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HONGBO ZENG, PHD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at the University of Alberta. Dr. Zeng leads a research group that investigates various areas of surface and colloid science, and nanotechnology, with a special focus on the intermolecular and surface forces in polymer materials, complex fluids, biological systems, oils, and minerals. In addition, he works on the development of advanced functional materials that provide novel engineering and biomedical applications.
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Surface Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Concepts
1.2.1 Intermolecular and Surface forces
1.2.2 Surface Energy
1.3 Adhesion and Contact Mechanics
1.3.1 Hertz Model
1.3.2 Johnson-Kendal-Roberts (JKR) Model
1.3.3 Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) Model
1.3.4 Maugis Model
1.3.5 Indentation
1.3.6 Effect of Environmental Conditions on Adhesion
1.3.7 Adhesion of Rough Surfaces
1.3.8 Adhesion Hysteresis
1.4 Friction
1.4.1 Amontons’ Laws of Friction
1.4.2 The Basic Models of Friction
1.4.3 Stick-Slip Friction
1.4.4 Directionality of Friction
1.5 Rolling Friction
1.6 Lubrication
1.7 Wear
1.8 Real Contact Area
1.9 Modern Tools in Tribology
1.9.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
1.9.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
1.9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
1.9.4 Optical Tweezers or Optical Trapping
1.9.5 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
1.9.6 Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA)
1.10 Computer Simulation in Tribology
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2. Adhesion and Tribological Characteristics of Ion-Containing Polymer Brushes Prepared by Controlled Radical Polymerization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Controlled Synthesis of Ion-containing Polymer Brushes
2.3 Wettability of Polyelectrolyte Brushes
2.4 Adhesion and Detachment between Polyelectrolyte Brushes
2.5 Water Lubrication and Frictional Properties of Polyelectrolyte Brushes
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Lubrication and wear protection of natural (bio) systems
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. What makes biolubrication unique?
3.1.2. Theory of friction
3.2. Boundary lubrication
3.2.1. Dry/contact lubrication
3.2.2. Thin film boundary lubrication
3.2.3. Hydration layers
3.2.4. Intermediate boundary lubrication
3.2.5. Thick film boundary lubrication
3.3. Fluid film lubrication
3.3.1 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication in biological systems
3.3.2 Weeping Lubrication
3.4. Multimodal Lubrication
3.4.1 Mixed Lubrication and the ‘Stribeck Curve’
3.4.2 Adaptive Lubrication
3.4.3 Mechanically Controlled Adaptive Lubrication
3.5. Wear
3.5.1. How are friction and wear related?
3.5.2. Characterization, measurement, and evaluation of wear
3.5.3 Biological strategies for controlling wear
3.5.4 Wear of soft, compliant biological materials:
3.5.5 Controlling wear in hard biological materials: Self-sharpening mechanism in rodent teeth
3.6. Biomimetic and engineering approaches of biolubrication
3.6.1 Hydrogels coatings as artificial cartilage materials
3.6.2 Mimicking synovial fluid lubricating properties: polyelectrolytes lubrication
3.6.3 Superlubrication by aggrecan mimics: end grafted polymers and the brushes paradigm
3.6.4 Perspectives and future research avenues
References
Chapter 4 Polymer brushes and surface forces
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Some generic properties of polymer brushes
4.3 Sliding of high-Tg polymer brushes: the semi-dilute to vitrified transition
4.4 Sliding mechanism and relaxation of sheared brushes
4.5 Compression, shear and relaxation of melt brushes
4.6 Shear swelling of polymer brushes
4.7 Telechelic brushes
4.8 Brushes in aqueous media
4.9 Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes
4.10 Summary
4.11 Appendix: Self-regulation and velocity-dependence of brush-brush friction
References
Chapter 5. Adhesion, wetting and superhydrophobicity of polymeric surfaces
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Adhesion between polymeric surfaces
5.2.1. Van der Waals forces
5.2.2. Capillary Forces
