The Police In America: An Introduction, with "Making the Grade" Student CD-ROM and PowerWeb

by Walker, Samuel

• ISBN13: 9780072944785
• ISBN10: 0072944781
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-04
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

Descriptive and analytical, the text is designed to offer undergraduate students a balanced and up-to-date overview of who the police are and what they do, problems related to policing, and the many reforms and innovations that have been attempted in police work. Divided into four parts, The Police in America begins with a compelling analysis of the foundation of law enforcement, including the underlying purpose of police in society, the history of American police, as well as the contemporary law enforcement industry. It goes on to cover everything from the critical role of the beat cop and the fundamental problems in policing to the career path of police officers and a level-by-level overview of police organizations. Using timely articles and excerpts, the author takes readers beyond the headlines and statistics, to present a comprehensive and contemporary overview of what it means to be a police officer.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
PART I FOUNDATIONS	1	(84)
Police and Society	3	(20)
The Goals of This Book	4	(1)
A Definition of Terms	4	(1)
What Is a Law Enforcement Agency?	4	(1)
Who Is a Police Officer?	5	(1)
Myths, Realities, and Possibilities	5	(1)
Myths about Policing	5	(2)
Sources of the Crime-Fighter Image	6	(1)
Consequences of the Crime-Fighter Image	6	(1)
The Realities of Policing	7	(6)
Factors That Shape the Police Role	10	(1)
The Authority to Use Force	11	(1)
The Police and Social Control	11	(1)
The Police and Social Control Systems	12	(1)
Possibilities	13	(3)
Problem-Oriented Policing	14	(1)
Community Policing	15	(1)
Zero-Tolerance Policing	16	(1)
Honest Law Enforcement	16	(1)
The Implications of Change	16	(2)
Summary	18	(1)
Key Terms	18	(1)
Case Study: Reality-Based Television: Does it Distort Reality?	19	(1)
For Discussion	20	(1)
Internet Exercises	20	(3)
The History of the American Police	23	(36)
The Relevance of History	25	(1)
The English Heritage	25	(2)
Creation of the Modern Police: London, 1829	26	(1)
Law Enforcement in Colonial America	27	(2)
The Quality of Colonial Law Enforcement	28	(1)
The First Modern American Police	29	(1)
American Policing in the Nineteenth Century, 1834--1900	30	(4)
Personnel Standards	30	(1)
Patrol Work	31	(1)
The Police and the Public	31	(1)
Corruption and Politics	32	(1)
The Failure of Police Reform	33	(1)
The Impact of the Police on Society	34	(1)
The Twentieth Century: The Origins of Police Professionalism, 1900--1930	34	(5)
The Professionalization Movement	35	(1)
The Reform Agenda	35	(2)
The Impact of Professionalization	37	(1)
The New Police Subculture	37	(1)
Police and Racial Minorities	38	(1)
New Law Enforcement Agencies	38	(1)
The New Communications Technology	39	(1)
New Directions in Police Administration, 1930--1960	40	(2)
The Wickersham Commission Report	40	(1)
Professionalization Continues	40	(1)
Simmering Racial and Ethnic Tensions	41	(1)
J. Edgar Hoover and the War on Crime	41	(1)
The Police Crisis of the 1960s	42	(5)
The Police and the Supreme Court	42	(1)
The Police and Civil Rights	43	(1)
The Police in the National Spotlight	44	(2)
The Research Revolution	46	(1)
New Developments in Policing, 1970--2000	47	(6)
The Changing Police Officer	47	(1)
The Control of Police Discretion	48	(1)
Police Unions	49	(1)
Citizen Oversight of Police	49	(1)
Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing	50	(1)
Race and Ethnic Conflict Continues	51	(1)
Federal Pattern or Practice Suits	52	(1)
The Racial Profiling Controversy	52	(1)
Summary: The Lessons of the Past	53	(1)
