Policing America : Methods, Issues, Challenges

by Peak, Ken

• ISBN13: 9780131188648
• ISBN10: 013118864X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-05-17
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Designed to put readers "inside" the police officer's uniform, this personally-involving, comprehensive, and timely introduction to police work provides a "real-world" flavor not found in most policing books. Written in an exceptionally reader-friendly open and frank style, itblendsthe real and the idealreflecting the author's more than 30 years'experience as a police administrator and academic. Features boxed articles fromLaw Enforcement News, and "Practitioner's Perspectives" with short essays written by selected individuals who have expertise in particular areas of policing.Policing Levels, Roles, and Functions. Police Subculture: The Making of a Cop. Organization and Administration. On Patrol: Personnel, Methods, Functions. Community Oriented Policing and Problem Solving. Criminal Investigation. Extraordinary Problems and Methods. Police and the Rule of Law. Accountability: Ethics, Force and Corruption, Discipline. Civil Liability. Issues and Trends. Comparative Perspectives. Technology Review. Challenges of the Future.For those involved/interested in General Policing, Community Policing, and Policing Issues.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xix
Edward A. Flynn
Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
About the Author	xxvii
Historical Development	1	(40)
English and Colonial Officers of the Law	2	(5)
Sheriff	2	(1)
Constable	3	(2)
Coroner	5	(1)
Justice of the Peace	6	(1)
The Old English System of Policing	7	(5)
Policing in Colonial America	8	(2)
Legacies of the Colonial Period	10	(2)
Police Reform in England and America, 1829--1860	12	(4)
Full-Time Policing Comes to the United States	16	(9)
Imitating Peel	16	(2)
Early Issues and New Traditions	18	(1)
Attempts at Reform in Difficult Times	19	(1)
Increased Politics and Corruption	20	(2)
Meanwhile, on the American Frontier . . .	22	(1)
Practitioner's Perspective What Science Has Done for the Police, Chief Francis O'Neill, Chicago, 1903	23	(2)
The Entrenchment of Political Influence	25	(1)
The Movement toward Professionalization	25	(7)
Attempts to Thwart Political Patronage	25	(1)
The Era of August Vollmer	26	(2)
The Crime Fighter Image	28	(1)
The Wickersham Commission	28	(1)
Exhibit 1-1 The Crib of Modern Law Enforcement	29	(1)
Police as the ``Thin Blue Line'': William H. Parker	30	(2)
A Retreat from the Professional Model	32	(1)
Coming Full Circle to Peel: The President's Crime Commission	32	(1)
Community-Oriented Policing and Problem-Solving Era	33	(3)
The Three Generations of COPPS	35	(1)
Summary	36	(1)
Review Questions	36	(1)
Independent Student Activities	36	(1)
Related Web Sites	37	(1)
Notes	37	(4)
Law Enforcement Levels and Functions: Defending Our Homeland	41	(27)
Federal Agencies	42	(19)
The Department of Homeland Security	42	(6)
The Department of Justice	48	(11)
Other Related Federal Agencies	59	(2)
State and Local Agencies	61	(2)
State Police	61	(1)
Local (Municipal Police and County Sheriff) Agencies	62	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Review Questions	63	(1)
Independent Student Activities	63	(1)
Related Web Sites	64	(1)
Notes	65	(3)
Police Subculture: The Making of a Cop	68	(31)
First Things First: Recruiting Qualified Applicants	69	(4)
Wanted: Those Who Walk on Water	69	(2)
Recruiting Problems and Successes	71	(2)
