Psychology and Work Today : An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology

by Schultz, Duane; Schultz, Sydney Ellen

• ISBN13: 9780130341310
• ISBN10: 0130341312
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Summary

An invaluable preparation guide for entering today's business and industrial world, this informative, sophisticated and entertaining book teaches about the nature of work in modern society and shows how industrial-organizational psychology directly influences readers' lives as job applicants, trainees, employees, managers, and consumers. The guide explains the principles, practices, and problems of industrial-organizational psychology, the development of human resources, organizational psychology, characteristics of the workplace, engineering psychology and consumer psychology. For anyone-- employees, managers and consumers-- involved in today's business and industrial worlds.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART ONE THE PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY	1	(56)
Principles, Practices, and Problems	3	(26)
Is Work a Four-Letter Word?	4	(2)
Industrial-Organizational Psychology on the Job	6	(1)
Industrial-Organizational Psychology in Everyday Life	7	(1)
What I-O Psychology Means to Your Employer	7	(1)
The Scope and Historical Development of I-O Psychology	8	(4)
Pioneers in Personnel Selection	9	(1)
World War I and the Testing Movement	10	(1)
The Hawthorne Studies and Motivational Issues	10	(1)
World War II and Engineering Psychology	11	(1)
Challenges for I-O Psychology	12	(2)
The Virtual Workplace	12	(1)
Virtual Employees	13	(1)
Worker Involvement	13	(1)
Newsbreak: Temporarily Yours	14	(3)
Changing Technology and Skills	15	(1)
Diversity Issues	16	(1)
I-O Psychology as a Career: Training and Employment	17	(1)
Newsbreak: But What Can You Do with a B.A. in Psychology?	18	(3)
Problems for I-O Psychologists	21	(2)
Fraudulent Practitioners	21	(1)
Credentials and Certification	21	(1)
Communication with Management	22	(1)
Resistance to New Ideas	22	(1)
Research Versus Application?	22	(1)
Areas of I-O Psychology	23	(6)
Techniques, Tools, and Tactics	29	(28)
Why Study Research Methods?	30	(2)
Requirements of Psychological Research	30	(1)
Limitations of Psychological Research	31	(1)
Methods of Psychological Research	32	(1)
The Experimental Method	33	(3)
Designing an Experiment	33	(1)
Selecting Research Participants	34	(1)
On the Job: Training Effects on Turnover and Productivity	34	(2)
The Naturalistic Observation Method	36	(2)
On the Job: Friendly Behaviors of Store Clerks	37	(1)
Surveys and Opinion Polls	38	(3)
Personal Interviews	40	(1)
Questionnaires	40	(1)
Newsbreak: ``Push Polls'' Can Win Elections	41	(2)
Telephone Surveys	42	(1)
Newsbreak: Call Me Unresponsive	43	(3)
Types of Questions	44	(1)
Sampling Methods	44	(1)
Noncompliant Employees	45	(1)
Virtual Laboratories: Web-Based Research	46	(1)
Methods of Data Analysis	47	(10)
Descriptive Statistics	47	(6)
Inferential Statistics	53	(4)
PART TWO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES	57	(132)
Employee Selection Principles and Techniques	59	(39)
Organizational Entry	61	(1)
Employee Preferences	61	(1)
The Recruitment Process	62	(5)
Sources for Recruiting	63	(2)
Recruiter Characteristics	65	(1)
Campus Recruiting	65	(1)
Realistic Job Previews	66	(1)
A Review of the Selection Process	67	(1)
Job and Worker Analyses	67	(1)
Recruitment Decisions	67	(1)
Selection Techniques	68	(1)
Fair Employment Practices	68	(3)
Adverse Impact on Minority Groups	69	(1)
Discriminatory Questions	69	(1)
Reverse Discrimination	70	(1)
Other Forms of Discrimination	70	(1)
Newsbreak: It's No Longer the Back of the Bus	71	(4)
Job Analysis	75	(3)
Biographical Information	78	(2)
Application Blanks	79	(1)
Newsbreak: How Not to Get Hired: Part I	80	(2)
Biographical Inventories	81	(1)
Interviews	82	(2)
First Impressions	82	(1)
Unstructured Interviews	83	(1)
