The Psychology of Sex and Gender

by Smith,Barbara

• ISBN13: 9780205393114
• ISBN10: 020539311X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-04-26
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Psychology of Sex and Gender provides students with a balanced examination of the influences of sex and gender on behavior and development. The book takes a truly global perspective when examining the relationship between and among sex, gender, and factors such as sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, and religious and geographical diversity.This richly illustrated book offers a lively writing style and makes research relevant to the lives of students, engaging student interest by including student responses from journaling assignments, excerpts from student papers, and personal perspectives.Dr. Smithrs"s approach to sex and gender is multidisciplinary. She includes research and theoretical contributions drawn not only from psychology but also from biology, sociology, history, philosophy, and anthropology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xxi
PART ONE An Introduction to the Psychology of Sex and Gender	1	(110)
Why a Psychology of Sex and Gender?	3	(29)
Chapter Outline	3	(1)
Why a Psychology of Sex and Gender?	3	(2)
The Terminology of Sex and Gender	5	(1)
Introduction to the Psychology of Sex and Gender	6	(4)
Traditional Psychology and the Experience of Women	7	(1)
A Misrepresentation of Men?	8	(2)
Development of Women's Studies and Men's Studies	10	(6)
Women's Studies from a Psychological Perspective	10	(2)
Men's Studies from a Psychological Perspective	12	(4)
Personal Perspectives: Societal Expectations, the Family, and the Individual	16	(4)
Why Sex and Gender Studies?	17	(1)
Goals of Gender Studies	18	(2)
Summary	20	(1)
Resources	21	(1)
Research Project: Societal Expectations, the Family, and the Individual	22	(1)
Journaling	23	(2)
Self-Evaluation	25	(3)
Discussion Questions	28	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	29	(3)
Methodological Considerations When Studying Sex and Gender	32	(42)
Chapter Outline	32	(1)
The Scientific Analysis of Sex and Gender	33	(2)
The Scientific Method	35	(2)
Research Approaches	37	(10)
Experimental Approach	39	(1)
Naturalistic Observation	40	(1)
Case Study Approach	41	(1)
Survey and Interview Approach	42	(2)
Meta-Analysis Approach	44	(3)
Selecting a Research Design	47	(8)
Longitudinal Design	47	(1)
Cross-Sectional Design	48	(2)
Cross-Sequential Design	50	(1)
Data Analysis	50	(5)
Sex and Gender as Subject and Response Variables	55	(2)
Sex as a Subject Variable	55	(1)
Gender as a Subject Variable	56	(1)
Sex and Gender as Response Variables	57	(1)
Issues Related to a Global Research Approach	57	(2)
Issues Related to Social Analyses	58	(1)
Sex, Gender, and Culture: Issues with Generalizability	59	(1)
Personal Perspectives: A Lack of Multiculturalism in Education	59	(6)
Advantages of Incorporating a Global Perspective into Our Research Programs	61	(1)
Avoiding Problems of Bias in Research: Diversity as a Continuing Issue	62	(2)
How Does Generalizability Relate to the Book?	64	(1)
Summary	65	(2)
Resources	67	(1)
Research Project: Practical Issues Related to Research	68	(1)
Discussion Questions	69	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	70	(4)
Stereotypes, Mythology, and Media Messages	74	(37)
Chapter Outline	74	(1)
Stereotyping as a Cognitive Strategy	75	(3)
Investigatory Project: Stereotypes	78	(1)
A Historical Overview of Stereotypes: Major Mythological Themes	79	(9)
Male as Powerful	79	(3)
Male as Normative	82	(1)
Journal Entry: Christianity and the Characteristics of Women	82	(2)
Female as Evil	84	(1)
