Psychology in Modules

by Myers, David G.

• ISBN13: 9780716764281
• ISBN10: 0716764288
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-17
• Publisher: Worth Publishers

Summary

This new edition continues the story of psychology with added research and enhanced content from the most dynamic areas of the field--cognition, gender and diversity studies, neuroscience and more, while at the same time using the most effective teaching approaches and learning tools.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Prologue: The Story of Psychology	1	(1)
Psychology's Roots	2	(6)
Prescientific Psychology	2	(1)
Psychological Science Is Born	3	(3)
Psychological Science Develops	6	(2)
Contemporary Psychology	8	(11)
Psychology's Big Debate	9	(1)
Psychology's Three Main Levels of Analysis	10	(2)
Psychology's Subfields	12	(3)
Close-Up: Your Study of Psychology	15	(4)
Thinking Critically With Psychological Science	19	(34)
The Need for Psychological Science	19	(7)
The Limits of Intuition and Common Sense	19	(4)
The Scientific Attitude	23	(1)
The Scientific Method	24	(2)
Description	26	(4)
The Case Study	26	(1)
The Survey	27	(2)
Naturalistic Observation	29	(1)
Correlation	30	(6)
Correlation and Causation	32	(1)
Illusory Correlations	33	(1)
Perceiving Order in Random Events	34	(2)
Experimentation	36	(3)
Exploring Cause and Effect	36	(1)
Evaluating Therapies	37	(1)
Independent and Dependent Variables	38	(1)
Statistical Reasoning	39	(5)
Describing Data	40	(2)
Making Inferences	42	(2)
Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology	44	(9)
Thinking Critically About: Desegregation and the Death Penalty---When Beliefs Collide With Psychological Science	50	(3)
Neuroscience and Behavior	53	(42)
Neural Communication	54	(7)
Neurons	55	(2)
How Neurons Communicate	57	(1)
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us	58	(3)
The Nervous System	61	(4)
The Peripheral Nervous System	62	(1)
The Central Nervous System	63	(2)
The Endocrine System	65	(2)
The Brain	67	(28)
The Tools of Discovery	68	(2)
Older Brain Structures	70	(4)
The Cerebral Cortex	74	(9)
Our Divided Brain	83	(4)
Thinking Critically About: Left Brain/Right Brain	87	(8)
Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity	95	(44)
Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences	96	(11)
Genes: Our Codes for Life	96	(1)
Twin Studies	97	(3)
Adoption Studies	100	(2)
Temperament Studies	102	(1)
Heritability	102	(2)
Gene-Environment Interaction	104	(1)
The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics	105	(2)
Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature	107	(7)
Natural Selection	107	(3)
An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality	110	(2)
Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective	112	(2)
Parents and Peers	114	(5)
Parents and Early Experiences	114	(3)
Peer Influence	117	(2)
Cultural Influences	119	(7)
Variation Across Cultures	120	(1)
Variation Over Time	121	(1)
Culture and the Self	121	(3)
Culture and Child-Rearing	124	(1)
Developmental Similarities Across Groups	125	(1)
Gender Development	126	(8)
Gender Similarities and Differences	126	(3)
The Nature of Gender	129	(2)
The Nurture of Gender	131	(3)
Reflections on Nature and Nurture	134	(5)
Developing Through the Life Span	139	(58)
Prenatal Development and the Newborn	139	(5)
Conception	139	(1)
Prenatal Development	140	(2)
The Competent Newborn	142	(1)
Close-Up: Research Strategies for Understanding Infants' Thinking	143	(1)
Infancy and Childhood	144	(20)
Physical Development	144	(3)
Cognitive Development	147	(5)
Close-Up: Autism	152	(2)
Social Development	154	(10)
Adolescence	164	(11)
Physical Development	165	(2)
Cognitive Development	167	(3)
Social Development	170	(3)
Emerging Adulthood	173	(2)
Adulthood	175	(18)
Physical Development	175	(6)
Cognitive Development	181	(4)
Social Development	185	(8)
Reflections on Two Major Developmental Issues	193	(4)
Continuity and Stages	193	(1)
Stability and Change	193	(4)
Sensation	197	(40)
Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles	198	(6)
Thresholds	199	(3)
Sensory Adaptation	202	(2)
Vision	204	(11)
The Stimulus Input: Light Energy	204	(1)
The Eye	205	(3)
Visual Information Processing	208	(4)
Color Vision	212	(3)
Hearing	215	(9)
The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves	215	(2)
The Ear	217	(1)
Close-Up: A Noisy Noise Annoys	218	(2)
Hearing Loss and Deaf Culture	220	(2)
Close-Up: Living in a Silent World	222	(2)
Other Important Senses	224	(13)
Touch	224	(5)
Taste	229	(2)
Smell	231	(2)
Body Position and Movement	233	(4)
Perception	237	(34)
Selective Attention	237	(3)
Perceptual Illusions	240	(2)
Perceptual Organization	242	(12)
Form Perception	243	(2)
Depth Perception	245	(4)
Motion Perception	249	(1)
Perceptual Constancy	250	(4)
Perceptual Interpretation	254	(10)