Key Terms	54	(1)
Case Study: Police Patrol Practices	54	(1)
For Discussion	55	(1)
Internet Exercises	55	(4)
The Contemporary Law Enforcement Industry	59	(26)
Basic Features of American Law Enforcement	59	(2)
An ``Industry'' Perspective	61	(1)
An International Perspective	61	(1)
Size and Scope of the Law Enforcement Industry	62	(4)
The Number of Law Enforcement Agencies	62	(1)
The Number of Law Enforcement Personnel	63	(1)
Understanding Law Enforcement Personnel Data	63	(1)
Civilianization	64	(1)
The Police--Population Ratio	65	(1)
The Cost of Police Protection	65	(1)
Municipal Police	66	(1)
County Police	67	(1)
The County Sheriff	67	(1)
The Role of the Sheriff	67	(1)
Other Local Agencies	68	(4)
The Constable	68	(1)
The Coroner/Medical Examiner	69	(1)
Special District Police	69	(1)
Tribal Police	70	(1)
State Law Enforcement Agencies	71	(1)
Roles and Responsibilities	72	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	72	(3)
Roles and Responsibilities	73	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement after September 11, 2001	73	(2)
The Private Security Industry	75	(1)
The Fragmentation Issue	75	(3)
Alternatives to Fragmentation	77	(1)
The Fragmentation Problem Reconsidered	78	(1)
Minimum Standards: American Style	78	(2)
The Role of the Federal Government	79	(1)
The Role of State Governments	79	(1)
Accreditation	80	(1)
Summary	80	(1)
Key Terms	81	(1)
Case Study: Tribal Sovereignty and the Department of Justice	81	(1)
For Discussion	81	(1)
Internet Exercises	82	(3)
PART II OFFICERS AND ORGANIZATIONS	85	(106)
Police Organization	87	(28)
The Quasi-Military Style of Police Organizations	89	(1)
Criticisms of the Quasi-Military Style	89	(1)
Police Departments as Organizations	90	(4)
The Dominant Style of American Police Organizations	90	(1)
Police Organizations as Bureaucracies	90	(3)
The Problems with Bureaucracy	93	(1)
Problems with Police Organizations	94	(2)
The Positive Contributions of Bureaucracy in Policing	94	(1)
Informal Aspects of Police Organizations	94	(2)
Bureaucracy and Police Professionalism	96	(1)
Changing Police Organizations	96	(4)
Community Policing	97	(1)
Total Quality Management	97	(1)
Task Forces	98	(1)
Creating Learning Organizations	99	(1)
Compstat	100	(1)
Civil Service	101	(2)
Police Unions	103	(5)
Aspects of Police Unions	103	(1)
Collective Bargaining	104	(1)
Grievance Procedures	104	(1)
Unions and Shared Governance	104	(2)
Impasse Settlement and Strikes	106	(1)
The Impact of Police Unions	107	(1)
Police Organizations and Their Environment	108	(1)
Contingency Theory	108	(1)
Institutional Theory	108	(1)
Resource Dependence Theory	109	(1)
Summary	109	(1)
Key Terms	110	(1)
Case Study: Union Influence in the Lowell, Massachusetts, Police Department	110	(1)
For Discussion	111	(1)
Internet Exercises	111	(4)
Police Officers I: Entering Police Work	115	(34)
Aspects of the Personnel Process	117	(1)
A Career Perspective	117	(1)
Beyond Stereotypes of Cops	117	(1)
The Personnel Process: A Shared Responsibility	118	(1)
Recruitment	118	(6)
Minimum Qualifications	119	(4)
Recruitment Effort	123	(1)
Choosing Law Enforcement as a Career	124	(2)
Applicants' Motivations	124	(2)
People Who Do Not Apply	126	(1)
Selection	126	(2)
Selection Tests	126	(1)
Oral Interviews	127	(1)
Background Investigations	128	(1)
Predicting Police Officer Performance	128	(2)
The Problem of Measuring Officer Performance	128	(2)
Equal Employment Opportunity	130	(5)
The Law of Equal Employment Opportunity	130	(1)
Job-Related Qualifications	131	(1)
Employment of Racial and Ethnic Minorities	131	(2)
Hispanic and Latino Officers	133	(1)
Women in Policing	133	(1)
Barriers to Women in Policing	134	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Officers	134	(1)
Diversity in Police Employment	135	(3)
