training and Police Ethics	75	(4)
Commission on Accrediation for Law Enforcement Agencies	79	(2)
The Roles of State and Local Government in Law Enforcement	81	(2)
Local Political Forces	83	(4)
Strong Mayor	84	(1)
City Manager	84	(1)
City Councils	85	(2)
Politics and the Police Chief	87	(1)
The Police Chief and External Incidents	87	(4)
Tenure and Contracts for Police Chiefs	91	(3)
Future Trends	92	(2)
Politics and the County Sheriff	94	(4)
The Sheriff's Role	94	(4)
State Prosecutor	98	(2)
The Judiciary	100	(2)
Citizen Involvement	102	(4)
Chambers of Commerce and Service Clubs	103	(1)
Churches	104	(2)
News Media	106	(4)
Political Violence and Terrorism	110	(6)
Defining Terrorism	111	(1)
Middle East Conflict	112	(1)
Other International Threats	113	(1)
Right-Wing Extremism	114	(2)
School Violence	116	(2)
Summary	118	(1)
Discussion Questions	119	(1)
Notes	119	(3)
Organizational Theory	122	(55)
Introduction	122	(2)
Traditional Organizational Theory	124	(12)
Taylor: Scientific Management	124	(3)
Weber: The Bureaucratic Model	127	(5)
Administrative Theory	132	(2)
Critique of Traditional Theory	134	(2)
Open Systems Theory	136	(30)
Human Relations	136	(8)
Behavioral System Theory	144	(10)
Organizations as Open Systems	154	(5)
The New Paradigms of Administration	159	(5)
Critique of Open Systems Theory	164	(2)
Bridging Theories	166	(4)
General Bridging Theories	167	(1)
Contingency Theory	168	(2)
Critique of Bridging Theories	170	(1)
Synthesis and Prognosis	170	(1)
Summary	171	(1)
Discussion Questions	172	(1)
Notes	172	(5)
Concepts of Police Organizational Design	177	(32)
Introduction	177	(1)
Organizing: An Overview	177	(5)
Specialization in Police Agencies	177	(4)
Hierarchy: Spans of Control and Grades of Authority	181	(1)
Organizational Structure and Design	182	(8)
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches	184	(1)
Flat Versus Tall Structure	185	(5)
Types of Organizational Design	190	(6)
Line Structure	190	(1)
Line and Staff Structure	191	(2)
Functional Structure	193	(2)
Matrix Structure	195	(1)
Organizational Structure and Community Policing	196	(7)
Decentralization Versus Centralization	196	(1)
Community Policing Units Versus Departmental Philosophy	197	(4)
Traditional Design Versus Structural Change	201	(2)
Line and Staff Relationships in Police Agencies	203	(3)
The Line Point of View	203	(1)
The Staff Viewpoint	204	(1)
Solutions	204	(2)
Summary	206	(1)
Discussion Questions	206	(1)
Notes	207	(2)
Leadership	209	(36)
Introduction	209	(1)
Leadership and Performance	209	(3)
The Nature of Leadership, Authority, and Power	212	(1)
The Power Motivation of Police Managers	213	(2)
The Leadership Skill Mix	215	(2)
Human Relations Skills	215	(1)
Conceptual Skills	216	(1)
Technical Skills	217	(1)
Theories of Leadership	217	(1)
Styles of Leadership	218	(20)
Lewin, Lippitt, and White: Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-faire	219	(1)
Tannenbaum and Schmidt: The Authoritarian-Democratic Leadership Continuum	220	(1)
Downs: Leadership Styles in Bureaucratic Structures	221	(1)
Van Maanen: Station House Sergeants and Street Sergeants	222	(1)
Blake and Mouton: The Managerial Grid	222	(2)
Hersey and Blanchard: Situational Leadership Theory	224	(2)
Transactional and Transformational Leaders	226	(6)
Total Quality Leadership	232	(6)
The Leader and Conflict	238	(1)
Leadership and Organizational Control	239	(1)
Summary	240	(1)
Discussion Questions	241	(1)
Notes	241	(4)
Organizational and Interpersonal Communication	245	(35)
Introduction	245	(1)
The Communication Process	245	(3)
General Observations Relative to the Content of the Message and its Appeal	247	(1)
Communication Barriers	248	(1)
Organizational Communication	249	(7)
Downward Communication	250	(1)
Upward Communication	250	(2)
Horizontal Communication	252	(1)
The Grapevine	253	(1)
Communication Network Analysis	254	(2)
Interpersonal Styles of Communication: The Johari Window	256	(6)
Basic Interpersonal Styles of Communication	259	(2)
