Public Administration An Action Orientation

by Denhardt, Robert B.

• ISBN13: 9780155058682
• ISBN10: 0155058681
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-07-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

As its title implies, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: AN ACTION ORIENTATION encourages students to take action and to become active participants in public administration. Robert Denhardt and Joseph Grubbs instruct readers on how to influence the operations of public agencies--helping them learn to affect positive changes, regardless of whether they are working outside the agency as citizens or within the agency as managers. With a strong emphasis on ethics, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION introduces the theories and scholarly literature of the field. In addition, it increases students' chances of being effective by developing such personal and interpersonal skills as personal management, communication, delegation, motivation, and decision making. This edition includes many new non-profit examples throughout--making it equally appropriate for courses in the management of profit or non-profit organizations.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Personal Action in Public Organizations	1	(33)
What Is Public Administration?	2	(15)
Values of Democracy	3	(2)
Contrasting Business and Public Administration	5	(1)
Ambiguity	6	(1)
Pluralistic Decision Making	6	(1)
Visibility	7	(1)
Thinking about Public Administration Today	7	(1)
Publicness	8	(1)
Why Study Public Administration?	9	(1)
Preparing for Administrative Positions	10	(2)
Combining Technical and Managerial Training	12	(1)
Interaction of Business and Government	13	(1)
Influencing Public Organizations	14	(1)
Making Things Happen	15	(2)
Issues in Public Administration Theory and Practice	17	(4)
Politics and Administration	18	(1)
Ensuring Accountability	18	(1)
Bureaucracy and Democracy	19	(1)
Efficiency versus Responsiveness	20	(1)
What Do Public Administrators Do?	21	(6)
An Inventory of Public Management Skills	22	(1)
Voices of Public Administrators	23	(4)
Summary and Action Implications	27	(1)
Terms and Definitions	28	(1)
Study Questions	28	(1)
Cases and Exercises	28	(3)
For Additional Reading	31	(1)
Appendix A: OPM Inventory of Management Skills	32	(2)
The Political Context of Public Administration	34	(45)
Administrative Organizations and Executive Leadership	35	(14)
Administrative Organizations	37	(1)
The Executive Office of the President	37	(2)
Cabinet-Level Executive Departments	39	(1)
Independent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions, and Public Corporations	40	(1)
Agencies Supporting the Legislature and the Judiciary	40	(1)
The State Level	41	(2)
The Local Level	43	(1)
Cities	43	(2)
Counties	45	(1)
Native American Tribes	45	(1)
Special Districts	46	(1)
Nonprofit Organizations and Associations	46	(3)
Relationships with the Legislative Body	49	(16)
The Policy Process	49	(1)
Agenda Setting	50	(1)
Policy Formulation	51	(1)
Policy Implementation	52	(1)
Types of Policy	53	(3)
Sources of Bureaucratic Power	56	(2)
Legislative Supervision: Structural Controls	58	(1)
Legislative Veto	59	(1)
Sunset Laws	60	(1)
Sunshine Laws	61	(1)
Legislative Supervision: Oversight	62	(2)
Legislative Supervision: Casework	64	(1)
Relationships with the Judiciary	65	(7)
Concerns for Due Process	70	(1)
The Courts and Agency Administration	70	(2)
Summary and Action Implications	72	(1)
Terms and Definitions	73	(1)
Study Questions	74	(1)
Cases and Exercises	75	(2)
For Additional Reading	77	(2)
The Interorganizational Context of Public Administration	79	(44)
The Development of Intergovernmental Relations	80	(16)
Dual Federalism	82	(1)
Cooperative Federalism	83	(1)
Picket-Fence Federalism	84	(3)
The Reagan and Bush Years	87	(1)
The Clinton Presidency	88	(2)
The Bush Administration	90	(3)
Judicial Influence	93	(3)
The State and Local Perspective	96	(10)
Funding Patterns	96	(2)
Preemptions and Mandates	98	(1)
Preemptions	98	(2)
Mandates	100	(2)
Subnational Relationships	102	(1)
State to State	102	(1)
State to Local	103	(2)
Local to Local	105	(1)
Working with Nongovernmental Organizations	106	(4)
Privatization and Contracting	107	(3)
The Management of Nonprofit Organizations	110	(7)
Operational Leadership	110	(2)
Resource Development	112	(1)
Financial Management	113	(1)
Board Governance	113	(2)
Board-Staff Relations	115	(1)
Advocacy	116	(1)
Summary and Action Implications	117	(1)
Terms and Definitions	118	(1)
Study Questions	119	(1)
Cases and Exercises	120	(1)
For Additional Reading	121	(2)
The Ethics of Public Service	123	(34)