The Affirmative Action Controversy	136	(1)
The Issue of Quotas	136	(2)
Diversity as a ``Compelling State Interest''	138	(1)
Training	138	(4)
Police Academy Training	138	(1)
Field Training	139	(1)
State Training and Certification	140	(1)
Shortcomings of Current Police Training	141	(1)
The Probationary Period	142	(1)
Summary	143	(1)
Key Terms	143	(1)
Case Study: Excerpts from the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society	143	(1)
For Discussion	144	(1)
Internet Exercises	144	(5)
Police Officers II: On the Job	149	(42)
Reality Shock: Entering Police Work	151	(2)
Encountering Citizens	151	(1)
Encountering the Criminal Justice System	152	(1)
Encountering the Department	152	(1)
The Concept of Organizational Culture	152	(1)
The Seniority System	153	(1)
Police Officer Attitudes and Behavior	154	(4)
The Concept of a Police Subculture	154	(3)
Criticisms of the Traditional Police Subculture Concept	157	(1)
The Dimensions of the Police Subculture	158	(1)
The Changing Rank and File	158	(9)
Women Police Officers	159	(1)
Female Officers and the Use of Force	159	(2)
African American Officers	161	(1)
Hispanic/Latino Officers	162	(1)
Race, Ethnicity, and Performance	162	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Officers	163	(1)
The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Sexual Identity	163	(1)
Education	164	(1)
The Impact of Training on Performance	164	(1)
Cohort Effects	165	(1)
Attitudes toward Community Policing	166	(1)
Summary	166	(1)
The Relationship between Attitudes and Behavior	167	(1)
Styles of Police Work	168	(1)
Career Development	169	(3)
Promotion	169	(1)
Salaries and Benefits	170	(1)
Assignment to Special Units	170	(1)
``Coveted Assignments''	171	(1)
Lateral Entry	171	(1)
Performance Evaluation	172	(2)
Traditional Performance Evaluation Systems	172	(1)
Problems with Performance Evaluations	172	(2)
Job Satisfaction	174	(4)
Job Stress	178	(3)
Community Policing and Job Satisfaction	179	(1)
Coping with Stress	180	(1)
The Rights of Police Officers	181	(1)
The Police Officer's Bill of Rights	181	(1)
Outside Employment	182	(1)
Turnover: Leaving Police Work	183	(1)
Summary	183	(1)
Key Terms	184	(1)
Case Study: National Center for Women and Policing (Excerpt)	184	(1)
Underrepresentation of Women Hurts Law Enforcement	184	(1)
Escalating Cost of Police Brutality	184	(1)
Ineffective Response to Domestic Violence	184	(1)
Damaged Police-Community Relations	185	(1)
Costly Sexual Harassment and Sexual Discrimination Lawsuits	185	(1)
For Discussion	185	(1)
Internet Exercise	185	(6)
PART III POLICE WORK	191	(162)
Patrol: The Backbone of Policing	193	(38)
The Central Role of Patrol	195	(1)
Functions of Patrol	195	(1)
The Standard Model of Policing	196	(1)
The Organization and Delivery of Patrol	196	(6)
Number of Sworn Officers	197	(1)
Factors Affecting the Delivery of Patrol Services	197	(1)
The Distribution of Patrol Officers	198	(1)
Assignment of Officers	199	(1)
``Hot Spots''	200	(1)
Types of Patrol	200	(1)
Foot Patrol	201	(1)
One-Officer versus Two-Officer Cars	201	(1)
Staffing Patrol Beats	202	(1)
Styles of Patrol	202	(1)
Individual Styles	202	(1)
Supervisors' Styles	203	(1)
Organizational Styles	203	(1)
Patrol Supervision	203	(1)
The Role of the Sergeant	203	(1)
The Communications Center	204	(4)
The Nerve Center of Policing	204	(1)
911 Systems	205	(1)
Processing Calls for Service	206	(2)
Operator--Citizen Interactions	208	(1)
The Systematic Study of Police Patrol	208	(2)
Standards for Systematic Social Observation	209	(1)
The Call Service Workload	210	(3)
The Volume of Calls	210	(1)
Types of Calls	210	(2)
Advertisements on Patrol Cars	212	(1)
Aspects of Patrol Work	213	(3)
Response Time	213	(1)
Officer Use of Patrol Time	214	(1)
Evasion of Duty	215	(1)
High-Speed Pursuits	215	(1)
The Effectiveness of Patrol	216	(4)