Police Managers and Interpersonal Styles of Communication	261	(1)
Cross-Gender Communications	262	(4)
Cross-Cultural Diversity in Communication	266	(7)
Cross-Cultural Training	270	(1)
Overcoming Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication	271	(2)
Oral or Written Communication	273	(4)
Suiting the Medium to the Recipient	273	(1)
Written Communication	273	(2)
Oral Communication	275	(1)
Electronic Media	275	(2)
Summary	277	(1)
Discussion Questions	278	(1)
Notes	278	(2)
Human Resource Management	280	(62)
Introduction	280	(1)
Functions of the Human Resource Management Unit	281	(1)
Police Personnel Selection and the Americans with Disabilities Act	282	(7)
The Courts and the ADA	286	(3)
The Police Personnel Selection Process	289	(9)
The Initial Application	289	(2)
The Entrance Examination: The Written Test and/or Assessment Center	291	(2)
``Reverse Discrimination''	293	(1)
Physical Ability Testing	294	(2)
The Polygraph Test in Preemployment Screening	296	(1)
The Character Investigation	296	(1)
Oral Interviews and Oral Boards	297	(1)
Medical and Psychological Testing of Police Applicants	298	(1)
The Recruit Academy, Probationary Period, and Career Status	298	(2)
College Education for Police Officers	300	(5)
Opposition to Higher Education	303	(1)
Questions to be Answered	304	(1)
Women in Policing	305	(5)
The Fair Labor Standards Act	310	(1)
The Family Medical Leave Act	311	(1)
Performance Evaluation	312	(1)
Purpose of Evaluation	312	(1)
Salary Administration	313	(3)
Salary Schedule	314	(2)
Assessment Centers	316	(4)
Historical Development of Assessment Centers	317	(1)
Development of Simulation Exercises	317	(2)
Advantages of the Assessment Center	319	(1)
Assessors	320	(1)
Recovering the Cost of Training Police Officers	320	(1)
Employing Civilians in Police Work	321	(3)
The Administration of Discipline	324	(4)
System of Discipline	324	(2)
Profile of Violence-Prone Police Officers	326	(2)
The Internal Affairs Unit	328	(5)
Time Limits	329	(1)
Investigations by Line Supervisors	329	(1)
Proactive Enforcement Operations	330	(1)
Investigations by Another Agency	330	(1)
Use of the Polygraph or Voice Stress Detection Equipment	331	(1)
Chemical Tests	331	(1)
Photo and Physical Lineups	332	(1)
Financial Records	333	(1)
Use of Covert Collection Techniques	333	(1)
Retirement Counseling	333	(4)
Psychological Impact	333	(1)
Family Impact	334	(1)
Planning	335	(2)
Summary	337	(1)
Discussion Questions	338	(1)
Notes	339	(3)
Stress and Police Personnel	342	(50)
Introduction	342	(1)
What Is Stress?	342	(3)
Biological Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome	343	(1)
Psychological Stress	344	(1)
Reactions to Stress	344	(1)
Stress in Law Enforcement	345	(1)
Job Stress in Police Officers	345	(1)
Police Stressors	346	(2)
Alcoholism and Police Officers	348	(3)
Departmental Programs	350	(1)
Drug Use by Police Officers	351	(8)
Anabolic Steroids	352	(5)
Anabolic Steroids: The Legal Environment	357	(1)
Administrative Concerns and Anabolic Steroids	358	(1)
Police Suicide	359	(6)
Why Officers Commit Suicide	362	(2)
Recognizing the Warning Signs	364	(1)
Suicide by Cop	365	(2)
Profile of a Suicide by Cop	366	(1)
Indicators of a Potential SbC	366	(1)
Police Officers as Victims	367	(1)
Critical Incident Stress	367	(4)
Stress and the Female Police Officers	371	(3)
Studies of Male and Female Officers	372	(1)
Female Law Enforcement Officer Stress Today	373	(1)
Findings	373	(1)
Police Domestic Violence	374	(9)
Early Warning and Intervention	379	(1)
Zero Tolerance Policy	379	(1)
Department Responsibilities	379	(1)
Supervisor Responsibilities	380	(1)
Police Officer Responsibilities	381	(1)
Incident Response Protocols	381	(2)
Responding to Stress	383	(4)
The Officer's Responsibility	383	(1)
Employee Assistance Programs	384	(3)
Summary	387	(1)
Discussion Questions	387	(1)
Notes	388	(4)
Labor Relations	392	(45)
Introduction	392	(1)
The Unionization of the Police	392	(3)
The Needs of Labor Organizations	392	(1)