Newsbreak: How Not to Get Hired: Part 2	84	(5)
Structured Interviews	85	(1)
Situational Interviews	86	(1)
Online Interviews	87	(1)
Influences on Interviewer Judgments	87	(2)
References and Letters of Recommendation	89	(1)
Newsbreak: A Deadly Recommendation	90	(1)
Assessment Centers	91	(7)
The In-Basket Technique	91	(1)
Leaderless Group Discussions	91	(1)
Predictive Validity of Assessment Centers	92	(1)
Employee Attitudes toward Assessment Centers	92	(6)
Psychological Testing	98	(28)
Principles of Psychological Testing	99	(5)
Standardization	99	(1)
Objectivity	100	(1)
Test Norms	100	(1)
Reliability	101	(1)
Validity	101	(2)
Validity Generalization	103	(1)
Fair Employment Practices	104	(1)
An Overview of a Testing Program	105	(2)
Newsbreak: Testing for Common Sense	107	(1)
Administering Psychological Tests	108	(2)
Individual and Group Tests	108	(1)
Computerized Adaptive Tests	108	(1)
Speed and Power Tests	109	(1)
Types of Psychological Tests	110	(2)
Cognitive Abilities	110	(2)
Newsbreak: Too Bright for the Job?	112	(8)
Interests	113	(1)
Aptitudes	114	(1)
Motor Skills	115	(1)
Personality	116	(4)
Integrity Tests	120	(1)
Limitations of Psychological Testing	120	(2)
Newsbreak: Store Sued Over Personality Test	122	(4)
Are Personality Tests Color-Blind?	123	(3)
Performance Appraisal	126	(33)
Fair Employment Practices	127	(1)
Performance Appraisal: Why Do It?	128	(2)
Opposition to Performance Appraisal	129	(1)
Newsbreak: Tough Graders Get Low Scores	130	(1)
Techniques of Performance Appraisal	131	(1)
Objective Performance Appraisal Methods	131	(4)
Output Measures	132	(1)
Computerized Performance Monitoring	133	(2)
Job-Related Personal Data	135	(1)
Newsbreak: Big Brother in a Black Box	135	(1)
Judgmental Performance Appraisal Methods	136	(8)
Written Narratives	137	(1)
Merit Rating Techniques	137	(6)
Management by Objectives (MBO)	143	(1)
Performance Appraisal For Managers	144	(2)
Evaluation Techniques	144	(2)
Newsbreak: Rating Your Boss: No Names, Please!	146	(1)
360-Degree Feedback	147	(1)
Bias in Performance Appraisal	147	(5)
The Halo Effect	147	(1)
Other Sources of Error	148	(4)
How to Improve Performance Appraisals	152	(1)
The Postappraisal Interview	153	(2)
Performance Appraisal: A Poor Rating?	155	(4)
Training and Development	159	(30)
The Scope of Organizational Training Programs	160	(1)
Newsbreak: Employees Who Can't Read Directions	161	(2)
Goals of Organizational Training Programs	163	(1)
Staffing for Organizational Training Programs	164	(1)
The Pretraining Environment	165	(2)
Pretraining Attributes of Employees	165	(2)
How People Learn: Psychological Factors	167	(3)
Training Methods	170	(8)
On-the-Job Training	170	(2)
Vestibule Training	172	(1)
Apprenticeship	172	(1)
Computer-Assisted Instruction	173	(1)
Net-Based Training	173	(1)
Behavior Modification	174	(1)
Job Rotation	175	(1)
Case Studies	175	(1)
Business Games	175	(1)
In-Basket Training	176	(1)
Role Playing	177	(1)
Self-Management Training	177	(1)
Behavior Modeling	177	(1)
Newsbreak: Virtual Training	178	(2)
Executive Coaching	179	(1)
Diversity Training	179	(1)
Career Development and Planning	180	(2)
Career Development and Life Stages	181	(1)
Career Self-Management	181	(1)
Newsbreak: It's Your Job: Make the Most of It!	182	(1)
Evaluating Organizational Training Programs	183	(6)
PART THREE ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY	189	(100)
Leadership	191	(32)
Newsbreak: A Bad Boss Can Ruin Your Day	193	(1)
Approaches to Leadership	194	(1)
Scientific Management	194	(1)
The Human Relations Approach	194	(1)
Theory X and Theory Y	195	(1)
Theories of Leadership	195	(5)
Contingency Theory	195	(1)
Cognitive Resource Theory	196	(1)
Path-Goal Theory	197	(1)
Normative Decision Theory	198	(1)
The Leader-Member Exchange	198	(2)
Styles of Leadership	200	(1)
Newsbreak: The Deputy Assistant to the Assistant Deputy	200	(3)
Authoritarian and Democratic Leaders	201	(1)
