Police and Society

by Roberg, Roy; Novak, Kenneth; Cordner, Gary; Smith, Brad

• ISBN13: 9780199772568
• ISBN10: 0199772568
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-02-11
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Now in its fifth edition,Police & Societyoffers a descriptive and analytical look at the process of policing, from police behavior and organization to operations and historical perspectives. Focusing on the relationship between the police and the community and how it has changed throughout the years, Roy Roberg, Kenneth Novak, Gary Cordner, and new coauthor Brad Smith explore the most important theoretical foundations and incisive research on contemporary policing practices. Features of the Fifth Edition * Discussion of many new topicsincluding procedural justice, recruitment strategies for females and minorities, social media/social networking, and predictive policing * Enhanced coverageof criminal procedure, officer stress and safety, intimate partner violence, brutality/extralegal police aggression, and more * Expanded glossaryof key terms * Engaging boxed features:"Inside Policing" boxes that discuss real-world police issues and "Voices From the Field" interviews--six of which are new to this edition--with nationally recognized experts * Superior supplements:A revised and expandedInstructor's Manualand an interactiveStudent Study Guide on CD(packaged with the text)

Author Biography

Roy Roberg is Professor of Justice Studies at San José State University.

Kenneth Novak is Associate Professor and Chair of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

Gary Cordner is Professor of Criminal Justice at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania.

Brad Smith is Associate Professor of Criminal Justice at Wayne State University.

Table of Contents

Each Chapter ends with a Summary

Preface

Acknowledgements

About the Authors

Police in a Democracy

Policing a Free Society

Police and Government

Police and Rule of Law

Police, Terrorism, and Homeland Security

Police Systems

The U.S. Police System

Other Types of Law Enforcement Agencies

Similarities and Differences

Police Role and Purpose

Law Enforcement or Politics?

Crime Fighting or Social Service?

Proactive or Reactive?

Police Activities and Workload

Police Goals and Strategies

Looking Ahead

Police History

Foundations of Policing

Early Policing

Policing in Nineteenth-Century England

The Emergence of Modern Policing in the United States

The First City Police Forces

The County Sheriff

Vigilance Committees

Modern American Policing

The Political Era

Police Development

Criticism in the Political Era

The Reform Era

Minority Perspective on the Development of American Police

State Police

Texas and Massachusetts

Pennsylvania

Highway Patrol

Federal Law Enforcement

The Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Marshal Service

Postal Inspectors

The Federal Bureau of Investigation

Legal Issues

Criminal Procedure

Searches and Seizures or Persons

Searches and Seizures of Property

Interrogations and Confessions

Civil Liability

Costs of Liability in Policing

Avenues of Liability

Civil Liability in State Courts

Civil Liability in Federal Courts

Emerging Liability Issues for the Twenty-First Century

Use of Force

Impact on Officers

Community Policing

Evolving Strategies of Policing

Early Forms of Community Policing

Police-Community Relations

Crime Prevention

Team Policing

Foot Patrol and Broken Windows

Community Policing

Elements of Community Policing

The Philosophical Dimension

The Strategic Dimension

The Tactical Dimension

Implementing Community Policing

Positive Indications

Questions and Doubts

Evaluating Community Policing

Community Policing Today

Police Management

The Managerial Process

The Development of Police Management

Classical Police Management

Behavioral Police Management

Contemporary Police Management

Organizational Design

Restructuring and Community Policing

Implementation: Fact or Fiction?

Criticisms of the Paramilitary Design

Increasing Influence of Police Paramilitary Units

Broken Windows and Zero-Tolerance Policing

Compstat, Police Legitimacy, and Procedural Justice

Police Goals and Organizational Performance

Impact of Supervisory Styles on Officer Behavior

Measuring Police Performance

Changing Performance Measures

Organization and Change

The Change Process

Resistance to Change

Overcoming Resistance to Change

The Madison Experience

Laying the Foundation

Key Elements to Change

Results from Madison

The Chicago Experience

Laying the Foundation

Key Elements to Change

Results from Chicago

Lessons Learned from Madison and Chicago

Job Redesign and Community Policing

Changing Officer Performance Measures

Innovation

Compstat as a Change Process

Police Departments as Learning Organizations

Organizational Learning

Police-Researcher Partnerships

Utilize Middle Managers

Selection and Development

Recruitment

Recruitment Methods

Targeting Females and Minorities

Targeting the Service Oriented

Cop Crunch

Selection

Preemployment Standards

General Suitability

Preemployment Testing

Written Exams and Performance

Too Smart for Policing?