The Reduction of Legal Barriers	392	(1)
Police Frustration with Support for the War on Crime	393	(1)
Personnel Practices	393	(1)
Salaries and Benefits	394	(1)
Violence Directed at the Police	394	(1)
The Success of Other Groups	394	(1)
The Impact of Unions	395	(3)
The Basis for Collective Bargaining	398	(3)
The Binding Arbitration Model	398	(1)
The Meet-and-Confer Model	399	(1)
The ``Bargaining Not Required'' Model	400	(1)
Closed, Open, and Agency Shops	400	(1)
Employee Organizations	401	(5)
Industrial Unions as the Parent Organization	401	(3)
Independent Police Associations	404	(1)
Other Police Organizations	405	(1)
Establishing the Bargaining Relationship	406	(4)
The Process	406	(2)
The Opportunity for Conflict	408	(2)
Negotiations	410	(9)
Selection of the Management and Union Teams	410	(2)
The Scope of Bargaining	412	(1)
Preparing for Negotiations	412	(1)
The Negotiating Sessions	413	(3)
Bargaining Impasse Resolution	416	(3)
Grievances	419	(4)
Why Grievances Are Inevitable	419	(1)
The Definition of a Grievance	420	(1)
The Grievance Procedure	421	(1)
Arbitration Issues and Decision Making	422	(1)
Job Action	423	(5)
The Vote of Confidence	423	(1)
Work Slowdowns	424	(1)
Work Speedups	425	(1)
Work Stoppages	425	(2)
Police Unions: The Political Context	427	(1)
The Use of Surveillance in the Labor-Management Relationship	428	(1)
Administrative Reaction to Job Actions	429	(3)
Anticipatory Strategies	429	(1)
During the Job Action	430	(2)
In the Aftermath	432	(1)
Summary	432	(1)
Discussion Questions	433	(1)
Notes	434	(3)
Legal Aspects of Police Administration	437	(70)
Introduction	437	(1)
Liability for Police Conduct	437	(1)
Basic Types of Police Tort Actions	438	(3)
Negligence Torts	438	(1)
Intenational Torts	438	(1)
Constitutional Torts	439	(1)
Title 42, U.S. Code, Section 1983	439	(1)
Bivens Action	440	(1)
Who Can Be Sued?	441	(5)
Scope of Liability	446	(3)
Immunities	449	(1)
Trends in Tort Liability for Police Supervisors and Administrators	449	(3)
Administrative Discipline: Due Process for Police Officers	452	(4)
Liberty and Property Rights of Police Officers	452	(4)
Damages and Remedies	456	(1)
Constitutional Rights of Police Officers	456	(4)
Free Speech	456	(1)
Other First Amendment Rights	457	(3)
Searches and Seizures	460	(2)
Right Against Self-Incrimination	462	(2)
Other Grounds for Disciplinary Action	464	(2)
Conduct Unbecoming an Officer	464	(1)
Sexual Conduct	465	(1)
Residency Requirements	466	(1)
Religious Belief or Pratice	467	(1)
Moonlighting	467	(2)
Misuse of Firearms and Deadly Force	469	(6)
Tennessee versus Garner, 1985	470	(1)
Evaluation of Written Directives	471	(2)
Familiarization with the Department's Policy	473	(2)
Police Liability and High-Speed Pursuit	475	(4)
Duty Owed	475	(1)
Proximate Cause	476	(1)
Federal Civil Rights Act	476	(1)
Factors Determining Liability	477	(1)
Departmental Responsibility for Liability Reduction	478	(1)
Testing in the Work Environment	479	(3)
Alcohol and Drug Testing	479	(3)
Terms and Conditions of Employment	482	(1)
Wage and Hour Regulations	482	(1)
Age-Based Hiring and Retirement Policies	483	(1)
Sexual Harassment	483	(10)
Sexual Harassment: A Definition	484	(1)
Sexual Harassment: Theories of Liability	485	(3)
Grounds for Sexual Harassment Claims	488	(1)
Liability for Sexual Harassment	489	(4)
Prevention of Workplace Harassment	493	(2)
Policy Development	493	(1)
Training	494	(1)
Supervision	494	(1)
Complaint Procedure	494	(1)
Employee Responsibilities	494	(1)
Summary	495	(2)
Discussion Questions	497	(1)
Notes	497	(10)
Planning and Decision Making	507	(51)
Introduction	507	(1)
Planning	508	(1)
Definitions of Planning	508	(1)
Planning Approaches	509	(11)
Synoptic Planning	509	(10)
Incremental Planning	519	(1)
Transactive Planning	520	(1)
Advocacy Planning	520	(1)
Radical Planning	520	(1)
Types of Plans	520	(2)
Effective Plans	522	(1)
Planning and Decision Making	523	(1)
Decision Making	523	(6)
The Rational Model	523	(2)