Female as Giver of Life	85	(1)
Female as Sexual Being	85	(3)
Investigatory Project: Underlying Themes of Gender Stereotypes	88	(1)
How the Study of Myths Relates to Gender Studies	89	(6)
Manifestation of Mythological Female Themes	91	(3)
Manifestation of Mythological Male Themes	94	(1)
Modern-Day Myths as Reflected by the Media	95	(8)
Representations of Boys and Men	95	(1)
Representations of Girls and Women	96	(4)
A Market-Based Explanation for Gender Stereotyping in the Media	100	(1)
Potential for the Internalization of Dominant Beliefs	101	(2)
Personal Perspectives: Do Stereotypes Influence Behavior?	103	(2)
Why Does Traditional Stereotyping by the Media Continue to Be So Pervasive?	104	(1)
Summary	105	(1)
Resources	106	(1)
Investigatory Project: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies	107	(1)
Discussion Questions	107	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	108	(3)
PART TWO Theoretical Explanations for the Acquisition of a Gender Identity	111	(84)
Theoretical Explanations for Gender Identity: Biological through Neo-Freudian Perspectives	113	(50)
Chapter Outline	113	(1)
What Is a Theory?	114	(2)
Hallmarks of an Ideal Theory	114	(1)
Development of a Theory	114	(2)
The Biological Perspective	116	(12)
The Processes of Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation	116	(3)
Evidence for the Contribution of Genetic Material to Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation	119	(1)
Sex-Linked Traits and Disorders	120	(2)
Evidence for Hormonal Mediation of Sex Differentiation	122	(5)
The Role of Hormones on Cognitive Tasks	127	(1)
Research Report: Sex Differentiation of Cognitive Abilities	128	(8)
Evidence from Animal Models for a Biological Basis for Behavior	130	(2)
A Sociobiological Perspective	132	(2)
A Critical Analysis of Biological Theory	134	(2)
Freudian Psychoanalytic Perspective	136	(1)
A Profile: Sigmund Freud	137	(6)
Freud's Concept of the Psyche	138	(1)
Freud and the Male Oedipal Complex	139	(2)
Freud and the Female as a Castrated Male	141	(1)
Social Identification and Development of the Superego	142	(1)
Fixation at the Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development	142	(1)
Neo-Freudian Contributions to the Psychoanalytic Perspective	143	(8)
A Psychology of Women: Helene Deutsch	143	(1)
Psychosocial Theory: Erik Erikson	144	(1)
Object Relations Theory: Margaret Mahler and Nancy Chodorow	145	(6)
Commonalities of Psychoanalytic and Object Relations Theories	151	(1)
A Critical Analyses of Freudian Psychoanalytic, Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic, and Object Relations Theories	151	(2)
Summary	153	(4)
Resources	157	(1)
Discussion Questions	158	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	159	(4)
Theoretical Explanations for Gender Identity: Cognitive through Environmental Perspectives	163	(32)
Chapter Outline	163	(1)
Cognitive Perspectives	164	(8)
Cognitive Developmental Theory: Lawrence Kohlberg	164	(4)
Assumptions of Cognitive Developmentalists	168	(1)
Gender Schema Theory: Sandra Bem	168	(2)
A Critical Analysis of Kohlberg's Developmental Theory and Bem's Gender Schema Theory	170	(2)
Moral Reasoning	172	(1)
Investigatory Project: Moral Reasoning	172	(3)
Development of Moral Reasoning: Lawrence Kohlberg	173	(2)
A Profile: Lawrence Kohlberg	175	(3)
Development of Moral Reasoning: Carol Gilligan	177	(1)
A Profile: Carol Gilligan	178	(4)
Environmental Perspectives	182	(3)
Operant Conditioning Theory: B. E. Skinner	182	(1)
Social Learning Theory: John Dollard, Neal Miller, Walter Mischel, and Albert Bandura	183	(2)
Research Report: Gender Differences in Modeling	185	(1)
Investigatory Project: Social Influences and Symbolism	186	(3)
