Psychology : Themes and Variations

by Weiten, Wayne

• ISBN13: 9780495093039
• ISBN10: 0495093033
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-22
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

The Seventh Edition of Wayne Weiten's popular text, PSYCHOLOGY: THEMES AND VARIATIONS, continues to offer students a unique survey of psychology with three distinct goals: to show both the unity and diversity of psychology's subject matter; to illuminate the process of research and its intimate link to application, and to make the text challenging to think about and easy to learn from. Weiten achieves these goals through a number of distinctive features. Integrative themes-including empiricism, theoretical diversity, sociohistorical contexts, multifactorial causation, cultural heritage, heredity and environment, and subjectivity of experience-are woven throughout the text to provide connections among the different areas of research in psychology. A unique end of chapter section, "Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes," ties together the key themes most relevant to each chapter, and shows links across chapter content. The book's dynamic, teaching-oriented illustration program further enhances these themes. Featured Studies, Personal Applications, and Critical Thinking Applications provide students with unprecedented opportunities to see research methods in action, to understand the practical side of psychology, and to develop important critical thinking skills. Weiten reinforces concepts through periodic in-chapter Concept Checks and an end of chapter practice quiz in every chapter. At the same time, he presents topics in a hierarchical manner, giving students handles they can use to prioritize concepts within the chapter.

Table of Contents

The Evolution of Psychology	1	(35)
From Speculation to Science: How Psychology Developed	2	(14)
A New Science Is Born: The Contributions of Wundt and Hall
The Battle of the ``Schools'' Begins: Structuralism Versus Functionalism
Freud Brings the Unconscious into the Picture
Watson Alters Psychology's Course as Behaviorism Makes Its Debut
Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviorism Flourishes
The Humanists Revolt
Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession
Psychology Returns to Its Roots: Renewed Interest in Cognition and Physiology
Psychology Broadens Its Horizons: Increased Interest in Cultural Diversity
Psychology Adapts: The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology Psychology Moves in a Positive Direction
Illustrated Overview of Psychology's History	16	(2)
Psychology Today: Vigorous and Diversified	18	(3)
Research Areas in Psychology
Professional Specialties in Psychology
Seven Unifying Themes	21	(5)
Themes Related to Psychology as a Field of Study Themes Related to Psychology's Subject Matter
Personal Application Improving Academic Performance	26	(6)
Developing Sound Study Habits
Improving Your Reading
Getting More Out of Lectures
Improving Test-Taking Strategies
Critical Thinking Application Developing Critical Thinking Skills: An Introduction	32	(2)
The Need to Teach Critical Thinking An Example
Recap	34	(1)
Practice Test	35	(1)
The Resarch Enterprise in Psychology	36	(36)
Looking for Laws: The Scientific Approach to Behavior	37	(5)
Goals of the Scientific Enterprise
Steps in a Scientific Investigation
Advantages of the Scientific Approach
Looking for Causes: Experimental Research	42	(4)
Independent and Dependent Variables
Experimental and Control Groups
Extraneous Variables
Variations in Designing Experiments
Featured Study The Emotional Fallout of Expected and Unexpected Outcomes	46	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research
Looking for Links: Descriptive/Correlational Research	48	(4)
Naturalistic Observation
Case Studies
Surveys
Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive/Correlational Research
Looking for Conclusions: Statistics and Research	52	(5)
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Looking for Flaws: Evaluating Research	57	(3)
Sampling Bias
Placebo Effects
Distortions in Self-Report Data
Experimenter Bias
Looking at Ethics: Do the Ends Justify the Means?	60	(3)
The Question of Deception