Testing: The Hurdle Process for New Personnel	73	(5)
Written Examinations: General Knowledge and Psychological Tests	73	(1)
Physical Agility Test	74	(1)
Oral Interview	75	(1)
Character Investigation	76	(1)
Polygraph Examination	76	(1)
Medical Examination and Drug Screening	77	(1)
The Recruit's Formal Entry into Policing: Academy Training	78	(7)
Types of Academies	78	(1)
The Curriculum: Status and Ongoing Need for Revision	78	(2)
A New Uniform and Demeanor	80	(1)
A Sixth Sense	81	(4)
Postacademy Field Training	85	(1)
The Field Training Officer Concept	85	(1)
New Technology	85	(1)
Having the ``Right Stuff'': A Working Personality	86	(3)
Developing and Using a Police Personality	86	(2)
What Traits Make a Good Cop?	88	(1)
Roles, Functions, and Styles of Policing	89	(4)
Defining and Understanding the Police Role	89	(1)
Role Conflicts	90	(1)
Policing Functions and Styles	91	(2)
Which Role, Function, and Style Are Typically Employed?	93	(1)
Summary	93	(1)
Review Questions	93	(1)
Independent Student Activities	94	(1)
Related Web Sites	94	(1)
Notes	94	(5)
Organization and Administration	99	(31)
Organizations and the Police	100	(1)
What Are Organizations?	100	(1)
Organizations as Bureaucracies	101	(1)
Organizational Communication	101	(4)
Definition and Characteristics	101	(2)
Communication within Police Organizations	103	(1)
The Grapevine	103	(1)
Written Communication	104	(1)
Barriers to Effective Communication	104	(1)
Police Agencies as Organizations	105	(5)
Chain of Command	105	(1)
Organizational Structure	106	(1)
Unity of Command and Span of Control	107	(2)
Organizational Policies and Procedures	109	(1)
Contemporary Police Chiefs and Sheriffs	110	(4)
Police Chief	110	(2)
The Sheriff	112	(2)
The Chief Executive Officer: A Model	114	(4)
Applying the Mintzberg Model of CEOs	114	(1)
The Interpersonal Role	114	(1)
The Informational Role	115	(1)
The Decision-Maker Role	115	(1)
An Example of Mintzberg in Action: NYPD's Compstat	116	(2)
Practitioner's Perspective Police Ingenuity and Entrepreneurship, Dennis D. Richards	118	(1)
Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants	118	(2)
The First-Line Supervisor	120	(3)
Ten Tasks	121	(1)
Types of Supervisors	121	(1)
Exhibit 4-1 Good, Better, Best: What Make Some Sergeants a Cut Above the Rest?	122	(1)
Police and Politics	123	(2)
Political Exploitation of the Police	124	(1)
Police Executive Relations and Expectations	124	(1)
Summary	125	(1)
Review Questions	126	(1)
Independent Student Activities	126	(1)
Related Web Sites	127	(1)
Notes	127	(3)
On Patrol: Methods and Menaces	130	(30)
Patrol as Work: Culture of the Beat	131	(12)
Purposes and Nature of Patrol	131	(3)
Exhibit 5-1 Police Patrol: A Job Description	134	(3)
Filling Occasional Hours of Boredom	137	(1)
Patrol Work as a Function of Shift Assignment	137	(2)
Influences of One's Assigned Beat	139	(1)
Where Danger Lurks: The Hazards of Beat Patrol	140	(3)
An Unappreciated American Icon: The Patrol Vehicle	143	(2)
A Sanctuary and a Place for Vital Gear	143	(1)
Evolution of the Patrol Vehicle	144	(1)
Today's Accoutrements	145	(1)
Studies of the Patrol Function	145	(3)
Discretionary Use of Police Authority	148	(4)
The Link between Patrol and Discretion	148	(1)
An Exercise in Discretion	148	(1)
Attempts to Define Discretion	149	(1)
Determinants of Discretionary Actions	150	(1)
Pros, Cons, and Politics of Discretionary Authority	151	(1)
A Related Function: Traffic	152	(3)
Policing Today's Motorized Society	152	(1)
Traffic Accident Investigation	153	(1)
