Preventive Law For Schools And Colleges: A Practical Guide for Administrators, Risk Managers, and Legal Counsel

by Prairie, Michael; Garfield, Timothy; Seaberg, Diane; Smith, Glenn Charles (CON); Smith, Glenn Charles

• ISBN13: 9780971143807
• ISBN10: 0971143803
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-11-30
• Publisher: School & College Law Pr

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(6)
Preventive Law: An Overview	1	(3)
This Preventive Law Book: Design and Focus	4	(1)
Organization of Chapters	5	(1)
Our Premise	6	(1)
Preventive Law	7	(20)
Overview	7	(1)
Principles and Problems	8	(2)
Claims and Loss Trends	10	(2)
How Preventive Law and Risk Management Differ	12	(2)
The Preventive Law Process	14	(13)
Risk Identification and the Legal Audit	15	(5)
Risk Assessment	20	(1)
Risk Evaluation	21	(1)
Designing a Prevention Plan	22	(3)
Implementing the Prevention Plan	25	(2)
Legal Forums, Claims, and Defenses	27	(12)
Overview	27	(1)
The Forums	28	(3)
Administrative Agencies	28	(2)
The Courts	30	(1)
Arbitration	30	(1)
Fundamental Legal Concepts	31	(7)
Claims	31	(4)
Defenses	35	(1)
Remedies	36	(2)
Forewarned is Forearmed	38	(1)
Fundamental Law Sources and Legal Principles	39	(28)
Overview	39	(1)
``Education Law 101''	40	(7)
Federal Law	40	(5)
State Law	45	(2)
How Various Law Sources Apply and Interact	47	(17)
Mega-Application Case Study	47	(5)
Case Study in Analytical Methods	52	(8)
Final Nonconstitutional Case Study	60	(4)
Living with the Uncertainty	64	(3)
Key Components of Preventive Law	67	(46)
Overview	67	(2)
Unambiguous Policies and Efficient Procedures	69	(8)
Importance and Function	69	(1)
Key Distinctions	70	(1)
Policy Organization and Components	71	(1)
Policy Governing Adoption of Official Policies	72	(2)
Drafting Considerations	74	(2)
Disseminating Policies	76	(1)
Fair Complaint Procedures	77	(3)
Importance and Function	77	(1)
Drafting Considerations	77	(3)
Conducting Investigations	80	(1)
Accurate Documents and Reliable Records Management	81	(7)
Importance and Function	81	(1)
What is a Document?	81	(2)
How to Document	83	(1)
Records Maintenance and Retention	84	(1)
Specific Records and Retention Periods	85	(3)
Clear and Enforceable Contracts	88	(4)
Contract-Administration Policies	88	(3)
Public Contracting	91	(1)
Contract Format	92	(1)
Effective Training Programs	92	(5)
Importance and Function	92	(1)
Legal Consequences	93	(1)
Key Topics for Training	93	(1)
Developing a Training Program	94	(2)
Special Guidance for Training Hearing Panels	96	(1)
Developing a Positive Media Image	97	(16)
Why the Media Matter	98	(1)
Media Plan	98	(2)
Communicating Through the Media	100	(1)
Media Management During a Crisis	101	(4)
Who Speaks for the Institution	105	(2)
Basic Media Strategy	107	(6)
Institutional Governance	113	(18)
Overview	113	(1)
Board Roles and Potential Liability	114	(6)
Principles and Problems	114	(1)
Financial Relationships	115	(1)
Conflicts of Interest	116	(2)
Preventing the Problems	118	(2)
Public Disclosure	120	(4)
Principles and Problems	120	(1)
Public-Meeting and Record Laws	121	(3)
Preventing the Problems	124	(1)
Financial Exigency	124	(7)
Principles and Problems	124	(1)
Institutional vs. Faculty Rights	125	(1)
Preventing the Problems	126	(5)
Employment	131	(62)
Overview	131	(1)
Legal Framework	132	(9)