5.2.3. Electrostatic Double-Layer Force
5.2.4. Solvation Forces
5.2.5. Mechanical contact force
5.3. Wetting of polymeric surfaces
5.3.1. Definition of contact angle: Young’s equation
5.3.2. Rough surfaces: Wenzel’s model
5.3.3. Heterogeneous surfaces: Cassie-Baxter model
5.4. Fabrication of Superhydrophobic materials
5.4.1. Replication of natural surface
5.4.1.1. Direct replication of natural surface
5.4.1.2. Replication by using an intermediate Nickel template
5.4.2. Molding or Template-assisted techniques
5.4.2.1. Molding by using Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) templates
5.4.2.2. Molding by using silicon templates
5.4.2.3. Other molding methods
5.4.3. Roughening through introduction of nanoparticles
5.4.3.1. Silica nanoparticles
5.4.3.2. Polymer particles
5.4.3.3. Carbon nanotubes
5.4.4. Electrospinning
5.4.5. Surface modification by low surface energy materials
5.4.6. Solution Method
5.4.7. Plasma, electron and laser Treatment
5.5. Surface characterization
5.5.1. Surface chemistry
5.5.2. Wetting property
5.5.2.1. Experimental study
5.5.3. Microscopy Techniques
5.5.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
5.5.3.2. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 6. Marine Bioadhesion on Polymer Surfaces and Strategies for its Prevention
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Protein Adsorption on Solid Surfaces
6.2.1 Protein-Repellant Surfaces
6.2.1.1 Design Rules and Exceptions
6.2.1.2 Polymer Brushes
6.2.1.2.1 Nonionic Polymer Brushes with Hydrophilic Groups
6.2.1.2.2 Bio-inspired Anchors for Surface-Initiated Polymerization
6.2.1.3 Zwitterionic Surfaces
6.2.1.4 Dendritic Coatings
6.2.1.5 Hydrogel Coatings
6.2.1.6 Hydrophobic and Superhydrophobic Surfaces
6.2.1.7 Nanopatterned Surfaces
6.3 Polymer Coatings Resistant to Marine Biofouling
6.3.1 Hydrophobic Marine Fouling-Release Coatings: The Role of Surface Energy and Modulus
6.3.1.1 Siloxane Polymers
6.3.1.2 Fluorinated Polymers
6.3.1.2.1 Fluorinated Polyurethanes
6.3.1.2.2 Liquid Crystalline Block copolymers with Semifluorinated Alkyl Side Groups and Hydrophobic Surfaces
6.3.1.2.3 Perfluoropolyether-Based Elastomers
6.3.1.3 Fluorinated Siloxane Block Copolymers
6.3.2 Hydrophilic Coatings
6.3.2.1PEGylated Polymers
6.3.2.2 Polysaccharides
6.3.3 Amphiphilic Coatings
6.3.4 Self-polishing Coatings
6.3.5 Coatings with Topographically Patterned Surfaces
6.3.6 Anti-fouling Surfaces with Surface-Immobilized Enzymes and Bioactive Fouling-Deterrent Molecules
6.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7. Molecular Engineering of Peptides for Cellular Adhesion Control
7.1. Introduction: Cells, Biomacromolecules, and Lipidated Peptides
7.2. Biomaterials
7.3. Chemistry Tools
7.3.1. Bioconjugate Chemistry
7.3.2. Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS)
7.4. Self-Assembly of Lipidated Peptides: Peptide Amphiphiles Engineering
7.4.1. Double Tailed Peptide Amphiphile
7.4.2. Single Tailed (Mono-Alkylated) Peptide Amphiphile
7.5. Biomimetic Peptide Amphiphile Surface Engineering Case Studies
7.5.1. Melanoma Cell Adhesion on a Lipid Bilayer Incorporating RGD
7.5.2. Adhesion of α5β1 Receptors to Biomimetic Substrates
7.5.3. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Adhesion
7.5.4. Cell Adhesion on a Polymerized Monolayer
7.5.5. Cell Adhesion and Growth on Patterned Lipid Bilayers
7.5.6. Single-Tail Fibrous Systems
7.5.6.1. Bioactivation of Titanium Surface
7.5.6.2. Mixed Peptide Amphiphile System
7.5.6.3. PHSRN and RGD Incorporating Peptide Amphiphile
7.6. Neural Stem Cells on Surfaces: A Deeper Look at Cell Adhesion Control
7.6.1. The Stem Cell Microenvironment
7.6.2. Neural Stem Cells on Lipid Bilayers
7.6.3. Vesicle Fusion and Bilayer Characterization
7.6.4. Initial NSC Adhesion on Peptide Surfaces
7.6.5. Proliferation on Peptide Surfaces
7.6.6. NSC Differentiation on Peptide Surfaces
7.7. Overview of Molecular Engineering Designs for Cellular Adhesion
7.7.1. Self-Assembled Peptide Surfaces
7.7.2. Cell Adhesion Molecule RGD Surface Density Control: An Example
7.7.3. Cell Adhesion Molecule Accessibility (Exposure) Control
7.8. Ending Remarks
7.9. Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8. A microcosm of wet adhesion – Dissecting protein interactions in mussel attachment plaques