Transactional and Transformational Leaders	201	(2)
The Role of Power in Leadership	203	(1)
Types of Power	203	(1)
Effects and Uses of Power	203	(1)
The Role of Expectations: The Pygmalion Effect	204	(1)
The Functions of Leadership	205	(1)
The Consideration Dimension	205	(1)
Newsbreak: Management Always Wins: The Canoe Race	206	(1)
The Initiating Structure Dimension	207	(1)
Characteristics of Successful Leaders	207	(3)
First-Line Supervisors	207	(1)
Managers and Executives	208	(2)
Management Teams	210	(1)
Problems of Leadership	211	(2)
First-Line Supervisors	211	(1)
Managers and Executives	212	(1)
Newsbreak: Teaching the Boss	213	(1)
Women in Management	214	(3)
Newsbreak: Tips for Hiring Women: 1943 Version	217	(1)
Minority Employees in Management	218	(5)
Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Job Involvement	223	(34)
Content Theories of Motivation	225	(5)
Achievement Motivation Theory	225	(1)
Needs Hierarchy Theory	226	(1)
ERG Theory	227	(1)
Motivator-Hygiene (Two-Factor) Theory	228	(1)
Job-Characteristics Theory	229	(1)
Process Theories of Motivation	230	(1)
Newsbreak: Driven by the Work Ethic	231	(4)
Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE) Theory	232	(1)
Equity Theory	232	(1)
Goal-Setting Theory	233	(1)
The High Performance Cycle	234	(1)
Job Satisfaction: The Quality of Life at Work	235	(1)
Newsbreak: How Does Your Job Rate?	236	(9)
Measuring Job Satisfaction	238	(1)
Job Facet Satisfaction	239	(1)
Job Satisfaction Data	239	(1)
Impact of Personal Characteristics	240	(3)
Losing Your Job	243	(2)
Newsbreak: Grades Slipping? Maybe It's Not Your Fault	245	(1)
Job Satisfaction and On-The-Job Behavior	246	(3)
Newsbreak: Keep Good Employees from Quitting: Give Them BMWs!	249	(1)
Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Pay	250	(1)
Perceived Pay Equity	250	(1)
Merit Pay	250	(1)
Wage-Incentive Pay Systems	250	(1)
Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment	251	(6)
Personal Factors	251	(1)
Organizational Factors	252	(1)
Job Satisfaction	252	(1)
Types of Commitment	253	(4)
The Organization of the Organization	257	(32)
Bureaucracy: The Classic Organizational Style	258	(3)
Participatory Democracy: The Modern Organizational Style	261	(1)
Newsbreak: The Workers are Taking Over!	262	(1)
Quality-Of-Work-Life Programs	263	(6)
Why Programs Fail	266	(1)
Quality Control Circles	266	(1)
Self-Managing Work Groups	267	(2)
Virtual Self-Managing Work Groups	269	(1)
Newsbreak: Everybody Wanted to Go Home Early	269	(1)
Introducing Organizational Change	270	(2)
Organizational Development (OD)	271	(1)
Socialization of New Employees	272	(3)
Resocialization	274	(1)
Organizational Culture	275	(1)
Person-Organization Fit	275	(1)
Newsbreak: Gimme an Order of Fries-Sir!	276	(1)
Labor Unions	277	(2)
Union Grievances	278	(1)
Informal Groups: The Organization Within the Organization	279	(2)
The Hawthorne Studies	279	(1)
Social Loafing	279	(1)
Group Cohesiveness	280	(1)
Technological Change and Organizational Structure	281	(3)
Newsbreak: Beware of Big Brother	284	(5)
PART FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORKPLACE	289	(94)
Working Conditions	291	(29)
Physical Working Conditions	292	(4)
Work Sites	293	(1)
Child-Care and Dependent-Care Facilities	293	(1)
Office and Workplace Design	294	(1)
Environmental Psychology and Landscaped Offices	295	(1)
Newsbreak: Clothes Encounters	296	(6)
Illumination	297	(1)
Noise	298	(2)
Color	300	(1)
Music	301	(1)
Temperature and Humidity	301	(1)
Newsbreak: Wear Your Walkman to Work	302	(1)
Work Schedules	303	(6)
Working Hours	303	(2)
Permanent Part-Time Employment	305	(1)
The Four-Day Workweek	305	(1)
Flexible Work Schedules	306	(1)
Rest Pauses	307	(1)
Shift Work	308	(1)
Newsbreak: Asleep on the Job? Good for You!	309	(1)
Psychological and Social Issues	310	(10)
Job Simplification	311	(1)
Boredom and Monotony	312	(1)
Fatigue	312	(1)
Ethnic Harassment	313	(1)
Gender Harassment	314	(1)
