Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Third Edition

by Hazelwood, Robert R.; Burgess, Ann Wolbert

• ISBN13: 9780849300769
• ISBN10: 0849300762
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-04-25
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This multidisciplinary book brings into focus the five different groups involved in rape investigation: the police investigator, the examining nurse, the forensic scientist, the crisis counselor, and the prosecutor. It demonstrates how each must work together for more effective handling of all kinds of sexual assault crimes. Several chapters of this updated bestseller are rewritten by new contributors. New areas of interest include delayed reporting, false rape allegations, elder abuse, and mental retardation.

Table of Contents

Section I: The Victim
Contemporary Issues	3	(26)
Ann Wolbert Burgess
Introduction	3	(1)
The Size of the Problem	4	(3)
Incidence	4	(2)
Prevalence	6	(1)
Underreported Crime	7	(1)
Relationship of Victim and Offender	7	(1)
Evidentiary Examination of the Victim	8	(1)
Crimes Against the Elderly	9	(1)
Homicide	9	(1)
Elder Sexual Abuse in Nursing Homes	10	(2)
History	12	(1)
The Psychobiology of Trauma	12	(3)
Memory	15	(1)
Stalking	16	(1)
Cyberstalking	16	(1)
Youth Online Victimization	17	(1)
Collegiate Stalking and Cyberstalking	18	(2)
Adult Cyberstalking	20	(1)
Cyber Child Pornography	21	(1)
References	22	(7)
The Victim's Perspective	29	(18)
Ann Wolbert Burgess
Robert R. Hazelwood
Introduction	29	(1)
Rape Trauma Syndrome	29	(10)
The Acute Phase: Disorganization	30	(3)
The Long-Term Process: Reorganization	33	(6)
Counseling Implications	39	(5)
Compounded Reaction to Rape	40	(1)
Silent Reaction to Rape	40	(1)
Police Response to the Rape Victim	40	(4)
Special Issue---Fresh Complaint	44	(1)
Summary	45	(1)
References	46	(1)
Victim Care Services and the Comprehensive Sexual Assault Assessment Tool (CSAAT)	47	(22)
Ann Wolbert Burgess
Robert R. Hazelwood
Introduction	47	(1)
Hospital-Based Victim Care Service (VCS)	48	(3)
Rape Crisis Services	51	(2)
The National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC)	52	(1)
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Services	52	(1)
Comprehensive Sexual Assault Assessment Tool (CSAAT)	53	(4)
Investigative Data	54	(1)
Victim Forensic Data	54	(1)
Legal and Services Information	55	(2)
Psychosocial Assessment for PTSD	57	(1)
References	57	(2)
Appendix	59	(10)
Comprehensive Sexual Assault Assessment Tool (CSAAT)	59	(10)
Sexual Abuse of Nursing Home Residents	69	(14)
Ann Wolbert Burgess
Elizabeth B. Dowdell
Robert A. Prentky
Introduction	69	(1)
Method	70	(1)
Results	70	(7)
Demographic Characteristics of Victims	70	(1)
Mental Status	71	(1)
Method of Disclosure	71	(2)
Perpetrator Identification	73	(1)
Physical and Forensic Evidence	73	(1)
Resident Response	74	(2)
Nursing Home Response	76	(1)
Discussion	77	(2)
References	79	(4)
Section II: Investigation
The Relevance of Fantasy in Serial Sexual Crime Investigations	83	(14)
Robert R. Hazelwood
Janet I. Warren
Introduction	83	(1)
The Human Sex Drive	84	(1)
Sex is a Sensory Act	85	(1)
The Paraphilias	85	(1)
Fantasy in Sexual Crimes	86	(1)
Inanimate Objects	87	(1)
Dolls	87	(1)
Photographs/Magazine Pictures	87	(1)
Clothing	88	(1)
Consenting Partners	88	(1)
Prostitutes	88	(1)