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Mussel adhesion
8.2.1. Marine surfaces
8.2.2. Byssal attachment
8.2.3. Direct observation of plaque attachment
8.3 Surface forces apparatus.
8.3.1 Making the SFA relevant to biological environments.
8.4. Assessing protein contributions by SFA
8.4.1. Asymmetric/Symmetric configurations.
8.4.2. Protein-surface interactions.
8.4.3. Protein-protein interactions
8.5. Conclusions.
References
Chapter 9 Gecko-Inspired Polymer Adhesives
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 A note on terminology
9.2 Biological Inspirations
9.2.1 Key discoveries in gecko adhesion
9.2.2 Structured adhesion in other animals
9.2.3 Summary of observed principles of micro-structured adhesives
9.3 Mechanical Principles of Structured Adhesive Surfaces
9.3.1 Adhesion
9.3.1.1 Contact splitting
9.3.1.2 The importance of the terminal tip geometry
9.3.1.3 Matting condition as a limiting principle
9.3.1.4 Flaw insensitivity
9.3.1.5 The effect of surface roughness
9.3.1.6 Additional principles
9.3.2 Friction
9.3.2.1 Classic friction theory for smooth flat surfaces
9.3.2.2 Theory and experimental results of structured interfaces in shear
9.4 Gecko-Inspired Adhesives and their Fabrication
9.4.1 Macro- and Microscale Fibers
9.4.1.1 Modifications leading to Adhesion Control
9.4.1.2 Angled Fibers
9.4.1.3 Tip Modifications
9.4.2 Nanoscale Fibers
9.4.3 Hierarchical Fibers
9.5 Applications of Bio-inspired Adhesives
9.5.1 Robotics
9.5.1.1 Mobile Robots
9.5.1.2 Manipulators
9.5.2 Safety and Medical Devices
9.6 Future Directions: Unsolved Challenges and Possible Applications
References
Chapter 10 Adhesion and Friction Mechanisms of Polymer Surfaces and Thin Films
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Adhesion and contact mechanics
10.2.1 Surface energies
10.2.2 Advances in contact and adhesion mechanics
10.3 Adhesion of glassy polymers and elastomers
10.3.1 Adhesion interface: chain pull-out
10.3.2 Glassy polymers: transition from chain pull-out, chain scission to crazing
10.3.3 Adhesion promoters for polymer systems
10.4 Experimental advances in adhesion and friction between polymer surfaces and thin films
10.5 Adhesion and fracture mechanism of polymer thin films: from liquid to solid-like behaviors
10.6 Adhesion and friction between rough polymer surfaces
10.7 Friction between immiscible polymer melts
10. 8 Hydrophobic interactions between polymer surfaces
10.9 Perspectives and future research avenues
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 11. Recent advances in rubber friction with context in tire traction
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Background on rubber friction and tire traction
11.2.1 Characterization of surface roughness and contact mechanics
11.3. Recent innovations on tire tread compounds
11.4. Rubber friction under stationary sliding on rough surfaces
11.4.1 Theory of rubber friction on rough surfaces by Klüppel and Heinrich
11.4.2 Persson’s model on rubber friction
11.4.3 The model by Heinrich and Klüppel vs. the model by Persson: some comparisons
11.5. Rubber friction under non-stationary conditions
11.6. Interfacial effects on rubber friction
11.6.1 rubber surface treatment
11.6.2 Molecular scale probing of contact/sliding interface
11.7. Rubber friction involving textured surfaces
11.8. Field measurements within a frictional contact
11.9. Other studies on or related to rubber friction
11.10. Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 12 Polymers, Adhesion and Paper Materials
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Polymer nature of paper
12.2.1. Paper as a network of fibers
12.2.2 Wood fibers and its natural polymeric constituents
12.2.3 Cellulose fibers
12.3 Functional polymers and sizing agents used in papermaking
12.3.1 Major functions of polymer additives
12.3.2 Common functional polymers
12.3.2.1. Starch
12.3.2.2 Chitin and chitosan
12.3.2.3 Polyacrylamide (PAM)
12.3.2.4. Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)
12.3.2.5. Polyvinylalcohol (PVA)
12.3.2.6. Polyethyleneoxide (PEO)
12.3.2.7. Polyethylenimine (PEI)
12.3.2.8. Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins
12.3.2.9. Polyvinylamine (PVAm)
12.3.2.10. Polydiallyldimethylammoniumchloride (PDADMAC)
12.3.3. Sizing agents
12.3.3.1. Rosin Sizing Agents
12.3.3.2. Alkyl Ketene Dimers (AKDs)
12.3.3. 3. Alkenyl succinide anhydrides (ASAs)
12.3.3. 4. Flurosizing
12.4. Polymer adhesion and the formation of paper
12.4.1 Intermolecular forces or molecular adhesion processes