Telecommuting: The Virtual Workplace at Home	315	(5)
Safety, Violence, and Health in the Workplace	320	(32)
Work-Related Health Problems	321	(1)
Newsbreak: The Sick Building Syndrome	322	(2)
Accident Statistics	324	(1)
Causes of Accidents	325	(5)
Workplace Factors	325	(4)
Personal Factors	329	(1)
Newsbreak: Look Out! The Driver Behind You May Be Asleep	330	(2)
Accident Prevention	332	(1)
Accident Reports	333	(1)
Newsbreak: Accidents and Adolescents	333	(4)
Workplace Design	334	(1)
Safety Training	334	(1)
Management Support	334	(2)
Safety Publicity Campaigns	336	(1)
Violence in the Workplace	337	(3)
Protecting Employees from Violence	339	(1)
Alcoholism in the Workplace	340	(3)
Effects on Job Performance	340	(2)
The Alcoholic Executive	342	(1)
Rehabilitation Programs	342	(1)
Drug Use in the Workplace	343	(4)
Effects on Job Performance	344	(1)
Drug Testing Programs	344	(3)
Computers and Physical Health Issues	347	(5)
Stress in the Workplace	352	(31)
Occupational Health Psychology	354	(1)
Physiological Effects of Stress	355	(2)
Job Satisfaction and Feelings of Control	356	(1)
Individual Differences in Stress Responses	357	(1)
Newsbreak: Perils of the Road Warrior	358	(6)
The Type A Personality	359	(2)
The Hardiness Factor	361	(1)
Self-Efficacy	361	(1)
Locus of Control	362	(1)
Self-Esteem	362	(1)
Negative Affectivity	362	(1)
Type of Occupation	362	(1)
Sex Differences	363	(1)
Work-Family Conflicts	364	(1)
Newsbreak: At Wendy's, Every Second Counts	364	(3)
Organizational Solutions for Work-Family Conflicts	365	(2)
Causes of Stress in the Workplace	367	(1)
Work Overload and Work Underload	367	(1)
Newsbreak: It Gets Worse After Work	368	(3)
Organizational Change	369	(1)
Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict	369	(1)
Other Stressors	370	(1)
Effects of Stress in the Workplace	371	(4)
Mass Psychogenic Illness	372	(1)
Burnout	373	(1)
Workaholism	374	(1)
Treating Stress in the Workplace	375	(2)
Organizational Techniques	375	(1)
Individual Techniques	376	(1)
Newsbreak: Take a Vacation! But Will It Work?	377	(6)
PART FIVE ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY	383	(38)
Engineering Psychology	385	(36)
History and Scope of Engineering Psychology	386	(2)
Time-and-Motion Study	388	(2)
Newsbreak: World's Greatest Woman Engineer	390	(2)
Person-Machine Systems	392	(4)
Allocating Functions	394	(2)
Workspace Design	396	(5)
Displays: Presenting Information	401	(5)
Visual Displays	401	(4)
Auditory Displays	405	(1)
Newsbreak: Let Jack Do It	406	(2)
Controls: Taking Action	408	(3)
Computers	411	(1)
Newsbreak: Don't Take Your Laptop to Lunch	412	(2)
Industrial Robots	414	(7)
PART SIX CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY	421	(40)
Consumer Psychology	423	(38)
The Scope of Consumer Psychology	424	(1)
Research Methods	424	(2)
Surveys and Public Opinion Polls	425	(1)
Focus Groups	425	(1)
Newsbreak: Are You a Minivan or an SUV?	426	(6)
Projective Techniques	427	(1)
Observations of Shopping Behavior	428	(1)
Brand Identification and Preference Research	429	(1)
Testing Reactions to Advertising	430	(2)
Television Programming Research	432	(1)
Newsbreak: Coupons Make a Lot of Cents	432	(2)
The Nature and Scope of Advertising	434	(14)
Types of Advertising Appeals	437	(3)
Trademarks	440	(2)
Product Image	442	(1)
Product Packaging	442	(1)
Sex in Advertisements	443	(1)
Women in Advertisements	444	(1)
Effectiveness of Advertising Campaigns	444	(3)
Advertising on the Web	447	(1)
Consumer Behavior and Motivation	448	(1)
Newsbreak: Here's a Tip for You	448	(6)
Buying Habits and Brand Loyalty	450	(1)
Product Pricing	450	(1)
Advertising to Ethnic Groups	451	(2)
Advertising to Children and Adolescents	453	(1)
Newsbreak: Should Psychologists Help Deceive Children?	454	(7)
Advertising to Older Persons	455	(1)
Advertising to the Gay Community	456	(1)
Advertising to Persons with Disabilities	456	(5)
References	461	(18)
Glossary	479	(10)
Photo Credits	489	(2)
Index	491