Development

Recruit Training

Community Policing Training

Terrorism-Related Training

Field Training

Career Growth

Field Operations

The Patrol Function

Historical Development

Patrol Methods

Use of Patrol Methods

Selected Research on Patrol Operations

Random Patrol

Response Time

Differential Response to Calls

Focused Interventions

Proactive Arrests and Crackdowns

Guns and Gang Violence

Policing Disorder: Zero-Tolerance and Quality-of-Life Policing

Problem Oriented Policing Focused on Disorder

Juvenile Curfews

Reactive Arrests and Intimate Partner Violence

Police Pursuits

The Investigative Function

Historical Development

Selected Research on Investigative Operations

Investigative Effectiveness

Career Criminal Programs

Bias Crime Programs

Detective-Patrol Relationships

Enticement and Entrapment

Behavior and Misconduct

Perspectives of Police Behavior

Universalistic Perspectives

Particularistic Perspectives

Socialization Versus Predisposition

Classic Studies of Police Behavior

Violence and the Police

Justice Without Trial

Varieties of Police Behavior

City Police

Working the Street: Police Discretion

Decision Making and Police Discretion

Organizational Variables

Neighborhood Variables

Situational Variables

Individual (Officer) Variables

Police Deviance

Types of Deviance and Misconduct

The Prevalence of Police Deviance

The Trouble With Gratuities

Deviant Officers

The Persistence of Corruption

Police Sexual Misconduct

The Drug War and Police Deviance

Force and Coercion

Police-Citizen Interactions

Context of Force

National Estimates on Police Use of Force

Use of Force

Learning to Use Force

Training

Areas of Training

Police Culture and the Use of Force

Controversy and the Use of Force

Inappropriate Force

Brutality and Excessive Force

Physical and Psychological Force in Police History

Frequency of Excessive Force and Brutality

Brutality in the Twenty-First Century

Deadly Force

Individual and Situational Factors

Environmental and Departmental Variations

Racial Considerations

Legal and Policy Changes

Accountability and Ethics

Internal Accountability Mechanisms

Bureaucratic Organization and Management

Internal Investigation

Issues in Internal Investigations

Early Warning/Early Identification Systems

Effectiveness of Internal Investigations

External Accountability Mechanisms

Civilian Review

Police Auditor Systems

Legal Control

The Limits of Oversight Mechanisms

Professional Standards

The Police Professionalization Movement

Criteria of Police Professionalization

Ethical Standards

Ethical Perspectives

Ethical Dilemmas

The Limits of Professional and Ethical Standards

Diversity

Racial Minorities in Policing

Unequal Treatment

Performance of African American Police

Women in Policing

Unequal Treatment

Performance of Women Officers

Affirmative Action

Equal Employment Opportunity

Reverse Discrimination

Increasing Diversity in Police Departments

Promotional Opportunities

Integration of Minorities and Women Into Policing

Police Culture

Structural Characteristics

Pregnancy and Maternity

Sexual Harassment

Future Prospects

Stress and Officer Safety

The Concept of Stress

Occupational Stress

Overview of Stressors

Police Stressors

Emerging Sources of Stress

Line-of-Duty and Crisis Situations

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Shift Work

Social Supports and Police Stress

Consequences of Stress

Alcohol Abuse

Drug Abuse

Suicide

Marital and Family Problems

Policies and Programs

Officer Safety

Danger and Police Work

Safety and the Mentally Ill

Improving Safety and Reducing Fatalities

Higher Education

The Development of Higher Education Programs for Police

Federal Programs and Support for Higher Education

Quality of Higher Education Programs

Higher Education Requirements for Police

Police Chiefs, Promotion, and Higher Education

The Impact of Higher Education on Policing

Higher Education and Attitudes

Higher Education and Performance

Use of Force and Liability

Leadership and Promotion

Other Significant Findings

Summary of Higher Education Findings and Directions for Future Research

Higher Education and Job Satisfaction

Higher Education, Community Policing, and Terrorism

Police Executives' Views on Higher Education

Chief's Scholar Program

Validating Higher Education for Police

Higher Education as a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification

Higher Education and Discrimination

Higher Education Incentive Programs

Higher Education Requirements and Policy Implications

Emerging Issues

Changes in American Society

The Aging Population

Diversity

Economics

Immigration and Migration

Modern Problems

Racial Profiling

Immigration Enforcement

Eyewitness Identification

Persons With Mental Illness

Cyber Crime

Modern Technology

Suspect Control and Officer Safety

Crime Detention and Crime Solving

Information Technology

Communications and Interoperability

Social Media

Long-Term Trends

Collaboration

Privatization

Federalization

Militarization

Globalization

Competing Police Strategies

Terrorism and Homeland Security

Compstat and Performance Management

COP, POP, and ILPGlossary of Key Terms

Index

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