Initial Experiments	216	(1)
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment	217	(1)
Findings and Implications	218	(1)
The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment	219	(1)
New Questions, New Approaches	220	(1)
Improving Traditional Patrol	220	(5)
Differential Response to Calls	220	(1)
Telephone Reporting Units	221	(1)
311 Nonemergency Calls	222	(1)
Non-English 911 Service Calls	222	(1)
Reverse 911	222	(1)
Computers and Video Cameras in Patrol Cars	223	(1)
Police Aides or Cadets	223	(1)
Street Skills Training for Patrol Officers	223	(1)
Directed Patrol and ``Hot Spots''	224	(1)
Beyond Traditional Patrol	224	(1)
Summary	225	(1)
Key Terms	225	(1)
Case Study: Kansas City (MO) Gun Experiment (Excerpt)	225	(1)
For Discussion	226	(1)
Internet Exercises	226	(5)
Peacekeeping and Order Maintenance	231	(32)
The Police Role	233	(1)
Calling the Police	233	(2)
Public Expectations	233	(1)
Police Response	234	(1)
Traffic Enforcement	235	(3)
Drunk-Driving Crackdowns	237	(1)
Policing Domestic Disputes	238	(3)
Defining Our Terms	238	(1)
The Prevalence of Domestic Violence	239	(1)
Calling the Police	240	(1)
Police Response to Domestic Disturbance	241	(4)
Factors Influencing the Arrest Decision	242	(1)
A Revolution in Policy: Mandatory Arrest	242	(1)
The Impact of Arrest on Domestic Violence	243	(1)
Impact of Mandatory Arrest Laws and Policies	244	(1)
Other Laws and Policies	244	(1)
The Future of Domestic Violence Policy	245	(1)
Policing Vice	245	(3)
Prostitution	245	(2)
Gambling	247	(1)
Policing the Homeless	248	(1)
Policing the Mentally Ill	249	(2)
Police Response to the Mentally Ill	249	(2)
Old Problems/New Programs	251	(1)
Policing People with AIDS	251	(2)
Policing Juveniles	253	(3)
Controversy over the Police Role	253	(1)
Specialized Juvenile Units	254	(1)
On-the-Street Encounters	254	(1)
The Issue of Race Discrimination	255	(1)
Crime Prevention Programs	256	(1)
Summary	256	(1)
Key Terms	257	(1)
Case Study: Westminster, California, Police Department's Shield Program	257	(2)
For Discussion	259	(1)
Internet Exercises	260	(3)
The Police and Crime	263	(46)
The Police and Crime	265	(2)
Crime Control Strategies	265	(1)
Crime Control Assumptions	266	(1)
Measuring Effectiveness	266	(1)
Summary	266	(1)
Preventing Crime	267	(1)
Apprehending Criminals	267	(4)
Citizen Reporting of Crime	268	(2)
Reporting and Unfounding Crime	270	(1)
Criminal Investigation	271	(1)
Myths about Detective Work	271	(1)
The Organization of Detective Work	271	(1)
The Investigation Process	272	(2)
The Preliminary Investigation	272	(1)
Arrest Discretion	273	(1)
Follow-Up Investigations	273	(1)
The Reality of Detective Work	273	(1)
Case Screening	274	(1)
Measuring the Effectiveness of Criminal Investigation	274	(2)
The Clearance Rate	274	(2)
Defining an Arrest	276	(1)
Success and Failure in Solving Crimes	276	(3)
Case Structural Factors	277	(1)
Organizational Factors	278	(1)
Environmental Factors	278	(1)
The Use of Eyewitnesses, Criminalistics, and DNA in Investigations	279	(2)
Eyewitness Identification	279	(1)
Criminalistics	279	(1)
DNA	279	(1)
Officer Productivity	280	(1)
The Problem of Case Attrition	281	(1)
Improving Criminal Investigations	281	(1)
Special Investigative Techniques	282	(2)
Undercover Police Work	282	(1)
Informants	283	(1)
Policing Drugs	284	(3)
Drug Enforcement Strategies	284	(1)
Retail Drug Enforcement	285	(1)
Minorities and the War on Drugs	285	(1)
Demand Reduction: The D.A.R.E. Program	286	(1)
New Approaches to Drug Enforcement	287	(1)
Policing Gangs and Gang-Related Crime	287	(3)
Gang Suppression	288	(1)
Gang Prevention: The G.R.E.A.T. Program	289	(1)
Policing Career Criminals	290	(1)
Policing Guns and Gun Crimes	290	(2)
Gun Suppression	291	(1)
Policing Hate Crime	292	(2)
The Scope and Nature of Hate Crime	293	(1)
