Psychological Effects of Catastrophic Disasters: Group Approaches to Treatment

by Rose; Joseph

• ISBN13: 9780789018410
• ISBN10: 0789018411
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-04-05
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

A thorough, user-friendly guide of basic knowledge and group interventions for psychological trauma from terrorist attacks and other catastrophic disasters There is relatively little literature on the psychological trauma caused by catastrophic disasters, including terrorist attacks and the impending threats of terrorism. Psychological Effects of Catastrophic Disasters: Group Approaches to Treatment fills that gap by comprehensively discussing ways to minimize the psychological damage resulting from catastrophic disasters as well as the trauma developed from the threat of future terrorist attacks. The book provides thorough presentations of almost manualized group methods for the prevention and treatment of the acute and longer-term psychological effects for children, adolescents, and adults. Appropriate treatment immediately after a catastrophe can diminish harmful psychological effects, enhance an individual's quality of life, decrease psychosomatic illnesses and the exacerbation of chronic medical conditions, increase the effective utilization of medical facilities, and decrease medical expenses. In this book, internationally renowned authorities provide practical expert suggestions and helpful examples to illustrate the interventions and provide a quick reference for professionals facing the aftermath of prospective terrorist disasters and other catastrophic events. Psychological Effects of Catastrophic Disasters: Group Approaches to Treatment is divided into four sections. The first section provides an overview of the book; the second discusses the foundations and broad issues which potentially affect the outcome of group treatment; the third section presents group models which address the particular needs of children, adolescents, parents, emergency service personnel, and mental health practitioners; and the fourth part considers future directions of treatment. Designed to be used as a comprehensive single source for professionals working with victims of trauma caused by terrorism or catastrophic disaster, this book can be read and used in its entirety, or specific chapters detailing treatments can be chosen and used independently as needed. Extensive references allow opportunities for further research. Psychological Effects of Catastrophic Disasters: Group Approaches to Treatment presents unique first-person accounts of September 11th and examines: the neurobiological effects of a traumatic disaster the effective use of psychotropic medication the implications of living with ongoing terrorist threats a new framework for preparedness and response to disasters and trauma for children and families cultural, religious, and ethnic differences related to the prevention and treatment of psychological sequelae the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic grief retraumatization, distressing reminders, and their effects on post-traumatic adjustment the knowledge trauma therapists need to integrate small group principles the diagnosis and group treatment of acute and long-term effects with adults and children the use of spiritual principles after a terrorist disaster or catastrophic event nine types of groups appropriate for specific populations Psychological Effects of Catastrophic Disasters: Group Approaches to Treatment is a timely, comprehensive reference for social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, health professionals, mental health professionals, educators, and students. The royalties from this book shall be donated to organizations which provide direct services to those who continue to be affected by the events of September 11th, 2001 and Hurricane Katrina (August 29th, 2005).