12.4.1.1 van der Waals attraction
12.4.1.2 Electrical Double Layer force
12.4.1.3 DVLO Theory
12.4.1.4 Steric Repulsion
12.4.1.5 Hydration Force
12.4.2. Capillary forces
12.4.3 Work of adhesion and JKR contact mechanics
12.4.4 The formation of interfiber bonds
12.4.5 Linkage between molecular adhesion to paper strength
12.4.5.1 Role of thermodynamic compatibility
12.4.5.2 Contact mechanics aspects of interfiber bonds
12.5. Polymer adhesion measurement
12.5.1 Shear adhesion testing
12.5.2 Peeling adhesion testing
12.5.3 JKR-type contact adhesion testing
12.5.4 AFM colloidal probe testing
12.6. Summary and perspectives
References
Chapter 13. Carbohydrates and their Roles in Biological Recognition Processes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Recent Advances in the Field of Carbohydrate Chemistry
13.2.1 Glycopolymers
13.2.2 Carbohydrate Microarrays
13.2.3 Carbohydrate-based Vaccines
13.3 Molecular Interactions of Carbohydrates in Cell Recognition
13.4 Techniques Used in the Identification of Carbohydrate Interactions in Cell Recognition
13.4.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
13.4.2 Cantilever Microarray Biosensors
13.5 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Chapter 14. The impact of bacterial surface polymers on bacterial adhesion
14.1. Bacterial adhesion
14.1.1 Significance of bacterial adhesion
14.1.2 Mechanisms of bacterial adhesion
14.2 The impact of bacterial surface polymers on bacterial adhesion
14.2.1 Bacterial surface polymers
14.2.2 Impact of bacterial surface polymers on adhesion
14.2.2.1 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)
14.2.2.2 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
14.2.2.3 Pili, fimbriae, and flagella
14.3 Methods and models for understanding interaction mechanisms of bacterial adhesion
14.3.1 Techniques for studying bacterial surface polymers
14.3.1.1 Electron microscopy
14.3.1.2 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
14.3.1.3 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
14.3.1.4 Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy
14.3.1.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
14.3.1.6 Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)
14.3.1.7 Optical tweezers (OT)
14.3.1.8 Surface forces apparatus (SFA)
14.3.2 Models to explain bacterial adhesion mechanisms
14.3.2.1 Thermodynamic model
14.3.2.2 Classical DLVO model
14.3.2.3. Extended DLVO theory
14.3.2.4. Steric (polymer-mediated) interactions
14.3.2.4.1 Steric repulsion
14.3.2.4.2 Polymer bridging (polymer-mediated and tethering forces)
References
Chapter 15 Adhesion, Friction and Lubrication of Polymeric Nanoparticles and Their Applications
15.1. Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles
15.1.1 Biomedical Applications of PNP
15.1.2 Energy Storage
15.1.3 Skin Care
15.1.4 Sensors
15.1.5 Electronic Devices
15.2 Methods of Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNP)
15.2.1 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers
15.2.1.1 Solvent Evaporation
15.2.1.2 Salting-Out
15.2.1.3 Nanoprecipitation
15.2.1.4 Dialysis
15.2.1.5 Supercritical Fluid Technology
12.2.1.6 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS)
15.2.1.7 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution into Liquid Solvent (RESOLV)
15.2.2 Polymerization of Monomers
15.2.2.1 Conventional Emulsion Polymerization
15.2.2.2 Surfactant-Free Emulsion Polymerization
15.2.2.3 Miniemulsion Polymerization
15.2.2.4 Microemulsion Polymerization
15.3. Adhesion of Polymeric NP
15.3.1 Hertz Theory
15.3.2 JKR Theory
15.3.3 DMT Theory
15.3.4 Examples on Adhesion of Polymeric NP
15.4. Adsorption of Polymeric Nanoparticles
15.4.1 Adsorption onto Polymeric Nanoparticles
15.4.2 Adsorption of Polymeric Nanoparticles on Large Surfaces
15.4.3 Adsorption Isotherms
15.4.4 Adsorption Kinetics of Polymeric Nanoparticles onto Substrates
15.5 Friction of Polymeric NP
15.6. Summary
References
Chapter 16. Electro/magneto-rheological materials and mechanical properties
16.1. ER/MR history
16.2. ER/MR phenomenon
16.3. ER/MR materials
16.4. ER/MR effect models
16.5. Properties of ER/MR fluids under shearing, tension, and squeezing
16.5.1 Shear properties of ER/MR fluids
16.5.2 Tensile behaviour of ER/MR fluids
16.5.3 Compression of ER/MR fluids
16.6. Transient response to field strength, shear rate, and geometry
16.7. Shear thickening in ER/MR fluids at low shear rates
16.8. Applications
References
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