In Pursuit of the ``Phantom Driver''	154	(1)
Summary	155	(1)
Review Questions	156	(1)
Independent Student Activities	156	(1)
Related Web Sites	156	(1)
Notes	157	(3)
Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving	160	(25)
Basic Principles of Community Policing	161	(1)
A Major Step Forward: Problem-Oriented Policing	162	(7)
The Problem-Solving Process: SARA	164	(5)
A Collaborative Approach: Basic Principles of COPPS	169	(2)
Exhibit 6-1 The Home Page of the Tempe, Arizona, Police Department's Crime Analysis Unit	170	(1)
Implementing COPPS	171	(2)
Principal Components of Successful Implementation	172	(1)
A Broader Role for the Street Officer	173	(1)
Did It Succeed? Evaluating COPPS	174	(1)
Crime Prevention	175	(3)
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design	176	(1)
Studying Prey: Repeat Victimization	177	(1)
Drug Abuse Resistance and Education	177	(1)
COPPS Case Studies	178	(3)
Addressing Domestic Violence in Charlotte-Mecklenburg	178	(1)
Ameliorating Juvenile Problems in Tulsa	179	(2)
Summary	181	(1)
Review Questions	181	(1)
Independent Student Activities	182	(1)
Related Web Sites	182	(1)
Notes	182	(3)
Criminal Investigation: The Science of Detection	185	(39)
The Scope of Forensic Science and Criminalistics	186	(3)
Exhibit 7-1 Making His Bones: Famed Sculptor is a Secret Weapon in Missing--Person Cases	188	(1)
Origins of Criminalistics	189	(6)
Personal Identification: Anthropometry and Dactylography	189	(3)
Firearms Identification	192	(2)
Contributions of August Vollmer and Others	194	(1)
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation	195	(2)
Investigative Beginnings: The English Contribution	195	(1)
Investigative Techniques Come to America	196	(1)
State and Federal Developments	197	(1)
Forensic Science and the Criminal Justice System	197	(3)
Investigative Stages and Activities	197	(2)
Arrest and Case Preparation	199	(1)
Detectives: Qualities, Myths, and Attributes	200	(1)
Officers Who ``Disappear'': Working Undercover	201	(1)
Problems with the Role	201	(1)
Returning to Patrol Duties	202	(1)
Uses of the Polygraph	202	(1)
DNA Analysis	203	(5)
Methods	203	(2)
Methods and Standards for Testing	205	(1)
Exhibit 7-2 DNA and the Green River Killer	206	(1)
Recent Developments: Mitochondrial DNA and National Databases	206	(2)
Behavioral Science in Criminal Investigation	208	(2)
Criminal Profiling	208	(1)
Psychics and Hypnosis	209	(1)
Recent Developments in Forensic Science and Investigation	210	(7)
Interrogations of a Different Sort: Terrorism Suspects	210	(1)
Forensic Entomology: Using ``Insect Detectives''	211	(2)
Exhibit 7-3 A New Crime Scene Academy	213	(1)
Stalking Investigations	213	(1)
Investigating ``Cybercrooks''	214	(1)
Protecting the Innocents: Investigating Crimes against Juveniles and Missing Youths	215	(1)
Exhibit 7-4 Looking at ``Cold'' Cases	216	(1)
No Stone Unturned: Handling Cold Cases	216	(1)
Summary	217	(1)
Review Questions	217	(1)
Independent Student Activities	218	(1)
Related Web Sites	218	(1)
Notes	219	(5)
Extraordinary Problems and Methods	224	(33)
Terrorism and Homeland Security	225	(11)
A Nation Changed and Challenged	225	(1)
Definitions and Types	225	(2)
Greater Law Enforcement Powers: The USA PATRIOT Act	227	(2)
Spiking Resources	229	(1)
An Intelligence Overhaul	230	(1)
A Companion Threat: Bioterrorism	230	(1)
Exhibit 8-1 With Biochem Terror No Longer ``Unthinkable,'' NYPD Gets Ready	231	(1)
Practitioner's Perspective Bioterrorism: The Challenges For Local Law Enforcement	232	(4)
Kenneth W. Hunter Jr.