Principles and Problems	132	(1)
Sources of Claims	133	(6)
Preventing the Problems	139	(2)
The Administrative Thicket	141	(5)
Principles and Problems	141	(1)
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission	142	(1)
The Office for Civil Rights	143	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration	144	(1)
National Labor Relations Board	145	(1)
Preventing the Problems	146	(1)
Employment Discrimination	146	(5)
Principles and Problems	146	(1)
Anatomy of a Title VII Claim	147	(2)
Age Discrimination	149	(1)
Preventing the Problems	150	(1)
Affirmative Action and Discrimination	151	(4)
Principles and Problems	151	(1)
Rationale for Using Affirmative Action	152	(1)
Quotas vs. Goals	153	(1)
Permanence vs. Temporary Time Frames	154	(1)
Preventing the Problems	154	(1)
Sexual Harassment	155	(7)
Principles and Problems	155	(1)
Definition of Sexual Harassment	156	(2)
Preventing the Problems	158	(4)
Accommodating Employees with Disabilities	162	(11)
Principles and Problems	162	(1)
Sources and Scope	163	(6)
Users of Drugs and Alcohol	169	(1)
Mental Disabilities	170	(1)
Retaliation	171	(1)
Preventing the Problems	172	(1)
Evaluating and Documenting Performance	173	(5)
Principles and Problems	173	(1)
Preventing the Problems	174	(4)
Employment Decisions	178	(7)
Principles and Problems	178	(1)
Risks in the Hiring Process	179	(3)
Taking Disciplinary Action	182	(1)
Risks in Discharging Employees	183	(1)
Preventing the Problems	184	(1)
Reference Letters	185	(3)
Principles and Problems	185	(1)
Employer Liability	185	(2)
Preventing the Problems	187	(1)
Personal Liability of Administrators	188	(5)
Principles and Problems	188	(1)
Culpability and Indemnity	189	(1)
Preventing the Problems	190	(3)
Faculty	193	(30)
Overview	193	(1)
Faculty Employment and Retention	194	(6)
Principles and Problems	194	(1)
Systems of Faculty Retention	195	(3)
Preventing the Problems	198	(1)
Denial of Tenure vs. Discipline	199	(1)
Faculty Discipline	200	(7)
Principles and Problems	200	(2)
Preventing the Problems	202	(4)
Sexual Harassment	206	(1)
Academic Freedom	207	(8)
Principles and Problems	207	(1)
Sources and Parameters	208	(2)
In the Classroom	210	(2)
Outside the Classroom	212	(2)
Preventing the Problems	214	(1)
Collective Bargaining	215	(8)
Principles and Problems	215	(1)
The Managerial Exception	216	(2)
Unfair Labor Practices	218	(1)
Preventing the Problems	218	(5)
Students---Educational Relationship	223	(52)
Overview	223	(2)
Judicial Framework	225	(8)
Principles and Problems	225	(1)
Type of Institution	225	(1)
Basis of the Claim	226	(2)
Academic vs. Nonacademic	228	(1)
Due-Process Requirements	229	(1)
Judicial Deference	230	(1)
Preventing the Problems	231	(2)
Admissions	233	(7)
Principles and Problems	233	(1)
Program Changes and Termination	233	(1)
Criminal Convictions	234	(1)
Rescinding Admission and Readmission	235	(1)
Preventing the Problems	236	(4)
Grades, Credits, and Degrees	240	(4)
Principles and Problems	240	(1)
Academic Standards	240	(1)
Academic Deficiencies	241	(1)
Clinical and On-the-Job Experience	242	(1)
Issuing and Revoking Degrees	242	(1)
Preventing the Problems	243	(1)
Religion	244	(15)
Principles and Problems	244	(1)
Judicial Approaches to Student Religious Rights	245	(3)
Prayers, Bible Reading, and Other Religious Practices	248	(5)