The Question of Animal Research
Ethical Principles in Research
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	63	(1)
Personal Application Finding and Reading Journal Articles	64	(4)
The Nature of Technical Journals
Finding journal Articles
Reading Journal Articles
Critical Thinking Application The Perils of Anecdotal Evidence: ``I Have a Friend Who...''	68	(2)
Recap	70	(1)
Practice Test	71	(1)
The Biological Bases of Behavior	72	(46)
Communication in the Nervous System	73	(8)
Nervous Tissue: The Basic Hardware
The Neural Impulse: Using Energy to Send Information
The Synapse: Where Neurons Meet
Neurotransmitters and Behavior
Organization of the Nervous System	81	(3)
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
Looking Inside the Brain: Research Methods	84	(4)
Electrical Recordings
Lesioning
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Brain-Imaging Procedures
Featured Study
Probing the Anatomy of Sexual Arousal	88	(1)
The Brain and Behavior	89	(7)
The Hindbrain
The Midbrain
The Forebrain
The Plasticity of the Brain
Right Brain/Left Brain: Cerebral Laterality	96	(3)
Bisecting the Brain: Split-Brain Research
Hemispheric Specialization in the Intact Brain
The Endocrine System: Another Way to Communicate	99	(2)
Heredity and Behavior: Is It All in the Genes?	101	(5)
Basic Principles of Genetics
Investigating Hereditary Influence: Research Methods
The Interplay of Heredity and Environment
The Evolutionary Bases of Behavior	106	(4)
Darwin's Insights
Subsequent Refinements to Evolutionary Theory
Behaviors as Adaptive Traits
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	110	(1)
Personal Application Evaluating the Concept of ``Two Minds in One''	111	(3)
Cerebral Specialization and Cognitive Processes Complexities and Qualifications
Critical Thinking Application Building Better Brains: The Perils of Extrapolation	114	(2)
The Key Findings on Neural Development
The Tendency to Overextrapolate
Recap	116	(1)
Practice Test	117	(1)
Sensation and Perception	118	(54)
Psychophysics: Basic Concepts and Issues	120	(4)
Thresholds: Looking for Limits
Weighing the Differences: The JND
Signal-Detection Theory
Perception Without Awareness
Sensory Adaptation
Our Sense of Sight: The Visual System	124	(20)
The Stimulus: Light
The Eye: A Living Optical Instrument
The Retina: The Brain's Envoy in the Eye
Vision and the Brain
Viewing the World in Color
Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects
Perceiving Depth or Distance
Perceiving Geographical Slant
Featured Study
Why Hills Look Steeper Than They Are	144	(5)
Perceptual Constancies in Vision
The Power of Misleading Cues: Visual Illusions
Our Sense of Hearing: The Auditory System	149	(5)
The Stimulus: Sound
Human Hearing Capacities
Sensory Processing in the Ear
Auditory Perception: Theories of Hearing
Auditory Localization: Perceiving Sources of Sound
Our Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	154	(3)
Taste: The Gustatory System
Smell: The Olfactory System
Our Sense of Touch: Sensory Systems in the Skin	157	(3)
Feeling Pressure
Feeling Pain
Our Other Senses	160	(1)
The Kinesthetic System
The Vestibular System
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	161	(1)
Personal Application Appreciating Art and Illusion	162	(6)
Critical Thinking Application Recognizing Contrast Effects: It's All Relative	168	(2)
Recap	170	(1)
Practice Test	171	(1)
Variations in Consciousness	172	(42)
On the Nature of Consciousness	174	(1)
Variations in Levels of Awareness
The Evolutionary Roots of Consciousness
Consciousness and Brain Activity
Biological Rhythms and Sleep	175	(3)
The Role of Circadian Rhythms
Ignoring Circadian Rhythms
Realigning Circadian Rhythms
The Sleep and Waking Cycle	178	(6)
Cycling Through the Stages of Sleep
Age Trends in Sleep
Culture and Sleep
The Neural Bases of Sleep
The Evolutionary Bases of Sleep
Doing Without: Sleep Deprivation
Featured Study
Gauging the Impact of Sleep Deprivation on College Students	184	(6)
Problems in the Night: Sleep Disorders
The World of Dreams	190	(4)
The Contents of Dreams
Links Between Dreams and Waking Life
Culture and Dreams
Theories of Dreaming
Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?	194	(3)
Hypnotic Induction and Susceptibility