Girlfriends or Spouses as Partners	88	(1)
Self-Composition	89	(1)
Investigative Significance of Fantasy	89	(5)
Fantasy and Intelligence	89	(1)
Fantasy is Always Perfect	90	(1)
Fantasy Enactment with Wives and/or Girlfriends	91	(1)
Fantasy and the Linking of Cases	92	(1)
Fantasy and Search Warrants	93	(1)
Fantasy and Prosecutive Strategy	93	(1)
Summary	94	(1)
References	95	(2)
The Sexually Violent Offender: Impulsive or Ritualistic?	97	(18)
Robert R. Hazelwood
Janet I. Warren
Introduction	97	(3)
The Impulsive Sex Offender	100	(3)
Motivation	100	(1)
Fantasy	101	(1)
Personality Style	101	(1)
Collections/Pornography	101	(1)
Pre-Offense Acting Out	101	(1)
Criminal Behavior	102	(1)
Past Criminal Behavior	102	(1)
Travel and Search Patterns	103	(1)
The Ritualistic Offender	103	(8)
Motivation	103	(1)
Personality Style	103	(1)
Fantasy	103	(4)
Pre-Offense Acting Out	107	(2)
Criminal Behavior	109	(1)
Pornography	110	(1)
Criminal History	111	(1)
Summary	111	(1)
References	112	(3)
The Behavioral-Oriented Interview of Rape Victims: The Key to Profiling	115	(18)
Robert R. Hazelwood
Ann Wolbert Burgess
Motivation	115	(3)
Questioning for Behavior	118	(12)
What Method of Approach Was Utilized by the Offender?	118	(1)
How Did the Offender Maintain Control of the Victim?	119	(2)
What Amount of Physical Force was Employed by the Attacker?	121	(1)
Did the Victim Resist the Attacker?	121	(1)
What was the Offender's Reaction?	122	(1)
Did the Rapist Experience a Sexual Dysfunction?	123	(2)
What Type and Sequence of Sexual Acts Occurred during the Assault?	125	(1)
What was the Verbal Activity of the Rapist?	126	(1)
Was the Victim Forced to Say Anything?	127	(1)
Was There a Sudden Change in the Offender's Attitude during the Attack?	127	(1)
What Precautionary Actions were Taken by the Offender?	128	(1)
Was Anything Taken?	128	(1)
Has the Victim Had any Experience to Suggest She Was a Targeted Victim?	129	(1)
Belief as to How the Rapist's Friends would Describe Him	130	(1)
Summary	130	(1)
References	130	(3)
Analyzing the Rape and Profiling the Offender	133	(32)
Robert R. Hazelwood
Introduction	133	(1)
Pseudo-Unselfish Behavior vs. Selfish	134	(6)
Pseudo-Unselfish Behavior	135	(3)
Selfish Behavior	138	(2)
Categories of Rapists	140	(9)
Power Reassurance Rapist	141	(2)
Power Assertive Rapist	143	(1)
Anger Retaliatory Rapist	144	(2)
Anger Excitation Rapist	146	(1)
Opportunistic Rapist	147	(1)
The Gang Rape	148	(1)
A Case Study	149	(5)
Criminal Investigative Analysis	154	(5)
Victimology	154	(1)
Method of Approach	154	(1)
Method of Control	155	(1)
Amount of Force	155	(1)
Victim Resistance	155	(1)
Reaction to Resistance	155	(1)
Sexual Dysfunction	156	(1)
Type and Sequence of Sexual Acts	156	(1)
Offender Verbal Activity	156	(1)
Attitudinal Change	157	(1)
What Preceded the Attitudinal Change	157	(1)
Precautionary Actions	157	(1)
Items Taken	157	(2)
Purpose of Assault	159	(1)
Offender Profile	159	(1)
Profile	159	(4)
Personality Characteristics	160	(3)
Summary	163	(1)
References	164	(1)
Classifying Rape and Sexual Assault	165	(12)
Ann Wolbert Burgess
Robert R. Hazelwood
Allen G. Burgess
Introduction	165	(1)
FBI Classification of Crime	165	(1)
Crime Classification Numbring System	166	(10)
Criminal Enterprise Rape: 300	166	(10)
References	176	(1)
False Rape Allegations	177	(22)
Ann Wolbert Burgess