Ecological Systems Theory: Urie Bronfenbrenner	187	(1)
A Critical Analysis of Learning Theories	187	(2)
Summary	189	(2)
Resources	191	(1)
Investigatory Project: Morality and the Law	192	(1)
Discussion Questions	192	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	193	(2)
PART THREE A Developmental Overview of Sex and Gender	195	(304)
A Developmental Overview: Prenatal Development through Childhood	197	(33)
Chapter Outline	197	(1)
An Overview of Development	198	(3)
Key Developmental Principles Relevant to the Study of Sex and Gender	198	(3)
Prenatal Development	201	(3)
Developmental Beginnings: Chromosomal Sex	201	(1)
Developmental Beginnings: Gonadal Sex	202	(1)
Developmental Beginnings: Hormonal Sex	203	(1)
Child Physical Development	204	(6)
Neural Development	204	(2)
Physical Growth	206	(2)
Motor Development	208	(1)
Activity Patterns	209	(1)
Child Cognitive Development	210	(4)
Sensation and Perception	210	(2)
Early Social Perceptions	212	(1)
Language Development	212	(2)
Child Socioemotional Development	214	(1)
Social Attachments	214	(1)
A Profile: Mary D. Salter Ainsworth	214	(7)
Modern Family Structure	218	(3)
Sex, Gender, and Play	221	(1)
Research Report: Experiment: Peer Preference	221	(1)
Summary	222	(3)
Resources	225	(1)
Classroom Activity	225	(2)
Discussion Questions	227	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	227	(3)
Topics in Childhood	230	(44)
Chapter Outline	230	(1)
Attachment	231	(1)
Developmental Outcomes Related to the Nature of Attachment Style	231	(1)
Student Assignment Excerpt: Bullies and Victims	232	(4)
Self-Esteem and Identity	233	(1)
The Nature and Causes of Child Abuse	234	(2)
Investigatory Project: Child Abuse Worldwide and Intervention	236	(6)
The Consequences of Child Abuse	237	(5)
Play	242	(4)
Play, Gender, and Social Relationships	244	(2)
Investigatory Project: Learning from Schoolchildren	246	(1)
Research Report: Experiment 1: Gender Labels and Play Styles	246	(6)
A Biological Perspective of Play	251	(1)
Research Report: Experiment 2: Play and Peer Sex Discrimination	252	(7)
Psychoanalytic and Object Relations Perspectives of Play	254	(1)
A Cognitive Developmental Explanation for Play	255	(1)
Gender Schema Theory and Play	256	(1)
Social Learning Theory, Operant Theory, and Play	257	(2)
Early Education	259	(2)
Educational Opportunities from a Systems Perspective	259	(1)
Developmental Disabilities	260	(1)
Personal Perspectives: ADHD and Development	261	(5)
Creativity and Gender	265	(1)
Investigatory Project: Art and Gender	266	(1)
Summary	267	(3)
Resources	270	(1)
Discussion Questions	271	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	272	(2)
A Developmental Overview: Adolescence and Young Adulthood	274	(48)
Chapter Outline	274	(1)
History of Adolescent Psychology	275	(2)
Adolescence: Stage or Transition?	276	(1)
Profiles: Granville Stanley Hall and Erik Homberger Erikson	277	(4)
Adolescent Physical Development	281	(7)
Development of Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics	281	(2)
Female Maturation	283	(3)
Male Maturation	286	(2)
Individual Differences in Physical Development	288	(1)
Personal Perspectives: Rate of Maturation	288	(1)
Adolescent Cognitive Development	289	(11)
A Piagetian View of Adolescent Cognitive Development	290	(3)
Education	293	(7)
Journal Entry: A Young Woman's Experience with Math	300	(3)
Adolescent Socioemotional Development	303	(9)
Family Relationships	303	(2)
Peer Relationships	305	(7)
Personal Perspectives: Coming Out	312	(1)
Personal Perspectives: Bisexual Orientation	312	(2)
Personal Perspectives: Cross-Cultural Issues and Dating	314	(1)
Summary	315	(3)
Resources	318	(1)