The Police Response to Hate Crime	293	(1)
Current Problems Facing Law Enforcement	294	(8)
School Crime	294	(1)
Terrorism	295	(1)
Domestic Terrorism	296	(2)
Foreign Terrorism	298	(1)
Responding to Terrorism	299	(1)
Computer Crime	300	(2)
Summary	302	(1)
Key Terms	303	(1)
Case Study: Solving a Complex Case of International Terrorism	303	(1)
For Discussion	304	(1)
Internet Exercises	304	(5)
Innovations in Police Strategy	309	(44)
Impetus for Change in Policing	311	(1)
The Roots of Community Policing: The Broken Windows Hypothesis	311	(2)
Types of Disorder	312	(1)
Characteristics of Community Policing	313	(9)
Community Partnerships	314	(3)
The Effectiveness of Community Partnerships	317	(2)
Organizational Change	319	(1)
Evidence of Organizational Change	320	(1)
Problem Solving	321	(1)
Putting It All Together: Implementing Community Policing at the Department Level	322	(6)
Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program	323	(5)
Community Policing: Problems and Prospects	328	(3)
Rhetoric or Reality	328	(1)
Too Rapid Expansion	328	(1)
A Legitimate Police Role	328	(1)
A Political Police	329	(1)
Decentralization and Accountability	329	(1)
Conflicting Community Interests	330	(1)
But Does Community Policing Work?	331	(1)
The Roots of Problem-Oriented Policing	331	(2)
The Problem-Solving Process	333	(3)
Scanning	333	(2)
Analysis	335	(1)
Response	335	(1)
Assessment	336	(1)
Effectiveness of Problem-Oriented Policing	336	(4)
Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News	336	(1)
Smart in Oakland	337	(1)
The Boston Gun Project: Operation Cease Fire	338	(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing in Jersey, New Jersey	339	(1)
Characteristics of Zero-Tolerance Policing	340	(5)
The Effectiveness of Zero-Tolerance Policing	342	(2)
Potential Problems with Zero-Tolerance Policing	344	(1)
Summary	345	(1)
Key Terms	346	(1)
Case Study: Project Exile	346	(2)
For Discussion	348	(1)
Internet Exercises	348	(5)
PART IV ISSUES IN POLICING	353	(160)
Police Discretion	355	(28)
Discretion in Police Work	357	(1)
A Definition of Discretion	357	(1)
Limits on the Exercise of Discretion	357	(1)
Aspects of Police Discretion	358	(2)
Street-Level Bureaucrats	358	(1)
Potential Abuse of Discretion	358	(1)
Positive Uses of Discretion	359	(1)
Decision Points and Decision Makers	360	(1)
Patrol Officer Decisions	360	(1)
Detectives' Decisions	361	(1)
Police Managers' Decisions	361	(1)
Underlying Sources of Discretion	361	(2)
The Nature of the Criminal Law	361	(1)
Conflicting Public Expectations	362	(1)
Social and Medical Issues	362	(1)
The Work Environment of Policing	362	(1)
Limited Police Resources	362	(1)
Factors Influencing Discretionary Decisions	363	(4)
Situational Factors	363	(3)
Organizational Factors	366	(1)
Environmental Factors	367	(1)
The Control of Discretion	367	(3)
The Need for Control	367	(1)
Abolish Discretion?	368	(1)
Enhancing Professional Judgment	368	(1)
Informal Bureaucratic Controls	369	(1)
Written Policies	370	(1)
Administrative Rulemaking	370	(7)
Examples of Administrative Rulemaking	370	(1)
Principles of Administrative Rulemaking	370	(1)
The Advantages of Written Rules	370	(1)
The Impact of Administrative Rulemaking	370	(1)
Ensuring Compliance with Rules	370	(4)
Codifying Rules: The Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) Manual	374	(1)
``Pattern or Practice'' Suits and Discretion	374	(1)
Systematic Rulemaking	374	(1)
Citizen Oversight and Policymaking	375	(1)
The Limits of Administrative Rulemaking	376	(1)
Summary	377	(1)
Key Terms	377	(1)
Case Study: ``Broken Windows'' and Police Discretion	377	(1)
For Discussion	378	(1)
Internet Exercises	378	(5)
Police--Community Relations	383	(58)
A Definition of Police--Community Relations	385	(5)
Different Racial and Ethnic Groups	386	(2)