Hypnotic Phenomena
Theories of Hypnosis
Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation?	197	(2)
Physiological Correlates
Long-Term Benefits
Altering Consciousness with Drugs	199	(7)
Principal Abused Drugs and Their Effects
Factors Influencing Drug Effects
Mechanisms of Drug Action
Drug Dependence
Drugs and Health
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	206	(1)
Personal Application Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams	206	(4)
Common Questions About Sleep
Common Questions About Dreams
Critical Thinking Application Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions	210	(2)
The Power to Make Definitions
Definitions, Labels, and Circular Reasoning
Recap	212	(1)
Practice Test	213	(1)
Learning	214	(44)
Classical Conditioning	216	(8)
Pavlov's Demonstration: ``Psychic Reflexes''
Terminology and Procedures
Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning	224	(14)
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Skinner's Demonstration: It's All a Matter of Consequences
Terminology and Procedures
Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement: Consequences That Strengthen Responses
Schedules of Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement Versus Negative Reinforcement
Punishment: Consequences That Weaken Responses
Changing Directions in the Study of Conditioning	238	(5)
Recognizing Biological Constraints on Conditioning
Recognizing Cognitive Processes in Conditioning
Observational Learning	243	(2)
Basic Processes
Acquisition Versus Performance
Observational Learning and the Media Violence Controversy
Featured Study The Power of Modeling: What They See Is What You Get	245	(3)
Illustrated Overview of Three Types of Learning	248	(2)
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	250	(1)
Personal Application Achieving Self-Control Through Behavior Modification	250	(4)
Specifying Your Target Behavior
Gathering Baseline Data
Designing Your Program
Executing and Evaluating Your Program
Ending Your Program
Critical Thinking Application Manipulating Emotions: Pavlov and Persuasion	254	(2)
Classical Conditioning in Advertising
Classical Conditioning in Business Negotiations
Classical Conditioning in the World of Politics
Becoming More Aware of Classical Conditioning Processes
Recap	256	(1)
Practice Test	257	(1)
Human Memory	258	(40)
Encoding: Getting Information into Memory	260	(3)
The Role of Attention
Levels of Processing
Enriching Encoding
Storage: Maintaining Information in Memory	263	(5)
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Featured Study
How Accurate Are Flashbulb Memories?	268	(5)
Are Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory Really Separate?
How Is Knowledge Represented and Organized in Memory?
Retrieval: Getting Information out of Memory	273	(3)
Using Cues to Aid Retrieval
Reinstating the Context of an Event
Reconstructing Memories and the Misinformation Effect
Source Monitoring and Reality Monitoring
Forgetting: When Memory Lapses	276	(9)
How Quickly We Forget: Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve
Measures of Forgetting
Why We Forget
The Recovered Memories-Controversy
In Search of the Memory Trace: The Physiology of Memory	285	(3)
The Biochemistry of Memory
The Neural Circuitry of Memory
The Anatomy of Memory
Systems and Types of Memory	288	(2)
Declarative Versus Procedural Memory
Semantic Versus Episodic Memory
Prospective Versus Retrospective Memory
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	290	(1)
Personal Application Improving Everyday Memory	291	(3)
Engage in Adequate Rehearsal
Schedule Distributed Practice and Minimize Interference
Engage in Deep Processing and Organize Information
Enrich Encoding with Verbal Mnemonics
Enrich Encoding with Visual Mnemonics
Critical Thinking Application Understanding the Fallibility of Eyewitness Accounts	294	(2)
The Contribution of Hindsight Bias
The Contribution of Overconfidence
Strategies to Reduce Overconfidence
Recap	296	(1)
Practice Test	297	(1)
Language and Thought	298	(36)
Language: Turning Thoughts into Words	300	(10)
What Is Language?
The Structure of Language
Milestones in Language Development
Learning More Than One Language: Bilingualism
Can Animals Develop Language?