Policing Hate	236	(2)
Policing the Mafia	238	(5)
Origin and Organization	238	(1)
Successful Police Offensives	239	(1)
Practitioner's Perspective Going Undercover: An FBI Agent's Two-Year Experience, George Togliatti	240	(3)
Policing Street Gangs	243	(6)
Definition and Extent of the Problem	243	(1)
Organization and Revenues	243	(1)
Ethnic and Racial Gangs	244	(1)
Graffiti and Hand Signals	245	(2)
New Threats	247	(1)
Gangs and Terrorism	248	(1)
Policing America's Borders	249	(2)
A New Terrorist Watch Program	249	(1)
The Southwestern Border	250	(1)
New Technologies: Border Drones	251	(1)
Summary	251	(1)
Review Questions	252	(1)
Independent Student Activities	252	(1)
Related Web Sites	252	(1)
Notes	253	(4)
The Rule of Law	257	(30)
The Rule of Law	258	(22)
The Fourth Amendment	258	(17)
The Fifth Amendment	275	(3)
The Sixth Amendment	278	(2)
Juvenile Rights	280	(2)
Summary	282	(1)
Review Questions	282	(1)
Independent Student Activities	283	(1)
Related Web Sites	283	(1)
Notes	283	(4)
Accountability: Ethics, Force and Corruption, and Discipline	287	(41)
In the Beginning: Problems Greet the New Millennium	288	(2)
Troubles in Cities Large and Small	288	(1)
A New Tool: Federal Investigations	289	(1)
Police Ethics	290	(5)
A Scenario	290	(1)
Exhibit 10-1 Measuring a Police Department's ``Culture of Integrity''	291	(1)
Exhibit 10-2 Law Enforcement Code of Ethics	292	(2)
Definition and Types	294	(1)
Ethics and Community Policing	294	(1)
Use of Violence and Force	295	(10)
A Tradition of Problems	295	(1)
The Prerogative to Use Force	296	(1)
Police Brutality	297	(1)
Exhibit 10-3 Good News, Better News on Use of Force	298	(1)
Exhibit 10-4 Study Links Use of Force to Suspect's Back Talk	299	(2)
Use and Control of Lethal Force	301	(1)
Further Sources of Tension: Bias-Based Policing and Other Field Tactics	302	(1)
Exhibit 10-5 Sacramento Searches for Biased Policing	303	(1)
A Related Issue: Domestic Violence	304	(1)
Police Corruption	305	(5)
A Long-Standing ``Plague'' on Policing	305	(1)
Types and Causes	306	(2)
The Code of Silence	308	(1)
Investigation and Prosecution	309	(1)
Possible Solutions	309	(1)
Limitations on Officers' Constitutional Rights	310	(6)
Free Speech	310	(1)
Searches and Seizures	311	(1)
Self-Incrimination	312	(1)
Religious Practices	312	(1)
Sexual Misconduct	312	(1)
Residency Requirements	313	(1)
Moonlighting	314	(1)
Misuse of Firearms	314	(1)
Alcohol and Drug Abuse	315	(1)
Disciplinary Policies and Practices	316	(6)
Maintaining the Public Trust	316	(1)
Due Process Requirements	316	(1)
Dealing with Complaints	317	(4)
Determining the Level and Nature of Sanctions	321	(1)
Summary	322	(1)
Review Questions	322	(1)
Independent Student Activities	322	(1)
Related Web Sites	323	(1)
Notes	323	(5)
Civil Liability: Failing the Public Trust	328	(19)
A Legal Foundation	329	(9)
History and Growth of Section 1983 Litigation	332	(2)
Police Actions Leading to Section 1983 Liability	334	(3)
Criminal Prosecutions for Police Misconduct	337	(1)
Liability of Police Supervisors	338	(1)
New Areas of Potential Liability	339	(1)
Police Vehicle Pursuits: A High-Stakes Operation	339	(1)
Practitioner's Perspective Police and Civil Liability, Samuel G. Chapman	340	(3)
Computer Evidence	342	(1)
Disseminating Public Information	342	(1)
Summary	343	(1)
Review Questions	343	(1)
Independent Student Activities	343	(1)
Related Web Sites	344	(1)
Notes	344	(3)
Issues and Trends	347	(39)
Contemporary Policing Trends	348	(21)
Labor Relations: Officers' Rights, Unionization, and Collective Bargaining	348	(7)
Women Who Wear the Badge	355	(3)
Practitioner's Perspective Women in Policing: Past, Present, and Future, Chief Penny Harrington	358	(5)
Minorities as Police Officers	363	(2)
On Guard: The Private Police	365	(3)
Accreditation	368	(1)
Contemporary Policing Issues	369	(10)
Higher Education for Police	369	(2)