A Changing Multicultural Society	388	(1)
Definitions of Race and Ethnicity	389	(1)
Gender and Sexual Preference	389	(1)
Discrimination versus Disparity	390	(1)
A Contextual Approach to Police--Community Interactions	390	(1)
Public Opinion and the Police	391	(7)
Differences in Attitude by Race and Ethnicity	391	(2)
Attitudes about Police Use of Force	393	(1)
Race and Class	394	(1)
Age	394	(1)
Other Variables	394	(1)
Intercity Variations	395	(1)
The Impact of Controversial Incidents	395	(1)
The Case of Detroit	395	(1)
Dimensions of Trust of the Police	396	(1)
The Police and Larger Society	396	(1)
Police and Other Occupations	397	(1)
Summary	397	(1)
Police Perceptions of Citizens	398	(1)
Sources of Police Attitudes	399	(1)
Sources of Police--Community Relations Problems	399	(1)
Level of Police Protection	400	(2)
Inadequate Police Protection	400	(1)
Underprotection versus Overenforcement	401	(1)
Police Field Practices	402	(11)
Deadly Force	402	(2)
Use of Physical Force	404	(2)
Arrests	406	(2)
Filed Interrogations and Searches	408	(1)
Being ``Out of Place'' and Getting Stopped	408	(1)
Enforcement of Loitering and Vagrancy Laws	409	(1)
Sex Discrimination: ``Driving While Female''	409	(1)
Making Sense of Conflicting Evidence on Discrimination	409	(1)
Crime Fighting, Stereotyping, Race, and Ethnicity	410	(1)
Verbal Abuse and Racial and Ethnic Slurs	411	(1)
Language and Cultural Barriers	411	(1)
Language Barriers in Patrol Work	412	(1)
Canine Units	413	(1)
Delay in Responding to Calls	413	(1)
Abuse of Gay Men, Lesbians, and Transgendered Persons	413	(1)
Special Topic: Racial Profiling	413	(9)
Traffic Enforcement Practices	414	(1)
Data on Traffic Enforcement Patterns	414	(2)
Interpreting Traffic-Stop Data	416	(1)
Explaining Disparities	417	(1)
The Legitimate Use of Race and Ethnicity in Police Work	418	(1)
Policies to Prevent Bias in Police Work	419	(1)
Do Policies Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities?	420	(1)
Problem Solving on Racial Profiling	421	(1)
Conclusion	421	(1)
Administrative Practices	422	(1)
Handling Civilian Complaints	422	(1)
Police Employment Practices	423	(3)
The Goals of Employing a Diverse Workforce	423	(1)
Signs of Progress	424	(1)
Employing Newly Arrived Ethnic Groups	425	(1)
Does the Color of an Officer's Skin Make a Difference?	426	(1)
Improving Police--Community Relations	426	(1)
Special Police--Community Relations Units	427	(4)
Should Local Police Enforce Federal Immigration Laws?	428	(1)
Outreach to Immigrant Communities	428	(1)
Race Relations and Human Relations Training	428	(2)
``Best Practices'' in Policing	430	(1)
Community Policing and Improving PCR	431	(1)
Summary	431	(1)
Key Terms	431	(1)
Case Study: Responding to Community Crises: The U.S. Community Relations Service	432	(1)
For Discussion	433	(1)
Internet Exercises	433	(8)
Police Corruption	441	(30)
A Definition of Police Corruption	443	(1)
The Costs of Police Corruption	443	(2)
Types of Corruption	445	(4)
Gratuities	445	(1)
Bribes	446	(1)
Theft and Burglary	447	(1)
Internal Corruption	448	(1)
Corruption and Brutality	449	(1)
Levels of Corruption	449	(1)
Type I: Rotten Apples and Rotten Pockets	450	(1)
Type II: Pervasive Unorganized Corruption	450	(1)
Type III: Pervasive Organized Corruption	450	(1)
Theories of Police Corruption	450	(5)
Individual Officer Explanations	451	(1)
Social Structural Explanations	451	(2)
Neighborhood Explanations	453	(1)
The Nature of Police Work	453	(1)
The Police Organization	454	(1)
The Police Subculture	454	(1)
Becoming Corrupt	455	(1)
The Moral Careers of Individual Officers	455	(1)
Corrupting Organizations	456	(1)
Controlling Corruption	456	(1)
Internal Corruption Control Strategies	457	(7)
The Attitude of the Chief	457	(1)
Rules and Regulations	457	(1)