Holidays and Other Curricular Activities	253	(4)
Preventing the Problems	257	(2)
Student Discipline	259	(16)
Principles and Problems	259	(1)
Academic Misconduct	259	(3)
Nonacademic Misconduct	262	(2)
Off-Campus Conduct	264	(1)
First Amendment Conduct	265	(1)
Preventing the Problems	266	(9)
Student Rights/Discrimination	275	(54)
Overview	275	(1)
Student Rights Against Sexual Harassment	276	(7)
Principles and Problems	276	(2)
When Institutions Must Respond	278	(2)
How Institutions Must Respond	280	(2)
Preventing the Problems	282	(1)
Affirmative Action in Admissions	283	(9)
Principles and Problems	283	(1)
Status of ``Diversity Defense''	284	(5)
Preventing the Problems	289	(3)
Students with Disabilities	292	(13)
Principles and Problems	292	(1)
Sources of Law	292	(4)
Academic Accommodations	296	(2)
Auxiliary Aids	298	(2)
Mental Disabilities	300	(3)
Preventing the Problems	303	(2)
Privacy of Student Records	305	(7)
Principles and Problems	305	(1)
Definition of Education Record	306	(1)
Disclosure	307	(3)
Student Remedies	310	(1)
Preventing the Problems	311	(1)
Student Speech	312	(5)
Principles and Problems	312	(4)
Hate Speech on Campus	316	(1)
Preventing the Problems	316	(1)
Financial Aid	317	(12)
Principles and Problems	317	(2)
Nondiscrimination	319	(3)
Collection of Student Loans	322	(3)
Preventing the Problems	325	(4)
Students---Crime/Extracurricular Activities	329	(48)
Overview	329	(1)
Campus Crime	330	(13)
Principles and Problems	330	(1)
Notice Requirements	331	(2)
Preventing the Problems	333	(10)
Drugs and Alcohol	343	(4)
Principles and Problems	343	(1)
Federal Laws	343	(2)
Drug Testing	345	(1)
Preventing the Problems	346	(1)
Student Organizations	347	(4)
Principles and Problems	347	(1)
Withholding Recognition or Funding	348	(2)
Preventing the Problems	350	(1)
Student Newspapers	351	(5)
Principles and Problems	351	(1)
Freedom of the Press on Campus	352	(3)
Preventing the Problems	355	(1)
Athletics: Tort Liability	356	(3)
Principles and Problems	356	(1)
Duty of Reasonable Care	356	(1)
Defenses	357	(1)
Preventing the Problems	358	(1)
Athletics: Gender Equity and Title IX	359	(3)
Principles and Problems	359	(1)
Title IX	359	(3)
Preventing the Problems	362	(1)
Off-Campus Field Trips	362	(4)
Principles and Problems	362	(1)
Liability and Waives	363	(1)
Preventing the Problems	364	(2)
Student-Internship Programs	366	(5)
Principles and Problems	366	(1)
Agency Issues	367	(1)
Student vs. Employee Status	368	(2)
Preventing the Problems	370	(1)
Foreign-Study Programs	371	(6)
Principles and Problems	371	(1)
Institutional Liability	372	(1)
Preventing the Problems	373	(4)
Cyberspace and Research	377	(32)
Overview	377	(2)
Cyberspace: E-Mails and Privacy Rights	379	(6)
Principles and Problems	379	(1)
Sources of Privacy Rights	380	(1)
Preventing the Problems	381	(4)
Cyberspace and Free Speech	385	(4)
Principles and Problems	385	(1)
Obscenity	386	(1)
Defamation	387	(1)
Preventing the Problems	388	(1)
Computer Crimes	389	(2)
Principles and Problems	389	(1)
Malicious Computer Behavior	390	(1)
Preventing the Problems	390	(1)
Copyright and Trademark Infringement	391	(7)
Principles and Problems	391	(1)
Copyright	392	(3)
Trademark	395	(1)
Preventing the Problems	396	(2)
Distance Education	398	(3)
Principles and Problems	398	(1)