Exhibit 12-1 For Florida Police, Higher Education Means Lower Risk of Disciplinary Action	371	(1)
A Related Program: The Police Corps	372	(1)
Stress: Sources, Effects, and Management	373	(5)
Exhibit 12-2 The Blue Plague of American Policing	378	(1)
Summary	379	(1)
Review Questions	379	(1)
Independent Student Activities	380	(1)
Related Web Sites	380	(1)
Notes	380	(6)
Comparative Perspectives: Policing in Foreign Countries	386	(33)
Iraq	387	(2)
A History of Dictators and Disorder	387	(1)
Policing the World's Most Perilous Place	388	(1)
Since Saddam's Fall: A Poorly Trained and Equipped Force	388	(1)
The Future	389	(1)
Saudi Arabia	389	(6)
An Exodus over Terrorism	389	(1)
Exhibit 13-1 Changing Bad Cops to Good	390	(1)
Social Behavior in a Patriarchal Land	390	(1)
Religious Underpinnings	391	(1)
Laws and Prohibitions	392	(1)
Guardians of Religious Purity	393	(2)
China	395	(4)
Policing a Vast Land	395	(1)
Reform under Police Law 1995	395	(4)
Northern Ireland	399	(6)
Recent Developments and Violence in a Long Civil War	399	(1)
A Divided Land	400	(1)
Political Factions	400	(1)
Policing the Terrorist War	401	(2)
A New Source of Terror: Paramilitary Groups	403	(2)
Mexico	405	(4)
A New President and Unfulfilled Promises	406	(1)
Police Organization	406	(1)
Recruitment and Training	407	(1)
Criminal Codes and the Legal System	408	(1)
Jail Atrocities	408	(1)
Toward Democratizing the Police Abroad: Lessons Learned	409	(1)
Interpol	410	(3)
Tracking International Criminals	410	(2)
A Formula for Success	412	(1)
Exhibit 13-2 Needs of Police Training and Education Transcend International Boundaries	413	(1)
Summary	413	(1)
Review Questions	414	(1)
Independent Student Activities	414	(1)
Related Web Sites	415	(1)
Notes	415	(4)
Technology Review	419	(26)
Police and Technology of the Future: Problems and Prospects	420	(2)
Exhibit 14-1 The Power of Information, in a Palm-Sized Package	421	(1)
Technology versus Terrorists	422	(1)
The Development of Less-Lethal Weapons	422	(6)
A Historical Overview	422	(3)
Exhibit 14-2 Reducing the Death Toll From Nonlethal Weapons	425	(1)
The Quest Continues	426	(2)
The Use of Wireless Technology	428	(6)
Instant Access to Information	428	(1)
Integrated Databases	428	(1)
Crime Mapping	429	(1)
Locating Serial Offenders	430	(1)
Exhibit 14-3 Interactive Crime Mapping on the Internet	431	(1)
Exhibit 14-4 Twenty-First-Century Police Department	432	(1)
Gunshot Locator System	432	(1)
Dogs and Searches for Lost Persons	433	(1)
Electronics in Traffic Functions	434	(2)
Accident Investigation	434	(1)
Arresting Impaired Drivers	435	(1)
Preventing High-Speed Pursuits	435	(1)
DNA	436	(1)
Fingerprints and Mug Shots	437	(1)
Crime Scenes: Computers to Explore and Draft Evidence	438	(1)
Developments Relevant to Firearms	439	(1)
Computer-Assisted Training	439	(1)
Using Gun ``Fingerprints'' to Solve Cases	439	(1)
Gang Intelligence Systems	440	(1)
Summary	440	(1)
Review Questions	441	(1)
Independent Student Activities	441	(1)
Related Web Sites	441	(1)
Notes	442	(3)
Focus on the Future	445	(14)
Taking Futures Seriously: A Working Group and a Futurists' Society	446	(1)
What the Future Might Hold for the Police	446	(7)
Exhibit 15-1 Police Futurists International	447	(1)
Futures Research	447	(1)
High Technology: Coming Attractions	447	(2)
Nanotechnology	449	(1)
Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving	450	(2)
The Role of the Beat Officer	452	(1)
Other Personnel Issues	453	(1)
Crime, Violence, and the Influence of Drugs and Guns	453	(2)
Summary	455	(1)
Review Questions	456	(1)
Independent Student Activities	456	(1)
Related Web Sites	456	(1)
Notes	456	(3)
Appendix A Career Information	459	(3)
Preparing for Job Hunting	459	(1)
Careers in Federal Law Enforcement	460	(1)
Careers with the State Police	460	(1)
Careers in Local Policing	461	(1)
Appendix B The Police Corps	462	(3)
