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9781844071722

Protecting The Ozone Layer

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781844071722

  • ISBN10:

    1844071723

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2005-03-30
  • Publisher: ROUTLEDGE

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Summary

In the 1970s the world became aware of a huge danger: the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer by CFCs escaping into the atmosphere and the damage this could do to human health and the food chain. So great was the threat that by 1987 the UN had succeeded in coordinating an international treaty to phase out emissions, which over the following 15 years has been implemented. It has been hailed as an outstanding success. It needed the participation of all the parties: governments, industry, scientists, campaigners, NGOs, and the media, and it is a model for future treaties. This volume provides the authoritative and comprehensive history of the whole process from the earliest warning signs to the present. It is an invaluable record for all those involved and a necessary reference for future negotiations to a wide range of scholars, students, and professionals.

Author Biography

Stephen O Andersen is a Director of Strategic Projects in the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Climate Protection Partnerships Division and a Co-Chair of the Montreal Protocol Technology and Economic Assessment Panel. K Madhava Sarma recently retired after working for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for more than nine years as the Executive Secretary of the Secretariat for the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, the ozone protection treaties

Table of Contents

List of plates, figures, tables and boxes xii
About the authors xvi
Foreword by Kofi A Annan xix
Preface by Klaus Töpfer xxi
Acknowledgements xxv
Introduction and reader's guide xxvii
1 The science of ozone depletion: From theory to certainty
1(41)
Introduction
1(1)
Early theories: Scientists identify and name ozone
2(4)
Modern scientists hypothesize threats to ozone
6(7)
Discovering and measuring the Antarctic ozone 'hole'
13(6)
International scientific teams link CFCs and ozone depletion
19(5)
First assessment, 1989: 1987 Protocol inadequate, total phase-out required
24(5)
Second assessment, 1991: Quicker phase-out possible, control HCFCs and methyl bromide
29(2)
Expedition finds significant depletion over the northern hemisphere
31(1)
Third assessment, 1994: Mount Pinatubo volcano depletes ozone, Arctic ozone depletion confirmed
32(3)
Fourth assessment, 1998: Montreal Protocol working, ODSs in the atmosphere peak in 1994
35(5)
The ozone layer today
40(2)
2 Diplomacy: The beginning, 1974-1987
42(53)
Introduction
42(3)
The World Plan of Action, 1977
45(3)
Coordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer (CCOL) and the Ozone Layer Bulletins
48(2)
Harmonizing national policies, 1979-1981
50(1)
The Governing Council sets up a negotiating group, 1981
51(2)
Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts, 1982
53(2)
First draft convention and discussions, 1982
55(2)
First specific proposal to control CFCs, 1983
57(1)
Further negotiations, 1983-1985
58(5)
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985
63(3)
First comprehensive scientific assessment, 1985
66(1)
Economic and environmental workshops, 1986
67(5)
Negotiations on the protocol, 1986-1987
72(3)
Focusing on the key questions
75(3)
The 'breakthrough' session, April 1987
78(3)
Seventh draft protocol, 1987, and country comments
81(3)
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987
84(11)
3 Diplomacy: From strength to strength, 1988-1992
95(50)
Introduction
95(1)
Preparations for the entry into force of the Convention and the Protocol
96(4)
Dissatisfaction of major developing countries
100(2)
First Meeting of the Parties, Helsinki, 1989: Resolve to phase out by 2000
102(7)
Preparatory work for the Second Meeting of the Parties
109(7)
Discussions on the financial mechanism, control measures and technology, 1990
116(4)
Second Meeting of the Parties, London, 1990: Phase-out by 2000 and US$240 million fund approved
120(8)
Preparatory work for the third Meeting of the Parties
128(1)
Third Meeting of the Parties, Nairobi, 1991: Import of products with CFCs banned from non-Parties
129(3)
Further progress in 1991
132(2)
Proposals to accelerate the phase-out
134(1)
Multilateral Fund or Global Environment Facility?
135(1)
Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992
135(1)
Opposition to methyl bromide controls
136(1)
Faster phase-outs welcomed by industrialized countries
137(1)
Incremental costs
137(1)
Fourth Meeting of the Parties, Copenhagen, 1992: HCFCs, methyl bromide controlled, Fund confirmed
138(7)
4 Diplomacy: Racing towards success, 1993-2001
145(42)
Introduction
145(1)
Fifth Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok, 1993: Second replenishment of the Fund by US$455 million
146(3)
Sixth Meeting of the Parties, Nairobi, 1994: Russian Federation gives notice of non-compliance
149(4)
Third reports of the assessment panels, 1994
153(1)
Review of control measures and financial mechanism for developing countries, 1995
154(2)