Language in Evolutionary Context
Theories of Language Acquisition
Culture, Language, and Thought
Problem Solving: In Search of Solutions	310	(8)
Types of Problems
Barriers to Effective Problem
Solving
Approaches to Problem Solving
Culture, Cognitive Style, and Problem Solving
Decision Making: Choices and Chances	318	(5)
Making Choices: Selecting an Alternative
Taking Chances: Factors Weighed in Risky Decisions
Heuristics in judging Probabilities
The Tendency to Ignore Base Rates
The Conjunction Fallacy
The Alternative Outcomes Effect
Featured Study Even Objective Probabilities Are Subjective	323	(3)
Evolutionary Analyses of Flaws in Human Decision Making Fast and Frugal Heuristics
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	326	(1)
Personal Application Understanding Pitfalls in Reasoning About Decisions	327	(3)
The Gambler's Fallacy
Overestimating the Improbable
Confirmation Bias
The Overconfidence Effect
The Effects of Framing
Critical Thinking Application Shaping Thought with Language: ``Only a Naive Moron Would Believe That''	330	(2)
Semantic Slanting
Name Calling
Recap	332	(1)
Practice Test	333	(1)
Intelligence and Phychological Testing	334	(40)
Key Concepts in Psychological Testing	336	(5)
Principal Types of Tests
Standardization and Norms
Reliability
Validity
The Evolution of Intelligence Testing	341	(2)
Galton's Studies of Hereditary Genius
Binet's Breakthrough
Terman and the Stanford-Binet
Wechsler's Innovations
Intelligence Testing Today
Basic Questions About Intelligence Testing	343	(6)
What Kinds of Questions Are on Intelligence Tests?
What Do Modern IQ Scores Mean?
Do Intelligence Tests Measure Potential or Knowledge?
Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Reliability?
Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Validity?
Do Intelligence Tests Predict Vocational Success?
Are IQ Tests Widely Used in Other Cultures?
Extremes of Intelligence	349	(3)
Mental Retardation
Giftedness
Heredity and Environment as Determinants of Intelligence	352	(7)
Evidence for Hereditary Influence
Evidence for Environmental Influence
The Interaction of Heredity and Environment
Cultural Differences in IQ Scores
Featured Study Racial Stereotypes and Test Performance	359	(2)
New Directions in the Assessment and Study of Intelligence	361	(4)
Exploring Biological Indexes and Correlates of Intelligence
Investigating Cognitive Processes in Intelligent Behavior
Expanding the Concept of Intelligence
Measuring Emotional Intelligence
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	365	(1)
Personal Application Understanding Creativity	366	(4)
The Nature of Creativity
Measuring Creativity
Correlates of Creativity
Critical Thinking Application The Intelligence Debate, Appeals to Ignorance, and Reification	370	(2)
Appeal to Ignorance
Reification
Recap	372	(1)
Practice Test	373	(1)
Motivation and Emotion	374	(42)
Motivational Theories and Concepts	376	(2)
Drive Theories
Incentive Theories
Evolutionary Theories
The Range and Diversity of Human Motives
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating	378	(7)
Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
Environmental Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity
Sexual Motivation and Behavior	385	(5)
Determinants of Sexual Desire
Evolutionary Analyses of Human Sexual Behavior
Featured Study Evolution, Culture, and Mating Priorities	390	(6)
The Mystery of Sexual Orientation
The Human Sexual Response
Achievement: In Search of Excellence	396	(2)
Individual Differences in the Need for Achievement
Situational Determinants of Achievement Behavior
The Elements of Emotional Experience	398	(7)
The Cognitive Component: Subjective Feelings
The Physiological Component: Diffuse and Multifaceted
The Behavioral Component: Nonverbal Expressiveness
Culture and the Elements of Emotion
Theories of Emotion	405	(2)
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter's Two-Factor Theor
Evolutionary Theories of Emotion
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	407	(1)
Personal Application Exploring the Ingredients of Happiness	408	(4)
How Happy Are People?
Factors That Do Not Predict Happiness
Moderately Good Predictors of Happiness
Strong Predictors of Happiness
Conclusions About Subjective Well-Being
Critical Thinking Application Analyzing Arguments: Making Sense out of Controversy	412	(2)
The Anatomy of an Argument
Common Fallacies
Evaluating the Strength of Arguments
Recap	414	(1)
Practice Test	415	(1)
Human Development Across the Life Span	416	(52)
Progress Before Birth: Prenatal Development	418	(5)
The Course of Prenatal Development
Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development
The Wondrous Years of Childhood	423	(15)
Exploring the World: Motor Development
Easy and Difficult Babies: Differences in Temperament
Early Emotional Development: Attachment
Becoming Unique: Personality Development
The Growth of Thought: Cognitive Development
Featured Study
Can Infants Do Arithmetic?	438	(4)
The Development of Moral Reasoning
The Transition of Adolescence	442	(5)
Physiological and Neural Changes
Time of Turmoil?
