Practical Environmental Bioremediation: The Field Guide, Second Edition

by King; R. Barry

• ISBN13: 9781566702089
• ISBN10: 1566702089
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-12-29
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

"Practical Environmental Bioremediation" condenses the available knowledge on environmental bioremediation and presents the necessary technical aspects and concepts in language that can be readily comprehended by the general public, the technical student, and the aspiring newcomer to this exciting natural cleanup technique. This updated and expanded second edition can be used effectively in teaching a thorough short-couse in Bioremediation Basics and has been written and reviewed for clarity and readability.-- Actual site closures and new case histories are provided to illustrate and amplify understanding of specific applications-- Whole new chapters added to cover new developments in designing the Bioremediation Laboratory, Lagoon Bioremediation, In Situ Acquifer and Vadose Zone Bioremediation-- New material available from authors' professional experience, technology transfer conferences, and the current technical literature-- Techniques for remediation of chlorinated solvents and mixed waste included

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction: A Historical Perspective	1	(12)
Regulatory History	1	(3)
Early Successes	4	(1)
Discovery of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microbes	5	(1)
Oil Spills	6	(1)
Discovery of Metal-Detoxifying Microbes	6	(1)
Three Bioremediation Treatment Approaches	7	(2)
Biostimulation	7	(1)
Bioaugmentation	7	(2)
Intrinsic Treatment	9	(1)
Recent Advances in Bioremediation Technology	9	(1)
The Chapters Ahead	10	(1)
References	10	(3)
Chapter 2 Microbial Nutrition and Environmental Requirements	13	(18)
Microbial Ubiquity	13	(2)
Microbial Nutrition	15	(1)
Moisture	16	(1)
Energy for Metabolism	17	(1)
The Role of Oxygen	17	(2)
Environmental Requirements	19	(4)
Microbial Growth	23	(3)
Acclimation	23	(1)
Logarithmic Growth	23	(2)
Stationary Phase	25	(1)
Death Phase	25	(1)
Bacterial Pathogens	26	(1)
Microbial Survival	27	(1)
References	28	(3)
Chapter 3 Microbial Destruction of Environmental Pollutants	31	(20)
Biomineralization vs. Biotransformation	31	(1)
Biodegradation Processes for Organic Compounds	32	(3)
Aerobic Respiration	32	(1)
Anaerobic Respiration	33	(2)
Fermentation	35	(1)
Biooxidation in Wastewater Treatment	35	(1)
Bioattachment	36	(1)
Biosorption	37	(1)
Biosolubilization	38	(1)
Microbial Detoxification of Metals	38	(2)
Halobacteria	40	(1)
Mixed Populations	41	(1)
Cometabolism	42	(1)
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons	43	(1)
Radiation Effects	44	(1)
Acquired Radiation Resistance	45	(1)
Radioactive Mixed Waste Treatment	46	(1)
Constructed Wetlands	47	(1)
References	47	(4)
Chapter 4 The Bioremediation Laboratory	51	(8)
Bioassessment Screening Studies	53	(1)
Microbiological Assay	54	(1)
Biotreatability Studies	55	(2)
Microcosms	56	(1)
Respirometry	56	(1)
Bioreactors	56	(1)
Choosing a Laboratory	57	(2)
Chapter 5 Applied Bioremediation: An Overview	59	(18)
The Bioremediation Approach	59	(2)
Intrinsic Bioremediation	61	(1)
Selection Guide for Appropriate Biotechnology	61	(3)
Soils and Sludges	63	(1)
Liquids and Aqueous Solutions	63	(1)
Project Organization	64	(1)
Site Characterization	64	(3)
Initial Bioassessment Testing	67	(2)
Detailed Studies, Pilot Testing, and Process Design	69	(4)