Accountability vs. Academic Quality	399	(1)
Preventing the Problems	399	(2)
Disability Access to Cyberspace	401	(3)
Principles and Problems	401	(1)
Protecting Persons with Disabilities	401	(1)
Preventing the Problems	402	(2)
Research with Human Subjects	404	(5)
Principles and Problems	404	(1)
The Regulatory Process	405	(2)
Preventing the Problems	407	(2)
Campus Facilities	409	(58)
Overview	409	(1)
Premises Liability	410	(6)
Principles and Problems	410	(1)
Invitees/Licensees/Trespassers	411	(1)
Hazing	412	(1)
Student-to-Student Injuries	413	(1)
Nonschool Activities	414	(1)
Defenses	414	(1)
Preventing the Problems	415	(1)
Physical-Access Requirements	416	(4)
Principles and Problems	416	(1)
Americans with Disabilities Act	417	(1)
Applying ADA to the Campus	418	(2)
Preventing the Problems	420	(1)
Environmental Considerations	420	(8)
Principles and Problems	420	(2)
Environmental Impact	422	(1)
Waste Generation and Disposal	423	(2)
Preventing the Problems	425	(3)
Leasing of Real Property	428	(13)
Principles and Problems	428	(1)
Adequate Parking	429	(2)
Right to Attorn	431	(1)
Rental Basis	432	(1)
Expense Pass-throughs	432	(3)
Cost-of-Living Adjustments	435	(1)
Options	435	(2)
Signage	437	(1)
Tenant Improvements	438	(1)
Landlord Concerns About Educational Tenants	439	(2)
Preventing the Problems	441	(1)
The Institution as Landlord	441	(5)
Principles and Problems	441	(2)
Leasing to Cellular-Phone-Service Providers	443	(2)
Constitutional Requirements for Religious Organizations	445	(1)
Preventing the Problems	446	(1)
Purchase by the Institution of Real-Property Interests	446	(8)
Principles and Problems	446	(1)
Purchase Agreement	446	(1)
Contingencies in Detail	446	(4)
Seller Contingencies	450	(1)
Seller Promises	451	(3)
Preventing the Problems	454	(1)
Sale of the Institution's Real Property	454	(4)
Principles and Problems	454	(1)
Sale of Fee Title	454	(2)
Sale of Easements	456	(2)
Preventing the Problems	458	(1)
Construction Contracts	458	(9)
Principles and Problems	458	(1)
Contract Creation	459	(4)
Contract Administration	463	(1)
Preventing the Problems	464	(3)
Issues of Institutional Integrity	467	(34)
Overview	467	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	468	(9)
Principles and Problems	468	(2)
Identifying ``Disqualified Persons''	470	(2)
Determining Whether Benefits are ``Excess''	472	(1)
Taking Advantage of Regulatory ``Safe Harbors''	473	(1)
Interaction with Other Federal and State Laws	474	(1)
Preventing the Problems	475	(2)
Accreditation and Licensing	477	(14)
Principles and Problems	477	(2)
Accrediting Agencies	479	(1)
State Licensing and Regulation	480	(4)
Special Problems of Distance Education	484	(1)
Standards and Procedures	485	(3)
Preventing the Problems	488	(3)
Antitrust Liability	491	(10)
Principles and Problems	491	(2)
Basic Legal Doctrines	493	(4)
Antitrust and Accreditation	497	(1)
Preventing the Problems	498	(3)
Investigations by the Institution	501	(28)
Overview	501	(1)
Circumstances Compelling an Investigation	502	(1)
Limitations	503	(15)
Searches and Seizures	504	(10)
Interviews and Questioning	514	(1)
Other Constraints	515	(3)
Effective Investigations	518	(3)
Determining Who Should Conduct the Investigation	518	(1)
Identifying and Preserving Evidence	519	(1)
Determining If Accused Should be Suspended	519	(1)