The Search for Identity
The Expanse of Adulthood	447	(7)
Personality Development
Transitions in Family Life
Aging and Physical Changes
Aging and Cognitive Changes
illustrated Overview of Human Development	454	(4)
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	458	(1)
Personal Application Understanding Gender Differences	459	(5)
How Do the Sexes Differ in Behavior?
Biological Origins of Gender Differences
Environmental Origins of Gender Differences Conclusion
Critical Thinking Application
Are Fathers Essential to Children's Well-Being?	464	(2)
The Basic Argument
Evaluating the Argument
Recap	466	(1)
Practice Test	467	(1)
Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment	468	(42)
The Nature of Personality	470	(2)
Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness
Personality Traits: Dispositions and Dimensions
The Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits
Psychodynamic Perspectives	472	(9)
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Jung's Analytical Psychology
Adler's Individual Psychology
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
Behavioral Perspectives	481	(2)
Skinner's Ideas Applied to Personality
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Featured Study Can Rooms Really Have Personality?	483	(4)
Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives
Humanistic Perspectives	487	(4)
Rogers's Person-Centered Theory
Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
Biological Perspectives	491	(3)
Eysenck's Theory
Behavioral Genetics and Personality
The Evolutionary Approach to Personality
Illustrated Overview of Major Theories of Personality	494	(3)
Evaluating Biological Perspectives
A Contemporary Empirical Approach: Terror Management Theory	497	(2)
Essentials of Terror Management Theory
Applications of Terror Management Theory
Culture and Personality	499	(2)
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	501	(1)
Personal Application Understanding Personality Assessment	502	(4)
Self-Report Inventories
Projective Tests
Critical Thinking Application Hindsight in Everyday Analyses of Personality	506	(2)
The Prevalence of Hindsight Bias
Hindsight and Personality
Other Implications of ``20/20 Hindsight''
Recap	508	(1)
Practice Test	509	(1)
Stress, Coping, and Health	510	(40)
The Nature of Stress	512	(5)
Stress as an Everyday Event
Appraisal: Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder
Major Types of Stress
Responding to Stress	517	(8)
Emotional Responses
Physiological Responses
Behavioral Responses
The Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning	525	(2)
Impaired Task Performance
Burnout
Psychological Problems and Disorders
Positive Effects
The Effects of Stress on Physical Health	527	(3)
Personality, Hostility, and Heart Disease
Emotional Reactions, Depression, and Heart Disease
Featured Study Is Depression a Risk Factor for Heart Disease?	530	(3)
Stress, Other Diseases, and Immune Functioning Sizing Up the Link Between Stress and Illness
Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress	533	(1)
Social Support
Optimism and Conscientiousness
Health-Impairing Behavior	534	(4)
Smoking
Poor Nutritional Habits
Lack of Exercise
Alcohol and Drug Use
Behavior and AIDS
How Does Health-Impairing Behavior Develop?
Reactions to Illness	538	(2)
Deciding to Seek Treatment
Communicating with Health Providers
Adhering to Medical Advice
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	540	(1)
Personal Application Improving Coping and Stress Management	541	(5)
Reappraisal: Ellis's Rational Thinking
Using Humor as a Stress Reducer
Releasing Pent-Up Emotions
Managing Hostility and Forgiving Others
Learning to Relax
Minimizing Physiological Vulnerability
Critical Thinking Application Thinking Rationally About Health Statistics and Decisions	546	(2)
Evaluating Statistics on Health Risks
Thinking Systematically About Health Decisions
Recap	548	(1)
Practice Test	549	(1)
Psychological Disorders	550	(44)
Abnormal Behavior: Myths, Realities, and Controversies	551	(6)
The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behavior
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior
Stereotypes of Psychological Disorders
Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders	557	(5)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Phobic Disorder
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
Somatoform Disorders	562	(2)
Somatization Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Hypochondriasis
Etiology of Somatoform Disorders
Dissociative Disorders	564	(2)
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Etiology of Dissociative Disorders
Mood Disorders	566	(5)
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Etiology of Mood Disorders
Featured Study Does Negative Thinking Cause Depression?	571	(2)
Schizophrenic Disorders	573	(7)
General Symptoms
Subtypes, Course, and Outcome
Etiology of Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders	580	(2)
Diagnostic Problems
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Illustrated Overview of Three Categories of Psychological Disorders	582	(2)
Psychological Disorders and the Law	584	(1)
Insanity
Involuntary Commitment
Culture and Pathology	585	(1)
Are Equivalent Disorders Found Around the World?