Managing Anticorruption Investigations	458	(2)
Investigative Tactics	460	(1)
Cracking the ``Blue Curtain''	460	(1)
Proactive Integrity Tests	461	(1)
Effective Supervision	461	(1)
Rewarding the Good Officers	462	(1)
Personnel Recruitment	463	(1)
External Corruption Control Practices	464	(2)
Special Investigations	464	(1)
Criminal Prosecution	464	(1)
Mobilizing Public Opinion	465	(1)
Altering the External Environment	466	(1)
The Limits of Anticorruption Efforts	466	(1)
Summary	466	(1)
Key Terms	467	(1)
Case Study: Police Integrity---New Orleans Style	467	(1)
For Discussion	468	(1)
Internet Exercises	468	(3)
Accountability of the Police	471	(42)
A Definition of Accountability	473	(1)
The Dimensions of Accountability	473	(2)
The Dilemmas of Policing in a Democracy	473	(1)
A Historical Perspective on Accountability	474	(1)
Accountability and Community Policing	474	(1)
Accountability for What the Police Do	475	(1)
The Traditional Approach	475	(1)
New Measures of Police Service	476	(1)
Compstat: A New Approach	476	(1)
Accountability for How the Police Do Their Job	476	(1)
Internal Mechanisms of Accountability	477	(1)
Supervision	477	(4)
Routine Supervision	477	(1)
Close Supervision	478	(1)
The Impact of the Organizational Culture	478	(1)
Informal Corrective Action	479	(1)
Written Policies and Reporting Requirements	479	(1)
Performance Evaluations	480	(1)
Internal Affairs and Professional Standards Units	481	(3)
Problems with Internal Discipline Practices	482	(1)
Reforms of Internal Discipline	483	(1)
The ``Code of Silence''	483	(1)
Early Intervention Systems	484	(3)
The Nature of EI Systems	484	(1)
Performance Indicators	485	(1)
Interventions	486	(1)
Goals of EI Systems	486	(1)
Effectiveness of EI Systems	486	(1)
Accreditation	487	(2)
The Nature of Accreditation	487	(1)
The Benefits of Accreditation	487	(1)
Criticisms of Accreditation	488	(1)
External Mechanisms of Accountability	489	(1)
The Political Process	489	(1)
The Courts	489	(10)
The Supreme Court and the Police	489	(1)
The Impact of Supreme Court Decisions	490	(2)
Civil Suits against the Police	492	(2)
Risk Management	494	(1)
``Pattern or Practice'' Suits	494	(1)
Department of Justice Suits	494	(2)
State and Private Suits	496	(1)
Court-Ordered Reforms	496	(1)
Court-Appointed Monitors	497	(1)
The Impact of Consent Decrees	497	(1)
Injunctions	498	(1)
Criminal Prosecution	498	(1)
Summary	499	(1)
Citizen Oversight of the Police	499	(6)
Forms of Citizen Oversight	499	(2)
The Roles of Citizen Oversight	501	(1)
Citizen Review: Pro and Con	502	(1)
Blue-Ribbon Commissions	503	(1)
The News Media	503	(1)
Public Interest Organizations	504	(1)
Accountability and Crime Control: A Trade-Off	504	(1)
A Mixed Approach to Police Accountability	505	(1)
Summary	506	(1)
Key Terms	507	(1)
Case Study: Miami--Dade Police Department, Early Identification System (Excerpt)	507	(1)
For Discussion	507	(1)
Internet Exercises	508	(5)
PART V CHALLENGES FOR A NEW CENTURY	513	(18)
The Future of Policing in America	515	(16)
Police Technology	516	(4)
Major Technology Applications	516	(4)
Crime Analysis	520	(1)
Types of Crime Analysis	521	(1)
The Outlook for Police Employment	521	(4)
Opportunities in Local, County, and State Law Enforcement	522	(1)
Local, County, and State Salaries	522	(2)
Opportunities in Federal Law Enforcement	524	(1)
Federal Salaries	524	(1)
The Future of Police Research	525	(2)
Does Research Do Any Good?	525	(1)
The Future of Federal Support for Research	526	(1)
Demographic Change	527	(1)
Impact of the War in Terrorism	527	(2)
Role Expansion	527	(1)
Immigration Enforcement	528	(1)
Racial and Ethnic Profiling	528	(1)
Personnel Shortages	528	(1)
Conclusion	529	(1)
Key Terms	529	(1)
Case Study: FBI Futures Work Group	529	(1)
For Discussion	530	(1)
Internet Exercises	530	(1)
Glossary	531	(8)
Index	539