Public Speaking: Strategies for Success

by Zarefsky, David

• ISBN13: 9780205307890
• ISBN10: 0205307892
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-06-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Table of Contents

To the Instructor	xiii
To the Student	xxi
Part 1 Foundations of Public Speaking	3	(86)
Welcome to Public Speaking	3	(34)
Why Study Public Speaking	4	(2)
Apply What You Learn
Develop Specific Communication Skills
Focus on Critical Thinking and Strategic Planning
Public Speaking and Communication	6	(2)
The Rhetorical Situation	8	(4)
Determinants of the Rhetorical Situation
Goals and Strategies for Your First Speech	12	(2)
A Clear Message
Establishing Positive Ethos
Strategies for Organizing Your Speech	14	(4)
The Introduction
The Body
The Conclusion
Beginning Assignments	18	(2)
The One-Point Speech
The Speech of Introduction
Practicing the Speech	20	(3)
Outlining Your Speech
Practicing Your Delivery
Strategies for Overcoming Speech Anxiety	23	(2)
The Quest for Quality	25	(2)
Purpose and Quality
Feedback and Quality
Ethics: Respect for Audience, Topic, and Occasion	27	(4)
Respect for Your Listeners
Respect for Your Topic
Responsibility for Your Statements
Concern for the Consequences of Your Speech
Summary	31	(6)
Choose a Strategy	20	(5)
Applying Strategies	25	(12)
Listening Critically	37	(26)
Are You Really Listening?	38	(5)
Why Listening Is Important
Why Listening Is Difficult
Strategies for Careful Listening	43	(5)
Mapping
Note Taking
Listening Critically	48	(5)
Critical Thinking
Applying Critical Thinking to the Speech Situation
Evaluating Speeches Critically	53	(5)
Evaluation Standards
Evaluating Classroom Speeches
Evaluating Speeches in the Field
Rhetorical Criticism
Summary	58	(5)
Applying Strategies	53	(10)
Analyzing Your Audience	63	(26)
Checking Audience Demographics	65	(2)
Size
Heterogeneity
Voluntary versus Captive Audience
Composition
Respecting Audience Culture	67	(7)
Self-Interest
Personal Interests
Beliefs and Values
Prior Understanding
Common Knowledge and Experience
Roles and Reference Groups
Cultural Diversity
Understanding Audience Psychology	74	(4)
Selective Exposure and Selective Attention
Perception
Strategies for Analyzing the Audience	78	(4)
Formal Methods
Informal Methods
Simplifying Devices
Critical Appraisal
Analyzing Your Own Ethos	82	(2)
Summary	84	(5)
Applying Strategies	68	(10)
Choose a Strategy	78	(11)
Part 2 Invention and Development of the Speech	89	(90)
Choosing a Topic and Developing a Strategy	89	(28)
Understanding the Rhetorical Situation	91	(4)
The Audience
The Occasion
The Speaker
The Speech
What Makes a Good Topic?	95	(2)
How to Choose a Good Topic	97	(3)
Conduct a Personal Inventory
Use Finding Aids
Narrow the Topic
Developing a Strategic Plan	100	(8)
Identifying the Purpose
Identifying the Constraints
Identifying the Opportunities
Selecting the Means
Developing the Purpose Statement and the Thesis Statement	108	(2)
The Purpose Statement
The Thesis Statement
Analyzing the Thesis Statement	110	(2)
Identifying the Issues
Why Identify the Issues?
Summary	112	(5)
Applying Strategies	100	(17)
Researching the Topic	117	(30)
Types of Supporting Material	118	(7)
Personal Experience
Common Knowledge
Direct Observation
Examples
Documents
Statistics
Testimony
Finding Supporting Material from People	125	(3)
Personal Experience
Interviews
Finding Supporting Material in Print	128	(5)
Books
Reference Works
Periodicals
Newspapers
Government Publications
Finding Supporting Material Electronically	133	(5)
Searching for Information on the Web
Avoiding Information Overload
Finding Useful Information
Evaluating Internet Evidence
A Strategy for Research	138	(3)
Note Taking and Filing	141	(2)
Summary	143	(4)
Choose a Strategy	125	(13)
Applying Strategies	138	(9)
Reasoning	147	(32)
Proof, Support, and Reasoning	148	(5)
Rhetorical Proof as Support
Proof and the Audience
Components of Proof
An Example of Rhetorical Proof
Using Rhetorical Proof in Your Speech
Strategies for Reasoning through Example	153	(4)
Types of Inference from Example
Tests for Inference from Example
Guidelines for Reasoning through Example
Strategies for Reasoning through Analogy	157	(3)
Types of Inference from Analogy
Tests for Inference through Analogy
Guidelines for Reasoning through Analogy
Strategies for Reasoning through Signs	160	(2)
Types of Inference from Signs
Tests for Inference from Signs
Guidelines for Reasoning through Signs
Strategies for Reasoning through Cause	162	(3)
Types of Inference from Cause
Tests for Inference from Cause
Guidelines for Reasoning through Cause
Strategies for Reasoning through Testimony	165	(4)
Types of Inference from Testimony
Tests for Inference from Testimony
Guidelines for Using Inferences from Testimony
Strategies for Reasoning through Narrative	169	(1)
Tests for Inference from Narrative
Avoiding Errors in Reasoning	170	(3)
Six General Tests of Inferences
Reasoning in Public Speaking	173	(1)
Summary	174	(5)
Applying Strategies	153	(26)
Part 3 Arrangement of the Speech	179	(74)
Organizing the Speech: The Body	179	(26)
Why Is Organization Important?	180	(1)