Approaches to Ethical Deliberation	124	(6)
Reasoning, Development, and Action	126	(1)
Moral Philosophy	126	(1)
Moral Psychology	127	(2)
Moral Action	129	(1)
Issues of Administrative Responsibility	130	(7)
The Limits of Administrative Discretion	131	(3)
Avenues for Public Participation	134	(2)
The Ethics of Privatization	136	(1)
Ethical Problems for the Individual	137	(8)
Interacting with Elected Officials	137	(1)
Following Orders	138	(2)
Conflicts of Interest	140	(2)
Whistle Blowing	142	(2)
Prohibitions on Political Activities	144	(1)
Managing Ethics	145	(3)
Establishing an Ethical Climate	146	(2)
Summary and Action Implications	148	(1)
Terms and Definitions	149	(1)
Study Questions	150	(1)
Cases and Exercises	150	(3)
For Additional Reading	153	(1)
Appendix A: Code of Ethics of the American Society for Public Administration	154	(3)
Budgeting and Financial Management	157	(52)
The Budget as an Instrument of Fiscal Policy	158	(2)
The Budget as an Instrument of Public Policy	160	(8)
Where the Money Comes From	160	(1)
Individual Income Tax	161	(1)
Corporation Income Tax	162	(1)
Payroll Taxes	162	(1)
Sales and Excise Taxes	162	(1)
Property Taxes	163	(1)
Other Revenue Sources	163	(1)
Patterns of Government Revenues	163	(1)
Where the Money Goes	164	(1)
The Bush Tax Plan	165	(2)
State and Local Expenditures	167	(1)
The Budget as a Managerial Tool	168	(8)
Budget Formulation	169	(2)
Budget Approval	171	(2)
Budget Execution	173	(2)
Audit Phase	175	(1)
Approaches to Public Budgeting	176	(6)
The Line-Item Budget	177	(1)
The Performance Budget	178	(1)
Program Budgeting	179	(1)
Zero-Base Budgeting	180	(1)
Outcome-Based Budgeting	181	(1)
Budgetary Strategies and Political Games	182	(3)
Strategies for Program Development	183	(2)
Aspects of Financial Management	185	(6)
Capital Budgeting	186	(1)
Debt Management	187	(2)
Risk Management	189	(1)
Purchasing	190	(1)
Accounting and Computer-Based Information Systems	191	(3)
Government Accounting	191	(1)
Computer-Based Information Systems	192	(2)
Summary and Action Implications	194	(1)
Terms and Definitions	195	(2)
Study Questions	197	(1)
Cases and Exercises	197	(10)
For Additional Reading	207	(2)
The Management of Human Resources	209	(46)
Merit Systems in Public Employment	210	(9)
Spoils versus Merit	210	(4)
The Civil Service Reform Act and Its Aftermath	214	(3)
Reinvention and the National Performance Review	217	(2)
State and Local Personnel Systems	219	(1)
Hiring, Firing, and Things In-Between	220	(9)
Classification Systems	220	(1)
The Recruitment Process	221	(2)
Pay Systems	223	(2)
Conditions of Employment and Related Matters	225	(1)
Sexual Harassment	226	(1)
AIDS Policy	227	(1)
Workplace Violence	228	(1)
Removing Employees	228	(1)
The Changing Character of Labor-Management Relations	229	(7)
Steps in the Bargaining Process	232	(1)
To Strike or Not to Strike	233	(2)
Unions Redefined	235	(1)
Correcting Patterns of Discrimination in Public Employment	236	(8)
ADA	238	(1)
Questions of Compliance	238	(2)
Affirmative Action and Reverse Discrimination	240	(1)
The Glass Ceiling	241	(1)
The Debate over Comparable Worth	242	(2)
Political Appointee-Career Executive Relations	244	(3)
The Relationship between Political and Career Executives	246	(1)
Summary and Action Implications	247	(1)
Terms and Definitions	248	(1)
Study Questions	249	(1)
Cases and Exercises	249	(4)
For Additional Reading	253	(2)
Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation	255	(42)
Planning	256	(1)
Strategic Planning	256	(14)
Planning for Planning	257	(1)
Organizing for Planning	258	(1)
Steps in Planning	259	(1)
Mission or Objectives	259	(1)
Environmental Analysis	260	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses	260	(1)
Values of Organizational Leaders	260	(1)
Development of Alternative Strategies	260	(1)
The Logic of Policy Analysis	261	(1)
Problem Definition	262	(1)
Setting Objectives and Criteria	263	(1)
Developing Alternatives	264	(1)
Analyzing Various Policies	264	(1)
Ranking and Choice	265	(1)
Costs and Benefits	265	(2)
Other Quantitative Techniques	267	(3)
Implementation	270	(7)
Organizational Design	271	(2)
Systems Analysis	273	(2)
PERT/CPM	275	(1)
Reengineering	276	(1)
Evaluation	277	(8)
Performance Measurement	278	(7)
Program Evaluation	285	(4)
Evaluation Designs and Techniques	286	(1)
Qualitative Techniques	287	(1)
Quantitative Techniques	288	(1)
Summary and Action Implications	289	(1)
Terms and Definitions	289	(2)
Study Questions	291	(1)
Cases and Exercises	291	(4)
For Additional Reading	295	(2)
Managing Organizational Dynamics	297	(36)
Images of Organizing in the Public and Nonprofit Sectors	297	(1)