Table of Contents

About the Editors	xvii
Contributors	xix
Preface	xxv
Acknowledgments	xxix
PART I: OVERVIEW
Trauma, Terror, and Fear: Mental Health Professionals Respond to the Impact of 9/11---An Overview	3	(16)
Terence M. Keane
Linda A. Piwowarczyk
Conceptual Models	4	(2)
Levels of Intervention	6	(2)
Controversies	8	(2)
On-Site Roles for Mental Health Providers	10	(1)
Clinician Self-Care	11	(1)
Chapter Content	11	(2)
Summary	13	(6)
PART II: FOUNDATIONS
Images of Trauma: The Aftermath of Terrorism and Disasters	19	(14)
Henry I. Spitz
Rebecca E. Spitz
Introduction	19	(1)
Case Illustrations	20	(11)
Summary	31	(2)
Mental Health Issues and Implications of Living Under Ongoing Terrorist Threats	33	(28)
Sara A. Freedman
Rivka Tuval-Mashiach
Introduction	33	(1)
Historical Perspective	34	(2)
Ongoing Terrorist Threats: What Is the Difference?	36	(1)
Ongoing Terrorist Threats: Current Research on the Israeli Experience	37	(5)
Mental Health Issues	42	(2)
Treatment Implications	44	(8)
Treatment During Ongoing Terrorist Threats	52	(3)
Conclusions	55	(6)
Neurobiology of Trauma	61	(22)
Craig L. Katz
Rachel Yehuda
Introduction	61	(1)
Impact of the Traumatic Event on Mind and Brain	61	(4)
Role of the Mental Health Professional During the Recoil Phase	65	(3)
A Neuroendocrine Perspective on the Posttraumatic Period	68	(5)
A Neuroanatomical Perspective on the Posttraumatic Period	73	(4)
Conclusion	77	(6)
Children and Families: A New Framework for Preparedness and Response to Danger, Terrorism, and Trauma	83	(30)
Robert S. Pynoos
Alan M. Steinberg
Merritt D. Schreiber
Melissa J. Brymer
Introduction	83	(1)
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network	84	(1)
Selected Literature Review on Children and Terrorism	85	(2)
Unique Challenges Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction	87	(2)
The Ecology of Terrorism and Danger	89	(7)
The Ecology of Response	96	(4)
Public Mental Health Strategies	100	(2)
Research Issues for Children and Families in the Aftermath of Weapons of Mass Destruction	102	(3)
Ethical Issues in Mental Health Research After Terrorism	105	(8)
Traumatic Reactions to Terrorism: The Individual and Collective Experience	113	(42)
K. Chase Stovall-McClough
Marylene Cloitre
Introduction	113	(1)
Trauma and Attachment Theory	113	(1)
The Nature and Impact of Traumatic Events	114	(1)
Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	115	(8)
Terrorism and Mental Health: Research Findings	123	(16)
Traumatic Reactions to Terrorism: Special Considerations	139	(4)
Conclusions and Implications for Recovery	143	(12)
Clinical Issues in the Psychopharmacology of PTSD	155	(48)
Steven B. Rudin
Serena Y. Volpp
Randall D. Marshall
Introduction	155	(1)
Rationale for Pharmacotherapy	156	(2)
Clinical Issues Related to Pharmacotherapy of PTSD	158	(4)
Overview of the Literature on Pharmacotherapy	162	(5)
Classes of Medication: Antidepressants	167	(9)
Classes of Medication: Sedatives/Hypnotics	176	(1)
Classes of Medication: Mood Stabilizers	177	(5)
Classes of Medication: Antipsychotics	182	(3)
Classes of Medication: Autonomic Nervous System Modulators	185	(3)
Alternative Medications	188	(1)
Summary	189	(2)
Appendix: Index of Medications	191	(12)
Respecting Cultural, Religious, and Ethnic Differences in the Prevention and Treatment of Psychological Sequelae	203	(32)
Yael Danieli
Kathleen Nader
Introduction	203	(2)
Learning About a Culture	205	(1)
Identifying the Components of Culture	206	(1)
Cultural Issues and Reactions to Trauma and Treatment	207	(20)
Conclusions	227	(8)
Contextual Influences on Posttraumatic Adjustment: Retraumatization and the Roles of Revictimization, Posttraumatic Adversities, and Distressing Reminders	235	(52)
Christopher M. Layne
Jared S. Warren
William R. Saltzman
John B. Fulton