Index	465

Excerpts

This fifth edition ofPolicing America, more than its predecessors, reflects the changing times in which we live and the tremendous challenges facing law enforcement officers each day.The specter of terrorism and our resulting emphasis on homeland security loom large throughout this edition, as well as what the police are doing to prevent - and react to - any future attacks.Like its forerunners, however, this edition is my best attempt to inform the reader, to the fullest extent possible, of what it is like to wear a police uniform. Because the author brings more than 34 years of both scholarly and policing backgrounds to this effort, the chapters contain a "real world" flavor not found in most policing textbooks. This text provides a highly practical yet comprehensive view of the largely misunderstood, often obscure world of policing.New materials have been added throughout, especially with regard to terrorism, three eras of community policing, mitochondrial DNA, crimes against children, cold cases, policing in Iraq, new technologies in research and development, and recent court decisions (other nuances are listed below).Meanwhile, this edition continues to provide updated material and in-dept coverage of such topics as patrol, the police subculture, accountability, civil liability, extraordinary problems and practices, the rule of law, investigations, organization and administration, policing in selected foreign venues, and policing in the future. Disseminated throughout the book are several "Practitioner's Perspectives"--short essays written by selected individuals who have expertise in particular areas of policing.There are other pedagogical attributes as well. To continue my attempt to make this textbook more reader-friendly, each chapter in this edition begins with a listing of its key items and concepts and an overview of the chapter(each key term is bolded the first time it is used in the chapter). The textbook also includes "Items for Review," and "Independent Student Activities," and "Related Web Sites" at the end of each chapter. It is recommended that the reader examine the review items after reading each chapter in order to get a feel for how well the chapter's are understood. The independent activities and Web sites are also intended to enhance the reader's understanding of the applied aspects of policing.Other instructional aids include the aforementioned "Practitioner's Perspectives," tables and figures, and boxes with recent news items. Finally, a detailed index at the end of the book facilitates the reader's ability to locate specific topics more quickly. [ An Instructor's Manual/Test Bank is also available for classroom instructors using this textbook.]From its introduction, by * * * * * *, through the final chapter, the reader is provided with a penetrating view of what is certainly one of the most difficult and challenging occupations in America. Chapter Organization and OverviewChapter 1 discusses the history of policing, and Chapter 2 examines the contemporary status of federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies; here the focus is on the federal agencies, which have been reorganized in major fashion since the creation of Homeland Security. Chapter 3 examines the police subculture and how ordinary citizens are socialized to the role. The next chapter considers how police agencies are organized and administered and how administrators, middle managers, and supervisors perform their functions. Chapter 5 explores the very important function of patrolling and including its methods and menaces.Chapter 6 focuses on a rapidly spreading form of policing that is being embraced by thousands of police agencies across the United States and around the world: community oriented policing and problem solvi