The Functions of Management	298	(2)
The Early Writers: A Concern for Structure	300	(4)
Recognizing Human Behavior	304	(3)
Two Classic Works	305	(2)
The Organization and Its Environment	307	(5)
Systems Theory	307	(2)
From Political Economy to Organization Development	309	(2)
Decision Making in Organizations	311	(1)
Organizational Culture, Organizational Learning, and Strategic Management	312	(11)
Total Quality Management	318	(1)
TQM Beginnings	319	(1)
Guidelines for Public Management	320	(3)
Postmodern Narratives on Management	323	(2)
Postmodernism	323	(1)
Issues of Gender and Power	324	(1)
Summary and Action Implications	325	(1)
Terms and Definitions	325	(1)
Study Questions	326	(1)
Cases and Exercises	326	(2)
For Additional Reading	328	(1)
Appendix A: Description of Total Quality Management (TQM)	329	(4)
The New Public Management, Reinvention, and the Reform of Public and Nonprofit Organizations	333	(33)
NPM, Reinvention, and Nonprofit Management Reform	334	(6)
The New Public Management	335	(1)
Reinventing Government	335	(2)
Nonprofit Management Reform	337	(2)
The Results of Reform	339	(1)
IT, the Internet, and Management Reform	340	(3)
Wired Organizations	341	(1)
ePublic Administration	342	(1)
The Human Side of Technological Innovation	343	(2)
Human Resources, Innovation, and Performance	345	(12)
Management by Objectives	345	(2)
Quality of Work-Life/Job Enrichment	347	(2)
Quality Circles and Related Ideas	349	(1)
Incentive Programs	350	(2)
Innovation	352	(2)
Recent Examples of Performance Management	354	(1)
GAO Cites Best Practices for Performance Management	354	(1)
Measuring Performance in the State of Arizona	355	(1)
Benchmarking and Performance Improvement in the City of Portland	356	(1)
Implementation Issues in Quality and Productivity	357	(4)
Steps to Productivity Improvement	357	(4)
Summary and Action Implications	361	(1)
Terms and Definitions	362	(1)
Study Questions	363	(1)
Cases and Exercises	363	(1)
For Additional Reading	364	(2)
Personal Skills in Public Management	366	(25)
The Manager's Day	367	(2)
Elements of Managerial Work	367	(1)
Distribution of Time among Work Elements	368	(1)
Managerial Interaction and Communication	368	(1)
Informal Aspects of Managerial Work	368	(1)
Themes of Managerial Work	369	(1)
Stress Management	369	(6)
Stress Signals and Responses	372	(1)
Type A/Type B Behaviors	372	(1)
Lifestyle Changes	372	(1)
Relaxation Techniques	373	(1)
Exercise	374	(1)
Stress and the Organization	374	(1)
Time Management	375	(1)
Creativity and Problem Solving	376	(3)
Models of Individual Decision Making	379	(3)
Power and Leadership	382	(4)
Summary and Action Implications	386	(1)
Terms and Definitions	386	(1)
Study Questions	386	(1)
Cases and Exercises	387	(2)
For Additional Reading	389	(1)
Appendix A: ``Lost on the Moon'' Exercise: Answers from NASA Experts	390	(1)
Interpersonal Skills and Group Dynamics	391	(35)
Communications	391	(6)
Listening	391	(1)
Have a Reason or Purpose	392	(1)
Suspend Judgment Initially	392	(1)
Resist Distractions	393	(1)
Wait before Responding	394	(1)
Rephrase What You Listen to in Your Own Words	394	(1)
Seek the Important Themes	394	(1)
Use the Thinking-Speaking Differential to Reflect and Find Meaning	394	(1)
Speaking	395	(1)
Writing	396	(1)
Delegation and Motivation	397	(7)
Motivation	399	(1)
Pay and Job Satisfaction	399	(1)
Reinforcement Theory	400	(2)
Goal Setting	402	(2)
Conflict, Bargaining, and Negotiation	404	(1)
Group Dynamics	405	(12)
Advantages of Group Decision Making	405	(2)
Disadvantages of Group Decision Making	407	(1)
Interpersonal Dynamics in Groups	408	(1)
Changing the Composition of the Group	409	(3)
Managing Groups in Action	412	(1)
Specialized Techniques for Group Decision Making	413	(1)
Participation in Group Decision Making	414	(3)
Organization Change and Development	417	(4)
Diagnosing the Need for Change	418	(1)
Strategies for Organizational Change	419	(2)
Summary and Action Implications	421	(1)
Terms and Definitions	421	(1)
Study Questions	422	(1)
Cases and Exercises	422	(2)
For Additional Reading	424	(2)
The Future of the Public Service	426	(18)
The New Public Service	426	(2)
Efforts to Support the Public Service	428	(3)
Trends in the Public Service	431	(10)
Economic Changes and Redefining Government	432	(2)
Globalization	434	(1)
Technology and the Work Environment	435	(3)
The Role of Citizens in the Governance Process	438	(1)
The Ethical Challenges Facing the Public Service	439	(2)
A Final Note	441	(1)
Study Questions	441	(1)
Cases and Exercises	441	(1)
For Additional Reading	442	(2)
References	444	(20)
Appendix	464	(4)
Journals	464	(2)
Organizations	466	(2)
Glossary	468	(7)
Index	475