The Incremental Model	525	(1)
The Heuristic Model	526	(1)
Alternative Decision-Making Models	527	(2)
Decision Making During Crisis Incidents	529	(12)
The Branch Davidians, Waco, Texas (1993)	529	(3)
The Weaver Family, Ruby Ridge, Idaho (1992)	532	(1)
MOVE in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1985)	533	(2)
Analyses of Decisions During Crisis Events	535	(2)
Crisis Events in the Future	537	(4)
Group Decision Making	541	(6)
Group Assets	541	(2)
Group Liabilities	543	(1)
Factors That Can Serve as Assets or Liabilities	544	(2)
Brainstorming	546	(1)
Personality Characteristics of Decision Making	547	(2)
Ideology versus Power Orientation	547	(1)
Emotionality versus Objectivity	548	(1)
Creativity versus Common Sense	548	(1)
Action Orientation versus Contemplation	549	(1)
Impact of Personality Traits on Decision Making	549	(1)
Common Errors in Decision Making	549	(2)
Cognitive Nearsightedness	549	(1)
Assumption That the Future Will Repeat Itself	550	(1)
Oversimplification	550	(1)
Overreliance on One's Own Experience	550	(1)
Preconceived Notions	550	(1)
Unwillingness to Experiment	551	(1)
Reluctance to Decide	551	(1)
Summary	551	(1)
Discussion Questions	552	(1)
Notes	552	(4)
Appendix: Anchorage Police Department Policy Statement	556	(2)
Financial Management	558	(43)
Introduction	558	(2)
Politics and Financial Management	560	(2)
State and Local Financial Management	562	(1)
The States' Role in Local Finance	562	(1)
Local Administration	562	(1)
Definitions of a Budget	563	(1)
The Budget Cycle and Roles	564	(12)
Budget Preparation	565	(3)
Budget Approval	568	(3)
Budget Execution	571	(4)
The Audit	575	(1)
Budget Formats	576	(15)
The Line-Item or Object-of-Expenditure Budget	578	(3)
The Performance Budget	581	(1)
The Planning-Programming Budgeting System (PPBS)	582	(2)
The Programmatic or Results Budget	584	(1)
Zero-Based Budgets	585	(6)
Hybrid Budgets	591	(1)
Strategies for Supplementing the Police Budget	591	(5)
Federal and General Foundation Grants	591	(2)
Donation and Fund-Raising Programs	593	(1)
Forfeiture Laws	593	(2)
User Fees and Police Taxes	595	(1)
Internal Revenue Service Rewards and Reimbursements	596	(1)
Summary	596	(1)
Discussion Questions	597	(1)
Notes	597	(4)
Productivity, Quality, and Program Evaluation: Measuring Organizational Performance	601	(26)
Introduction	601	(1)
Productivity	601	(18)
Implementing a Productivity Program	603	(3)
Management Style and Productivity	606	(1)
Management by Objectives	607	(3)
Obstacles and Benefits	610	(2)
The Thorns in Productivity Measurement	612	(1)
MBO, Productivity, and Quality Improvement Efforts	613	(6)
Program Evaluation	619	(5)
Types of Program Evaluation	620	(1)
The Police Adminstrator and Evaluation	621	(1)
Making Evaluation Work	622	(1)
The Insider-Outsider Evaluator Question	623	(1)
Summary	624	(1)
Discussion Questions	625	(1)
Notes	625	(2)
Organizational Change and the Future	627	(28)
Introduction	627	(1)
Why Change Occurs	627	(5)
The Change Agent	632	(1)
Organizational Development (OD)	633	(1)
Change Agent Errors	634	(1)
Internal Versus External Change Agents	634	(2)
Internal Chage Agent: Pros and Cons	635	(1)
External Change Agent: Pros and Cons	635	(1)
Locating External Change Agents	636	(1)
Expertise of External Consultants	636	(1)
Working with External Consultants	636	(1)
Reviewing the Study	637	(1)
Research Techniques	637	(2)
Problem Formation and Research Design	638	(1)
Variables	638	(1)
Sampling Methods	638	(1)
Gathering Data	639	(1)
Methods of Organizational Change	639	(2)
Changing Individuals	639	(2)
Changing Organizational Structures and Systems	641	(1)
Radical Versus Gradual Change	642	(1)
Resistance to Change	643	(2)
Success and Failure Patterns in a Planned Change	645	(4)
Success Patterns	646	(1)
Failure Forms	647	(2)
Police Futures Research	649	(2)
The Futures Research Unit	649	(1)
Establishing a Futures Research Unit	650	(1)
Summary	651	(1)
Discussion Questions	652	(1)
Notes	653	(2)
Index	655