Robert R. Hazelwood
Introduction	177	(1)
Definition	178	(2)
Classification of Unfounded Rape Cases	180	(6)
Psychological Determination	181	(4)
Investigator Determination	185	(1)
The Motive for False Rape Allegations	186	(2)
Study of False Rape Allegations	187	(1)
False Allegations and the Adaptation Continuum	188	(6)
Munchausen's Syndrome	188	(1)
Mental States	189	(1)
Red Flags of False Rape Allegations	190	(4)
Summary	194	(1)
Acknowledgments	195	(1)
References	195	(4)
Child Molesters and Cyber Pedophiles-A Behavioral Perspective	199	(22)
Kenneth V. Lanning
Introduction	199	(1)
Illegal Sexual Activity	200	(1)
Legal Sexual Activity	200	(1)
Understanding Behavior	201	(4)
Paraphilias and Sexual Ritual Behavior	201	(2)
Pedophiles	203	(2)
Typology	205	(3)
Computer Offenders	208	(2)
Recognizing Preferential Sex Offenders	210	(3)
Concerned Citizens	213	(1)
Use of Computers	214	(5)
Organization	214	(1)
Communication	215	(1)
Child Pornography	216	(1)
Maintenance of Financial Records	217	(1)
Victims	217	(2)
Summary	219	(1)
References	220	(1)
Collateral Materials in Sexual Crimes	221	(12)
Robert R. Hazelwood
Kenneth V. Lanning
Introduction	221	(1)
Traditional Evidence in Sexual Crimes	221	(2)
Forensic Evidence	221	(1)
Circumstantial Evidence	221	(1)
Eyewitness Evidence	222	(1)
Direct Evidence	222	(1)
Collateral Materials	223	(4)
Types of Collateral Materials	224	(3)
Case Study	227	(4)
Summary	231	(1)
References	232	(1)
Interrogations and False Confessions in Rape Cases	233	(10)
Richard Leo
Introduction	233	(1)
Causes of False Confessions	234	(1)
The Police Interrogation	234	(2)
Shifting the Suspect from Confident to Hopeless	235	(1)
Offering the Suspect Inducements to Confess	235	(1)
The Different Types of False Confessions	236	(3)
Voluntary False Confession	236	(1)
Stress-Compliant False Confession	237	(1)
Coerced-Compliant False Confession	238	(1)
Coerced-Persuaded False Confession	238	(1)
Non-Coerced False Confession	238	(1)
The Consequences of False Confessions	239	(1)
Conclusion	239	(1)
References	240	(3)
The Maligned Investigator of Criminal Sexuality	243	(18)
Kenneth V. Lanning
Robert R. Hazelwood
Introduction	243	(1)
An Analogy	244	(1)
Criminal Sexuality vs. Sex Crimes	245	(1)
The Investigator of Criminal Sexuality	245	(7)
The Investigator's Responsibility	246	(2)
The Department's Role	248	(3)
Fellow Law Enforcement Officers	251	(1)
Child Sexual Abuse	252	(2)
Symptoms of Stress	254	(2)
Coping Strategies	255	(1)
Summary	256	(1)
References	257	(4)
Section III: Forensics and Court
Physical Evidence in Sexual Assault Investigations	261	(38)
Robert P. Spaulding
P. David Bigbee
Introduction	261	(3)
The Nature of Physical Evidence	264	(1)
The Identification of Evidence	265	(2)
General Types of Evidence	267	(4)
Class Characteristic Evidence	267	(1)
Individual Characteristic Evidence	268	(1)
Evidence Resulting from Transfer	269	(2)
The Evidence Environment	271	(6)
Evidence/Crime Scene Contamination	273	(1)
The Nature of the Evidence Environment	273	(1)
The Personnel	274	(1)
Careless and/or Indvertent Alteration at the Scene	274	(1)
The Packaging of Evidence	274	(1)
The Laboratory Environment	275	(1)
Degradation of Evidence	276	(1)
Considerations Relating to the Victim, Suspect, and Assault Scene	277	(10)
The Victim	277	(3)
The Suspect	280	(1)
Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kits	281	(5)
The Crime Scene	286	(1)
General Stages of Crime Scene Investigation	287	(8)
Approach the Scene	288	(1)
Secure and Protect the Scene	289	(1)
Conduct a Preliminary Survey	289	(1)
Evaluate Observed Evidence	290	(1)
Prepare a Narrative Description	290	(1)
Photograph the Scene	291	(1)
Sketch the Scene	292	(1)
Conduct a Detailed Search for Evidence	293	(1)
Collect, Preserve, and Document the Evidence	294	(1)
Conduct a Final Survey	294	(1)
Release the Scene	295	(1)
It Does Not End There	295	(1)
Blood-Borne Pathogens	295	(1)
Bloodstain Patterns	296	(2)
Summary	298	(1)
Evidence Recovery Considerations in Sexual Assault Investigations	299	(48)
Robert P. Spaulding
P. David Bigbee
Introduction	299	(2)
Recovery of Questioned Evidence	301	(29)
Hairs and Fibers	301	(1)
Search Methods and Techniques	302	(6)
Blood	308	(13)
Semen	321	(3)
Sexual Assault Evidence at the Scene	324	(3)
Saliva	327	(2)
Bite Marks	329	(1)
Recovery of Known Evidence	330	(6)
Known Hair Samples	330	(2)
Known Fiber Samples	332	(2)
Known Blood Samples	334	(1)
Known Saliva Samples	335	(1)
Marking of Evidence for Identification	336	(2)
Direct and Indirect Marking	337	(1)
What Should be Marked on the Evidence?	337	(1)
Use of an Evidence Log	338	(1)
Chain of Custody	338	(1)
Materials Used to Package Physical Evidence	338	(5)
Small Evidence Items	339	(1)
Large Evidence Items	340	(3)
Summary	343	(1)
Acknowledgments	344	(1)
References	344	(3)
Prosecuting Rape Cases: Trial Preparation and Trial Tactic Issues	347	(18)
William Heiman
Ann Ponterio
Gail Fairman
Introduction	347	(1)
Process of Trial	347	(12)
Preparation	347	(3)
Jury Selection and the Voir Dire Process	350	(1)
Opening Statement	351	(2)
Defense Opening	353	(1)
Cross-Examination	353	(2)
Rebuttal	355	(1)
Closing Argument	356	(3)
Difficult Cases	359	(5)
Identification Issue Case	359	(1)
Consent Issue Case	360	(2)
Imperfect Victim Case	362	(2)
General Policy Issues	364	(1)
Summary	364	(1)
Forensic Examination of Sexual Assault Victims	365	(36)
Kathleen Brown
Overview	365	(1)
Access to the Sexual Assault Response Team	366	(1)
Setting	367	(1)
Role of the Forensic Examiner	367	(1)
Forensic Interview	368	(1)
Consent Issues	369	(1)
History	370	(1)
Forensic Examination	370	(7)
Clothing	372	(1)
Detection of Injury	373	(1)
Collection of Forensic Evidence	374	(1)
Examination of Genitalia	375	(2)
Rectal Examination	377	(1)
Proper Handling (Management) of Evidence	377	(1)
Chain of Custody	378	(1)
Documentation	379	(1)
Drug and Alcohol Testing	379	(1)
Therapy and Prophylaxis	380	(1)
Follow-Up Care	380	(1)
Discharge Instructions	381	(1)
Conclusion	381	(1)
References	381	(1)
Appendix A	382	(1)
Appendix B	383	(1)
Appendix C	384	(4)
Appendix D	388	(10)
Appendix E	398	(3)
Section IV: Special Populations
The Sexual Crimes of Juveniles	401	(20)
John A. Hunter
Introduction	401	(1)
Developmental Issues	401	(1)
Efforts to Classify	402	(1)
Modus Operandi	403	(1)
Violent Juvenile Sex Offenders	404	(4)
Investigative Issues	408	(3)
Detection	408	(1)
Guidelines for Interviewing Juvenile Sex Offenders	409	(2)
Mental Health Evaluations	411	(1)
Disposition Decision-Making and Management	412	(1)
Effective Community Programming	413	(5)
References	418	(3)
Female Sex Offenders: A Typological and Etiological Overview	421	(14)