Procurement, Installation, and Start-Up	73	(1)
Process Monitoring and Operation	74	(1)
Final Sampling and Closure	74	(1)
Reporting and Management	75	(1)
References	75	(2)
Chapter 6 Anaerobic Biodegradation: Sans Oxygen	77	(12)
Process Definition	77	(1)
Anaerobic Degradation	78	(2)
Pros and Cons of Anaerobic Treatment	80	(1)
Types of Anaerobic Systems	81	(3)
Digesters	81	(1)
Anaerobic Activated Sludge	82	(1)
Fixed-Film Units	82	(1)
Anaerobic Rotating Biological Contactors (ARBCs)	83	(1)
Fluidized Bed Bioreactors	83	(1)
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)	84	(1)
Ex Situ Soil Treatment (Soil Cells)	84	(1)
In Situ Anaerobic Remediation	85	(1)
Design Considerations	85	(1)
Applications for Anaerobic Treatment	86	(1)
References	87	(2)
Chapter 7 Surface Bioremediation of Soils and Sludges: Land Treatment	89	(24)
Regulations	90	(1)
Feasibility Testing	91	(3)
Design and Construction	94	(4)
Nutrient Application	98	(2)
Operations and Monitoring	100	(2)
Closure	102	(1)
Variations	103	(2)
Biopile	103	(1)
Biovault	104	(1)
Biopit	105	(1)
Project Exercise	105	(7)
How Much Soil?	108	(1)
How Big an Area?	108	(1)
Materials	109	(1)
Watering System	109	(1)
How Long Might it Take?	110	(1)
Does the Buyer Need the Space?	110	(1)
What Will the Conceptual Design Cost?	111	(1)
References	112	(1)
Chapter 8 Bioreactors: The Technology of Total Control	113	(16)
Introduction	113	(1)
Process Definition	113	(1)
Bioreactor Configurations	114	(7)
Activated Sludge	116	(1)
Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs)	117	(1)
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs)	118	(1)
Trickling Filters	118	(1)
Soil Slurry Reactors	118	(2)
Vapor Phase Bioreactors (Biofilters)	120	(1)
Fixed Film, Plug Flow	121	(1)
Design Considerations	121	(2)
Pilot Testing	123	(1)
Installation and Start-Up	124	(1)
Case History	125	(1)
Conclusion	126	(1)
References	126	(3)
Chapter 9 In Situ Aquifer Bioremediation	129	(16)
Hydrogeologic Variables	129	(1)
Light vs. Dense NAPL	130	(1)
Standard Pump-and-Treat Option	131	(2)
In Situ Option Destroys Contaminants	133	(1)
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)	133	(1)
Hydrogeology	133	(3)
Microbiology	136	(1)
Engineering	137	(3)
Installation and Start-Up	140	(1)
Operations and Monitoring	141	(3)
Closure	144	(1)
References	144	(1)
Chapter 10 Lagoon Bioremediation	145	(8)
Treatment Options	145	(1)
Feasibility Testing	146	(1)
Design Considerations	147	(1)
Oxygen Injection	147	(1)
Sludge Suspension	148	(1)
Sludge Shearing	149	(1)
Nutrient Supply	150	(1)
Operation and Monitoring	150	(1)
Closure	151	(1)
References	151	(2)
Chapter 11 Vadose Zone Bioremediation	153	(8)
Bioventing	153	(6)
Delineation	155	(1)
Respirometry	155	(1)
Design Considerations	156	(2)
Process Monitoring	158	(1)
Biosparging	159	(1)
References	160	(1)
Chapter 12 Developing Bioremediation Technologies: The Road Ahead	161	(8)
How We Got Here	161	(2)
Specific Biostimulations	161	(1)
Cometabolism	161	(1)
Advanced Acclimations and Bacterial Enzymes	162	(1)
Microbial Chelants and Surfactants	162	(1)
Genetic Engineering	162	(1)
Sequencing Treatments	163	(1)
Vadose Zone Treatment	163	(1)
The Road Ahead	163	(4)
Metals Bioremediation	164	(1)
Inorganics	164	(1)
Fermentations	164	(1)
Mixed Waste	164	(1)
In Situ Bioremediation	165	(2)
Intrinsic	165	(1)
Enhanced Anaerobic	165	(1)
Enhanced Aerobic	165	(1)
Sequencing Anaerobic/Aerobic	166	(1)
Bioaugmentation	166	(1)
References	167	(2)
Appendix I	169	(2)
Glossary	171	(10)
Index	181