Alan M. Steinberg
Robert S. Pynoos
Introduction	235	(3)
The Need for Terminological and Conceptual Clarity	238	(5)
A Theoretical Framework of Posttraumatic Adjustment	243	(16)
Empirical Tests of the Proposed Intervening Variables	259	(7)
Summary and Directions for Future Research	266	(8)
Conclusion	274	(1)
Appendix: Glossary of Proposed Terms Relating to Posttraumatic Distress Reactivation	275	(12)
The Syndrome of Traumatic Grief and Its Treatment	287	(48)
M. Katherine Shear
Allan Zuckoff
Nadine Melhem
Bonnie J. Gorscak
Introduction	287	(2)
Historical Perspectives	289	(2)
Diagnosis of Bereavement-Related Syndromes	291	(7)
Epidemiology	298	(5)
Clinical Features of Traumatic Grief	303	(2)
Traumatic Grief Treatment	305	(20)
Components of a Potential Group Treatment Approach of TGT	325	(3)
Research Evidence for Treatment of Traumatic Grief	328	(1)
Conclusion	329	(6)
Spirituality in the Face of Terrorist Disasters	335	(50)
Kent D. Drescher
Introduction	335	(2)
Definition of Terms	337	(2)
Research on Spirituality and Health	339	(4)
Non-Mental Health Resources for Spiritual Support	343	(1)
Rationale for Incorporating Spiritual Themes into Group-Based Trauma Treatment	344	(3)
Considerations Prior to Implementing Activities	347	(7)
Components of Therapy	354	(9)
Vignettes Demonstrating Interventions at Different Stages	363	(12)
Summary	375	(10)
PART III: GROUP MODELS
Integrating Small-Group Process Principles into Trauma-Focused Group Psychotherapy: What Should a Group Trauma Therapist Know?	385	(40)
D. Rob Davies
Gary M. Burlingame
Christopher M. Layne
Introduction	385	(2)
Why Should a Trauma Therapist Be Interested in Small-Group Process Principles?	387	(2)
What Are the ``Active Ingredients'' in Groups That Produce Therapeutic Change?	389	(5)
Group Development	394	(4)
Interpersonal Feedback	398	(7)
Integrating Small-Group Process Principles into Existing Group-Based Trauma Treatment Protocols: A Case Example	405	(3)
Application: Incorporating Small-Group Process Principles into TFGT	408	(6)
Observations and Recommendations	414	(1)
Directions in Future Research and Training	415	(2)
Conclusion	417	(8)
Critical Incident Stress Management in Terrorist Events and Disasters	425	(56)
Jeffrey T. Mitchell
George S. Everly Jr.
Introduction	425	(5)
Crisis Intervention	430	(5)
Overview of the Four Main CISM Group Interventions	435	(2)
Critical Incident Stress Management	437	(2)
Large-Group Processes	439	(10)
Small-Group Processes	449	(11)
Follow-Up Groups	460	(3)
Taking Care of the Team Members	463	(2)
The Research	465	(7)
Misconceptions Regarding Crisis Intervention and CISM	472	(2)
Conclusion	474	(7)
Group Intervention for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Initial Stress Reactions in Civilians	481	(24)
Beverley Raphael
Sally Wooding
Introduction	481	(2)
Rationale and Objectives of the Group	483	(2)
Acute Initial Reaction Phase	485	(3)
Criteria for Selection of Members for Group Intervention or Individual Programs	488	(2)
Composition and Preparation for Group Interventions	490	(1)
Group Intervention Approaches for Acute Reactions in Civilians: The Immediate Phase and Beyond	491	(5)
After the Early Days and During the First Month	496	(3)
Potential Problems	499	(1)
Combined Individual and Group Treatment	500	(1)
Conclusion	500	(5)
Present-Centered Supportive Group Therapy for Trauma Survivors	505	(76)
Melissa S. Wattenberg
William S. Unger
David W. Foy
Shirley M. Glynn
Introduction	505	(4)
Purposes of Present-Centered Group Therapy	509	(2)
Group Characteristics	511	(5)
Challenges in PCGT	516	(4)
Selection Criteria	520	(3)
Composition of and Preparation for Entry into Group	523	(5)
Phases of PCGT	528	(16)
Clinical Interventions	544	(29)
Uses and Staging of PCGT	573	(1)
Conclusion	574	(1)
Appendix	575	(6)