Janet I. Warren
Julia Hislop
Introduction	421	(2)
A Typology of Female Sex Offenders	423	(4)
The Pacilitator	423	(1)
The Reluctant Partner	424	(1)
The Initiating Partner	425	(1)
Seducers and Lovers	425	(1)
The Psychotic	426	(1)
The Pedophile	426	(1)
Etiology of Female Sex Offending	427	(4)
Re-Enactment	427	(1)
Early Trauma	428	(1)
Personality Disorders	428	(1)
Deviant Sexual Arousal	429	(1)
Mental Illness	429	(1)
Role Replacement	430	(1)
Revenge	430	(1)
Adolescent Curiosity/Exploitation	431	(1)
Investigatory Significance	431	(1)
References	431	(4)
The Serial Rapist	435	(28)
Robert R. Hazelwood
Janet I. Warren
Introduction	435	(1)
Serial Rapist Demographics	436	(9)
Employment	437	(1)
Marital History	437	(1)
Military History	438	(1)
Intelligence	439	(2)
Arrest History	441	(2)
Residence	443	(1)
Use of Vehicle	443	(1)
Personality Characteristics	444	(1)
Hobbies and Activities	444	(1)
Developmental Characteristics	445	(6)
Socioeconomics	445	(1)
Parental Relationships	445	(2)
Childhood Abuse	447	(1)
Sexual Development	448	(2)
Chronic Behavior Patterns	450	(1)
Victims of the Serial Rapists	451	(3)
Demographics	451	(1)
Isolation of the Victim	452	(2)
Selection Criteria	454	(1)
The Criminal Behavior of the Serial Rapist	454	(5)
Premeditation	454	(1)
Method of Approach	454	(2)
Controlling the Victim	456	(1)
Use of Force	456	(1)
Victim Resistance	457	(1)
Sexual Dynamics of the Rape	458	(1)
Verbal Interaction With Victims	458	(1)
Sexual Dysfunction	458	(1)
Evading Detection	459	(1)
Alcohol and Other Drugs	459	(1)
Post-Offense Behavior	459	(1)
Summary	459	(1)
References	460	(3)
The Criminal Sexual Sadist	463	(14)
Robert R. Hazelwood
Park Elliot Dietz
Janet I. Warren
Introduction	463	(1)
What is Sexual Sadism?	463	(1)
Physical and Psychological Suffering	464	(1)
Sexually Sadistic Behavior	464	(2)
Sadistic Fantasy	464	(1)
Sadism Toward Symbols	465	(1)
Consenting or Paid Partners	465	(1)
Behavior Patterns Confused With Sexual Sadism	466	(4)
Sadistic Personality Disorder	467	(1)
Cruelty during Crime	467	(1)
Pathological Group Behavior	468	(1)
Sanctioned Cruelty	468	(1)
Revenge-Motivated Cruelty	468	(1)
Interrogative Cruelty	469	(1)
Postmortem Mutilation	469	(1)
Study Conducted	470	(3)
Offender Characteristics	471	(1)
Crime Characteristics	471	(2)
Evidence of Crime	473	(1)
Investigating Crimes of the Sexual Sadist	473	(1)
Sources	473	(1)
Search Warrants	473	(1)
Interviewing the Sexual Sadist	474	(1)
Summary	474	(1)
References	475	(2)
Sexual Sadists: Their Wives and Girlfriends	477	(10)
Robert R. Hazelwood
Introduction	477	(1)
Genesis of the Research	478	(1)
Methodology	478	(1)
The Women	479	(1)
Their Relationships with the Men	479	(2)
The Transformation of the Women	481	(2)
Selection of a Vulnerable Woman	481	(1)
Seduction of the Woman	482	(1)
Reshaping the Sexual Norms	482	(1)
Social Isolation	482	(1)
Punishment	483	(1)
Investigative Significance of the Research	483	(1)
Behavior	483	(1)
The Criminal	483	(1)
Former Wives and Girlfriends	484	(1)
Summary	484	(1)
References	485	(2)
Sexual Predators in Nursing Homes	487	(14)
Ann Wolbert Burgess
Robert A. Prentky
Elizabeth B. Dowdell
Introduction	487	(1)
Method	488	(1)
Sample	488	(1)
Results	489	(12)
Dynamics of the Offense	489	(6)
Taxonomic Heterogencity	495	(1)
Discussion	495	(2)
Summary	497	(1)
References	498	(3)
Index	501