Discussion Questions	319	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	319	(3)
Topics in Adolescence and Young Adulthood	322	(66)
Chapter Outline	322	(1)
Adolescents, Young Adults, and Sexuality	323	(1)
Personal Perspectives: Sexual Activity and Education	323	(7)
Developing Sexual Attitudes	325	(1)
Gender and Sexual Attitudes	326	(1)
Religion, Sexual Attitudes, and Behavior	327	(1)
Sexual Behavior: Autoerotic Activities	328	(2)
Personal Perspectives: Autoerotic Activities	330	(6)
Sexual Behavior: Intercourse	330	(3)
Cultural Diversity and Sexual Behavior	333	(3)
Potential Consequences of Early Sexual Activity	336	(10)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	336	(4)
Contraceptive Use	340	(3)
Media Report: Reproductive Rights	343	(1)
Early Parenthood	344	(1)
Family and Cultural Values	345	(1)
Sex Education	346	(1)
Sex Education Programs in the Schools	346	(1)
Book Excerpt: Adolescent Sex Education	347	(3)
Other Sources of Sex Education	349	(1)
Physical and Psychological Health	350	(8)
Externalization of Conflict: Juvenile Delinquency	351	(7)
Student Paper Excerpt: Bullying	358	(1)
Investigatory Project: Troubled Teens	359	(8)
Internalization of Conflict: Suicide and Eating Disorders	364	(3)
Investigatory Report: Suicide and Young Adolescents	367	(6)
Personal Perspectives: Eating Disorders, Self-Image, and Body Image	373	(6)
Summary	379	(4)
Resources	383	(1)
Investigatory Project: Eating Disorders	383	(2)
Discussion Questions	385	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	385	(3)
A Developmental Overview: Adulthood	388	(55)
Chapter Outline	388	(1)
Adult Physical Development	389	(8)
General Physical Decline	390	(3)
Age-Related Weight Changes	393	(1)
Structural Changes	394	(3)
The Sexual-Reproductive System	397	(15)
Hormonal Cycling in Females	397	(6)
Hormonal Fluctuations in Males	403	(1)
Middle Age and Reproductive Changes	403	(6)
Sexuality and the Later Adult Years	409	(3)
Adult Cognitive Development	412	(7)
Adult Sensation and Perception	412	(1)
Visual-Spatial and Verbal Abilities	413	(3)
Lateralization of Cognitive Function	416	(2)
Patterns of Cognitive Change	418	(1)
Adult Socioemotional Development: Relationships	419	(15)
Homosexuality	420	(5)
Falling in Love	425	(1)
Characteristics of Single Adults	426	(2)
Characteristics of Divorced and Widowed Singles	428	(2)
Characteristics of Cohabiting and Married Couples	430	(2)
Decision Making and Influence Strategies in Relationships	432	(1)
Reactions to Relationship Dissolution	433	(1)
Personal Perspectives: The End of a Marriage	434	(1)
Summary	435	(4)
Resources	439	(1)
Discussion Questions	440	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	440	(3)
Current Topics in Adulthood	443	(56)
Chapter Outline	443	(1)
Adult Health	443	(17)
Reproductive Complications	444	(6)
Psychiatric Problems	450	(10)
Student Paper Excerpt: Suicide and the Elderly	460	(7)
Health Care Policy and Gender	464	(3)
Communication	467	(4)
Verbal Communication: Production and Comprehension	467	(4)
Student Paper Excerpt: Gender Differences in Communication: The Akan Society of Ghana	471	(4)
Communication Strategies in Intimate Relationships	472	(3)
Relationships: Adult Gender Roles	475	(3)
Intimate Relationships	475	(3)
Personal Perspectives: Gender Role Specialization	478	(6)
Parenting: Stability or Change in Gender Roles?	479	(5)
Occupation	484	(9)
Gender and the Division of Labor in the Home	484	(4)
Gender and Labor Outside of the Home	488	(5)
Summary	493	(2)
Resources	495	(1)
Investigatory Projects	496	(1)
Discussion Questions	496	(1)
A Common Vocabulary	497	(2)
Where Do We Go From Here?	499	(19)
Glossary	518	(7)
References	525	(38)
Subject Index	563	(9)
Author Index	572