Cognitive-Behavioral Groups for Traumatically Bereaved Children and Their Parents	581	(48)
Karen Stubenbort
Judith A. Cohen
Introduction	581	(1)
Evidenced-Based Framework	582	(3)
Objective and Focus of Group	585	(1)
Criteria and Selection of Members	586	(4)
Group Composition and Preparation	590	(1)
Role of the Therapists	591	(1)
The Group	592	(1)
The Cognitive-Behavioral Group Model	593	(1)
Children's Trauma-Focused Interventions	593	(16)
Children's Bereavement-Focused Interventions	609	(4)
Parents' Trauma-Focused Interventions	613	(7)
Parents' Bereavement-Focused Interventions	620	(4)
Conclusion	624	(5)
Combining Cognitive Processing Therapy with Panic Exposure and Management Techniques	629	(40)
Sherry A. Falsetti
Heidi S. Resnick
Steven R. Lawyer
Introduction	629	(1)
Rationale and Objective of the Group	630	(5)
Description and Tasks to Be Accomplished	635	(3)
Criteria for Selection of Members	638	(3)
Composition and Preparation for Entry into Group	641	(3)
Structural Considerations of the Group	644	(2)
Components of Treatment	646	(18)
Future Treatment Directions	664	(5)
Trauma/Grief-Focused Group Psychotherapy with Adolescents	669	(62)
William R. Saltzman
Christopher M. Layne
Alan M. Steinberg
Robert S. Pynoos
Rationale and Objective of the Group	669	(5)
Theoretical Model	674	(4)
Rationale for Group Treatment	678	(1)
Criteria for Selection of Members and Preparation for Entry into the Group	679	(6)
Group Composition	685	(2)
Structural Considerations for Group Treatment	687	(2)
Overview of Group Therapy Modules	689	(3)
Module I: Group Cohesion, Psychoeducation, and Basic Coping Skills	692	(12)
Module II: Constructing the Trauma Narrative	704	(9)
Module III: Coping with Traumatic Loss and Grief	713	(5)
Module IV: Refocusing on the Present and Looking to the Future	718	(6)
Combining Individual and Family Interventions with Group Treatment	724	(1)
Conclusion	725	(6)
Trauma-Focus Group Therapy: An Evidence-Based Group Approach to Trauma with Adults	731	(56)
William S. Unger
Melissa S. Wattenberg
David W. Foy
Shirley M. Glynn
Introduction	731	(4)
Group Goals	735	(2)
Leadership Issues	737	(3)
Criteria for Selection of Members	740	(2)
Composition and Preparation for Entry into Group	742	(1)
Group	743	(1)
Beginning Phase (Sessions 1 through 3)	744	(15)
Middle Phase	759	(12)
Final Phase (Termination)	771	(1)
Situations That Members Experience As Difficult	772	(4)
Variations of the Model	776	(1)
Final Thoughts	776	(3)
Appendix I: Journal Homework Form	779	(1)
Appendix II: Coping Resources Self-Assessment	780	(1)
Appendix III: Coping with Symptoms Record	781	(1)
Appendix IV: Home-Based Therapy Self-Exposure	782	(5)
Psychodynamic Group Treatment	787	(54)
Daniel S. Weiss
Rationale and Objective of the Group	787	(7)
Core Elements of Intervention	794	(8)
Tasks to Be Accomplished	802	(8)
Phase I	810	(18)
Phase II	828	(7)
Phase III	835	(2)
Conclusion	837	(4)
Groups for Mental Health Professionals Working with Survivors	841	(38)
Yael Danieli
Training Professionals to Deal with Trauma	843	(2)
Event Countertransference and Training	845	(5)
Understanding the Process	850	(6)
Some Principles of Self-Healing	856	(1)
The ``Conspiracy of Silence'' Between Psychotherapists and Patients	857	(1)
Countertransference Themes	858	(11)
Comparisons Between SCS and NVH Groups	869	(2)
Concluding Remarks	871	(8)
PART IV: FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Future Directions	879	(26)
David W. Foy
Daryl A. Schrock
Introduction	879	(1)
Development of Trauma-Related Group Therapy	880	(2)
Group Psychological Debriefing	882	(1)
Review of Group Therapy for Trauma Studies	883	(9)
From Current Status to Future Groups for Terrorist Disaster Survivors	892	(6)
Strength of Evidence for Recommendations	898	(1)
Future Research Directions	899	(6)
Index	905