Proposals for adjustments before working group meetings, 1995
156(2)
Seventh Meeting of the Parties, Vienna, 1995: Further strengthening of the control measures
158(5)
Meetings in 1996: Illegal trade discussed, replenishment of the Fund by US$466 million in San Jose, Costa Rica
163(4)
Tenth anniversary, Montreal, 1997: Control measures on methyl bromide tightened
167(4)
Meetings in 1998: 1998 assessment confirms Protocol working, tenth Meeting of the Parties in Cairo discusses link between ozone depletion and climate change, non-compliance
171(3)
Meetings in 1999: Beijing Amendment, freeze in production of HCFCs and trade restrictions, replenishment of the Fund by US$440 million
174(5)
Twelfth Meeting of the Parties, Ouagadougou, 2000: Further attempts to tighten controls on HCFCs
179(2)
Meetings in 2001: Thirteenth Meeting of the Parties in Colombo, non-compliance, new ODS
181(6)
5 Technology and business policy
187(47)
Introduction
187(1)
Commercial history of ozone-depleting substances
188(9)
Industry opposition and then support for regulation of ozone-depleting substances
197(4)
Industry response to the Montreal Protocol: What a difference a treaty makes!
201(4)
Industry and military motivations for leadership on ozone protection
205(6)
Phasing out ozone-depleting substances from US military applications
211(3)
Alternatives: Criteria and evolution after the Montreal Protocol
214(7)
Technical strategies to reduce and eliminate ozone-depleting substances
221(4)
Environmental perspective on substitutes and alternatives
225(3)
Economics of phasing out ozone-depleting substances
228(6)
6 Implementation of the Montreal Protocol
234(40)
Introduction
234(1)
Structure of the obligations of the Montreal Protocol
235(1)
The role and activities of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol
236(8)
Multilateral Fund replenishment and contributions
244(2)
Implementing agencies of the Multilateral Fund
246(3)
The Global Environment Facility (GEF)
249(3)
The role of national governments
252(6)
The role of government agencies as customers and market leaders
258(5)
The role of industry and industry non-governmental organizations
263(2)
Regulations force new technologies
265(3)
Regional and bilateral cooperation
268(1)
The role of conferences and workshops
268(1)
The role of environmental NGOs
268(3)
The role of professional membership organizations
271(1)
The importance of awareness campaigns
271(3)
7 Compliance with the Montreal Protocol
274(16)
Introduction
274(1)
Reporting on compliance measures
275(1)
The role of the Implementation Committee
276(2)
Results of implementation, 1989-1999
278(3)
Non-compliance by Parties with economies in transition
281(3)
Compliance by developing countries operating under Article 5
284(1)
The response of the Meetings of the Parties to non-compliance
285(3)
Conclusion
288(2)
8 Media coverage of the ozone-layer issue
290(33)
Introduction
290(1)
Analysis of media coverage
290(3)
Media coverage of seminal ozone-layer events
293(1)
The Molina-Rowland Hypothesis, 1974-1975
294(3)
US ban on CFC aerosol products, 1977-1978
297(2)
The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, 1985
299(1)
Negotiating and signing the Montreal Protocol, 1987
300(3)
London Conference on Saving the Ozone Layer, 1989
303(5)
Second Meeting of the Parties, London, 1990
308(6)
Fourth Meeting of the Parties, Copenhagen, 1992
314(3)
Ninth Meeting of the Parties, Montreal, 1997
317(2)
Eleventh Meeting of the Parties, Beijing, 1999
319(4)
9 Environmental NGOs, the ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol
323(22)
Introduction: NGOs as 'shapers of policy'
323(1)
The role of environmental NGOs in the ozone campaign
324(8)
Litigation and collaboration: Complementary approaches
332(1)
Raising awareness and generating media coverage
333(3)
Advocacy work on policy and alternative technologies
336(3)
Working with industry and government
339(3)
Boycotting ODS products and creating demand for ozone- friendly products
342(1)
Monitoring implementation of the Montreal Protocol
343(1)
Conclusion
344(1)
10 Conclusion: A perspective and a caution 345(24)
The successes of the ozone regime
345(1)
Why was the ozone regime successful?
346(5)
Lessons from the development of the Montreal Protocol
351(2)
Features of the Protocol promoting participation
353(5)
Partnership led by science and technology
358(3)
Why did industry cooperate: Regulation or availability of alternatives to ODSs?
361(1)
Caution for the future
362(7)
Appendix 1 Ozone layer timelines: 4500 million years ago to present 369(33)
Appendix 2 World Plan of Action, April 1977 402(5)
Appendix 3 Controlled substances under the Montreal Protocol 407(3)
Appendix 4 Control measures of the Montreal Protocol 410(4)
Appendix 5 Indicative list of categories of incremental costs 414(2)
Appendix 6 Awards for ozone-layer protection: Nobel Prize, United Nations and others 416(22)
Appendix 7 Assessment Panels of the Montreal Protocol 438(5)
Appendix 8 Core readings on the history of ozone-layer protection 443(4)
Appendix 9 Selected ozone websites 447(4)
Notes 451(20)
List of acronyms and abbreviations 471(6)
Glossary 477(6)
About the contributors 483(6)
Index 489

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