Avoiding Retaliation	520	(1)
Preserving Confidentiality	520	(1)
Interviewing Parties and Witnesses	521	(3)
Identifying Interviewees	521	(1)
Securing Cooperation	521	(1)
Effective Questioning	522	(1)
Interviewing Complainants and Accused	523	(1)
Documenting Investigations	524	(5)
Compiling a Complete Written Record	524	(1)
Writing Findings and a Final Report	525	(1)
Evaluating Credibility	526	(3)
Legal Counsel and Litigation	529	(32)
Overview	529	(1)
Legal Counsel	530	(5)
Principles and Problems	530	(1)
Structures for Legal Services	530	(3)
Finding the Right Counsel	533	(1)
Preventing the Problems	534	(1)
Litigation	535	(10)
Principles and Problems	535	(1)
Developing a Litigation Strategy	536	(3)
Developing Settlement Guidelines	539	(4)
Litigation Oversight	543	(1)
Preventing the Problems	544	(1)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	545	(9)
Principles and Problems	545	(1)
Enforceability of Arbitration	546	(3)
Pros and Cons of Arbitration	549	(2)
Pros and Cons of Mediation	551	(1)
Preventing the Problems	552	(2)
Documenting the Settlement	554	(7)
Principles and Problems	554	(1)
Key Provisions	554	(5)
Preventing the Problems	559	(2)
Risk Transfer: Indemnity, Waiver and Insurance	561	(20)
Overview	561	(1)
Indemnity	562	(3)
Affirmative Use	563	(1)
The Other Side	564	(1)
Waivers and Releases	565	(1)
Insurance	566	(15)
Three Key Forms of Liability Insurance	567	(3)
Shopping for Insurance	570	(3)
Claims Handling	573	(4)
Past and Present Policies	577	(1)
Preventing the Problems	578	(3)
APPENDICES	581	(182)
Appendix 2-1 Websites of Organizations	583	(2)
Appendix 3-1 Complaint for Violation of Civil Rights	585	(10)
Appendix 5-1 Policy on Official Institution Policies	595	(4)
Appendix 5-2 Employee Complaint Procedures	599	(6)
Appendix 5-3 Document Retention Schedule	605	(6)
Appendix 5-4 Policy on Contract Administration	611	(6)
Appendix 5-5 Basic Form Contract	617	(22)
Appendix 6-1 Resolution of Governing Board	639	(2)
Appendix 7-1 Employment Contract with Administrator	641	(10)
Appendix 7-2 Policy on Equal Employment Opportunity	651	(2)
Appendix 7-3 Policy on Sexual Harassment	653	(6)
Appendix 7-4 Policy on Accommodating Employees with Disabilities	659	(6)
Appendix 8-1 Appointment Letter for Faculty	665	(4)
Appendix 8-2 Policy on Academic Freedom and Responsibility	669	(2)
Appendix 9-1 Enrollment Contract	671	(6)
Appendix 9-2 Policy on Student Discipline	677	(8)
Appendix 10-1 FERPA Notice to Parents of Pupil Records Subpoena (K-12)	685	(2)
Appendix 10-2 Notice of FERPA Rights (K-12)	687	(2)
Appendix 11-1 Release for Field Trip	689	(2)
Appendix 11-2 Student Intern Agreement	691	(4)
Appendix 12-1 Policy on Web Administration	695	(8)
Appendix 12-2 Policy on Technology Use and Privacy	703	(4)
Appendix 13-1 Policy on Real Property Management	707	(10)
Appendix 13-2 Contract for Facilities Maintenance	717	(4)
Appendix 14-1 Policy on Conflicts of Interest	721	(8)
Appendix 16-1 Arbitration Provision for Commercial Contract	729	(2)
Appendix 16-2 Arbitration Provision for Employment Contract	731	(4)
Appendix 16-3 Settlement Contract with Employee	735	(8)
TABLES OF AUTHORITIES
Books, Articles and Other Sources	743	(6)
Cases	749	(10)
United States and State Constitutions, Statutes, and Regulations	759	(4)
Subject Index	763