Are Symptom Patterns Culturally Invariant?
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	586	(1)
Personal Application Understanding Eating Disorders	587	(3)
Description
History and Prevalence
Etiology of Eating Disorders
Critical Thinking Application Working With Probabilities in Thinking About Mental Illness	590	(2)
Recap	592	(1)
Practice Test	593	(1)
Treatment of Psychological Disorders	594	(38)
The Elements of the Treatment Process	596	(3)
Treatments: How Many Types Are There?
Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?
Therapists: Who Provides Professional Treatment?
Insight Therapies	599	(7)
Psychoanalysis
Client-Centered Therapy
Group Therapy
How Effective Are Insight Therapies?
How Do Insight Therapies Work?
Behavior Therapies	606	(4)
Systematic Desensitization
Aversion Therapy
Social Skills Training
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
How Effective Are Behavior Therapies?
Biomedical Therapies	610	(5)
Treatment with Drugs
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Current Trends and Issues in Treatment	615	(1)
Grappling with the Constraints of Managed Care
Illustrated Overview of Five Major Approaches to Treatment	616	(3)
Blending Approaches to Treatment
Featured Study Combining Insight Therapy and Medication	619	(2)
Increasing Multicultural Sensitivity in Treatment
Institutional Treatment in Transition	621	(3)
Disenchantment with Mental Hospitals
Deinstitutionalization
Mental Illness, the Revolving Door, and Homelessness
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	624	(1)
Personal Application Looking for a Therapist	625	(3)
Where Do You Find Therapeutic Services?
Is the Therapist's Profession or Sex Important?
Is Treatment Always Expensive?
Is the Therapist's Theoretical Approach Important?
What Should You Look for in a Prospective Therapist?
What Is Therapy Like?
Critical Thinking Application From Crisis to Wellness--- But Was It the Therapy?	628	(2)
Recap	630	(1)
Practice Test	631	(1)
Social Behavior	632
Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Others	634	(3)
Effects of Physical Appearance
Cognitive Schemas
Stereotypes
Subjectivity in Person Perception
An Evolutionary Perspective on Bias in Person Perception
Attribution Processes: Explaining Behavior	637	(5)
Internal Versus External Attributions Attributions for Success and Failure Bias in Attribution Culture and Attributional Tendencies
Close Relationships: Liking and Loving	642	(7)
Key Factors in Attraction Perspectives on the Mystery of Love Culture and Close Relationships An Evolutionary Perspective on Attraction
Attitudes: Making Social Judgments	649	(7)
Components and Dimensions of Attitudes Attitudes and Behavior Trying to Change Attitudes: Factors in Persuasion Theories of Attitude Formation and Change
Conformity and Obedience: Yielding to Others	656	(2)
Conformity Obedience
Featured Study ``I Was Just Following Orders''	658	(4)
Cultural Variations in Conformity and Obedience The Power of the Situation: The Stanford Prison Simulation
Behavior in Groups: Joining with Others	662	(5)
Behavior Alone and in Groups: The Case of the Bystander Effect Group Productivity and Social Loafing Decision Making in Groups
Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes	667	(1)
Personal Application Understanding Prejudice	667	(5)
Stereotyping and Subjectivity in Person Perception Biases in Attribution Forming and Preserving Prejudicial Attitudes Competition Between Groups Dividing the World into Ingroups and Outgroups Threats to Social Identity
Critical Thinking Application Whom Can You Trust? Analyzing Credibility and Influence Tactics	672	(2)
Evaluating Credibility Recognizing Social Influence Strategies
Recap	674	(1)
Practice Test	675
Appendix A Answers to Concept Checks	1
Appendix B Statistical Methods	7
Appendix C Industrial/Organizational Psychology	15
Appendix D Careers in Psychology	30
Appendix E Critical Thinking About Internet Research Sources: What Students Need to Know	35
Glossary	1
References	1
Name Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1
Credits	1