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision	255	(1)
Perceptual Adaptation	256	(1)
Perceptual Set	257	(4)
Perception and the Human Factor	261	(3)
Is There Extrasensory Perception?	264	(7)
Claims of ESP	264	(1)
Premonitions or Pretensions?	265	(1)
Putting ESP to Experimental Test	266	(5)
States of Consciousness	271	(42)
Consciousness and Information Processing	271	(3)
Sleep and Dreams	274	(16)
Biological Rhythms	274	(1)
The Rhythm of Sleep	275	(4)
Why Do We Sleep?	279	(4)
Sleep Disorders	283	(2)
Dreams	285	(5)
Hypnosis	290	(6)
Facts and Falsehoods	291	(3)
Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?	294	(2)
Drugs and Consciousness	296	(13)
Dependence and Addiction	296	(2)
Psychoactive Drugs	298	(6)
Influences on Drug Use	304	(5)
Near-Death Experiences	309	(4)
Learning	313	(36)
How Do We Learn?	313	(2)
Classical Conditioning	315	(11)
Pavlov's Experiments	316	(5)
Extending Pavlov's Understanding	321	(2)
Pavlov's Legacy	323	(2)
Close-Up: Trauma as Classical Conditioning	325	(1)
Operant Conditioning	326	(15)
Skinner's Experiments	327	(6)
Extending Skinner's Understanding	333	(3)
Skinner's Legacy	336	(3)
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning	339	(2)
Learning by Observation	341	(8)
Bandura's Experiments	343	(1)
Applications of Observational Learning	343	(6)
Memory	349	(290)
The Phenomenon of Memory	349	(4)
Information Processing	351	(2)
Encoding: Getting Information In	353	(270)
How We Encode	353	(3)
What We Encode	356	(262)
The Big Five Factors	618	(1)
Evaluating the Trait Perspective	619	(4)
The Social-Cognitive Perspective	623	(8)
Reciprocal Influences	623	(2)
Personal Control	625	(3)
Close-Up: Toward a More Positive Psychology	628	(1)
Assessing Behavior in Situations	629	(1)
Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective	630	(1)
Exploring the Self	631	(8)
The Benefits of Self-Esteem	632	(1)
Culture and Self-Esteem	633	(1)
Self-Serving Bias	633	(6)
Psychological Disorders	639	(46)
Perspectives on Psychological Disorders	640	(9)
Defining Psychological Disorders	640	(1)
Thinking Critically About: ADHD---Pathologizing Rambunctiousness or Genuine Disorder?	641	(1)
Understanding Psychological Disorders	642	(2)
Classifying Psychological Disorders	644	(1)
Labeling Psychological Disorders	645	(1)
Close-Up: The ``un-DSM'': A Diagnostic Manual of Human Strengths	646	(1)
Thinking Critically About: Insanity and Responsibility	647	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	649	(9)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder	649	(1)
Phobias	650	(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	651	(1)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	652	(1)
Explaining Anxiety Disorders	653	(3)
Thinking Critically About: Dissociation and Multiple Personalities	656	(2)
Mood Disorders	658	(11)
Major Depressive Disorder	659	(1)
Bipolar Disorder	659	(1)
Explaining Mood Disorders	660	(2)
Close-Up: Suicide	662	(7)
Schizophrenia	669	(8)
Symptoms of Schizophrenia	669	(2)
Subtypes of Schizophrenia	671	(1)
Understanding Schizophrenia	672	(5)
Personality Disorders	677	(3)
Antisocial Personality Disorder	677	(1)
Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder	678	(2)
Rates of Psychological Disorders	680	(5)
Therapy	685	(38)
The Psychological Therapies	686	(14)
Psychoanalysis	686	(3)
Humanistic Therapies	689	(1)
Behavior Therapies	690	(4)
Cognitive Therapies	694	(3)
Group and Family Therapies	697	(3)
Evaluating Psychotherapies	700	(11)
Is Psychotherapy Effective?	700	(1)
Thinking Critically About: ``Regressing'' From Unusual to Usual	701	(3)
The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies	704	(1)
Evaluating Alternative Therapies	705	(2)
Commonalities Among Psychotherapies	707	(1)
Culture and Values in Psychotherapy	708	(1)
Close-Up: A Consumer's Guide to Psychotherapists	709	(2)
The Biomedical Therapies	711	(8)
Drug Therapies	711	(4)
Brain Stimulation	715	(2)
Psychosurgery	717	(2)
Preventing Psychological Disorders	719	(4)
Social Psychology	723	(1)
Social Thinking	723	(7)
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations	724	(2)
Attitudes and Actions	726	(3)
Close-Up: Abu Ghraib Prison: An ``Atrocity-Producing Situation?''	729	(1)
Social Influence	730	(12)
Conformity and Obedience	731	(6)
Group Influence	737	(5)
Social Relations	742
Prejudice	743	(1)
Close-Up: Automatic Prejudice	744	(5)
Aggression	749	(6)
Close-Up: Parallels Between Smoking Effects and Media Violence Effects	755	(1)
Conflict	756	(2)
Attraction	758	(6)
Altruism	764	(3)
Peacemaking	767
APPENDIX A Careers in Psychology	1	(1)
Jennifer Lento
Preparing for a Career in Psychology	1	(3)
The Bachelor's Degree	1	(1)
Postgraduate Degrees	2	(2)
Subfields of Psychology	4	(4)
Preparing Early for Graduate Study in Psychology	8
APPENDIX B Answers to Test Yourself Questions	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1