Selecting the Main Ideas	181	(5)
Identifying Your Main Ideas
Choosing among Main Ideas
Criteria for Selecting the Main Ideas
Characteristics of the Main Ideas
Arranging the Main Ideas	186	(9)
Factors Affecting Arrangement
Patterns for Arranging Main Ideas
Choosing the Organizational Pattern
Selecting and Arranging Supporting Materials	195	(4)
Selection of Supporting Materials
Arrangement of Supporting Materials
Summary	199	(6)
Applying Strategies	187	(7)
Choose a Strategy	194	(11)
Organizing the Speech: Introductions, Conclusions, and Transitions	205	(28)
Introductions: Beginning the Speech	206	(11)
The Purposes of an Introduction
An Example of an Introduction Types of Introductions
Strategies for Preparing an Introduction
Conclusions: Ending the Speech	217	(6)
The Purposes of a Conclusion
An Example of a Conclusion
Types of Conclusions Strategies for Preparing a Conclusion
Transitions: Connecting the Elements of a Speech	223	(6)
The Purposes of Transitions
Elements of Effective Transitions
Strategies for Preparing Transitions
Summary	229	(4)
Applying Strategies	224	(9)
Outlining the Speech	233	(20)
The Preparation Outline	234	(7)
What Does a Good Outline Look Like?
Constructing the Preparation Outline
Outlining Introductions and Conclusions
Outlining Transitions
Citing Supporting Materials in the Outline
The Presentation Outline	241	(3)
Guidelines for the Presentation Outline
Use of Note Cards
Reference to Supporting Materials
Use of Stage Directions
Using an Outline in Rehearsal
Sample Outlines	244	(5)
Summary	249	(4)
Applying Strategies	236	(17)
Part 4 Style and Delivery of the Speech	253	(82)
Achieving Style through Language	253	(28)
What Is Style?	254	(6)
Style in a Speech
Style and Language
Oral Style versus Written Style
Basic Requirements for Effective Style
Defining Terms Appropriately	260	(4)
Neutral Definitions
Denotation and Connotation in Definitions
Persuasive Definitions
Achieving Clarity, Rhythm, and Vividness	264	(8)
Clarity
Rhythm
Vividness
Style and the Entire Speech	272	(2)
Choosing the Right Level of Style
Finding the Right Pace and Proportion
Memorable Phrases
Congruence of Language and Delivery
Achieving Good Style	274	(2)
Erroneous Assumptions about Speeches
Suggestions for Developing and Improving Style
Summary	276	(5)
Applying Strategies	271	(10)
Presenting the Speech	281	(24)
Characteristics of Effective Presentation	282	(1)
The Voice in Presentation	283	(8)
Volume
Pitch
Rate
Pauses
Articulation and Enunciation
Pronunciation
The Body in Presentation	291	(5)
Physical Appearance
Movement
Gesture
Facial Expression
Modes of Presentation	296	(3)
Impromptu Presentation
Memorized Presentation
Manuscript Presentation
Extemporaneous Presentation
Practicing for Speech Presentation	299	(2)
The Presentation Outline
Mental Rehearsal
Oral Practice
Simulation
Summary	301	(4)
Applying Strategies	291	(14)
Using Visual Aids	305	(30)
Benefits of Using Visual Aids	306	(2)
Interest
Credibility
Comprehension and Retention
Types of Visual Aids	308	(10)
Charts
Graphs
Representations
Objects and Models
People
Choosing Materials for Visual Aids	318	(5)
Chalkboard
Flip Charts
Posterboard
Handouts
Transparencies
Slides
Videotape
Preparing Visual Aids	323	(2)
Storyboarding
Designing Visual Aids
Using Visual Aids in the Speech	325	(1)
Computer-Generated Visual Aids	326	(3)
Preparing Visual Aids on the Computer
Using Visual Aids on the Computer	329	(1)
Summary	330	(5)
Choose a Strategy	317	(5)
Applying Strategies	322	(13)
Part 5 Uses of Public Speaking	335	(74)
Informing	335	(20)
Matching Strategy to Purpose	336	(4)
Defining Your Specific Purpose
Informing Your Audience
Clarifying Your Informative Goal
Informative Strategies	340	(9)
Defining
Reporting
Describing
Explaining
Demonstrating
Comparing
Encouraging Retention	349	(2)
Summary	351	(4)
Choose a Strategy	342	(1)
Applying Strategies	343	(12)
Persuading	355	(30)
Comparing Informative and Persuasive Strategies	356	(2)
Asking for Commitment
Changing Degrees of Commitment
Plan Your Strategy	358	(1)
Determine Your Target Audience
Assess Your Audience's Motivation
Requirements for Effective Persuasive Speaking	359	(4)
Follow Appropriate Organizational Patterns
Establish Positive Ethos
Encourage Retention through Reinforcement
Use Sound Reasoning
Achieve Identification
Constraints on Effective Persuasive Speaking	363	(4)
Selective Listening
Disposing of the Message
Compartmentalization
The Boomerang Effect
The Problem-Solution Speech	367	(2)
Describe the Situation
Evaluate the Situation as a Problem
Propose a Solution
Argue for the Solution
Other Goals for Persuasive Speeches	369	(7)
Strengthening Convication
Conversion
Refutation
Organizing for Persuasion	376	(3)
The Motivated Sequence
Using the Motivated Sequence
Summary	379	(6)
Applying Strategies	377	(8)
Occasions for Public Speaking	385	(24)
Fitting Your Speech to the Occasion	386	(3)
Influence of the Occasion
The Concept of Decorum
Deliberative Speaking	389	(6)
The Nature of Deliberative Speaking
Oral Reports and Presentations
Group Presentations
Ceremonial Speaking	395	(3)
Reexperiencing a Common Past
Guidelines for Ceremonial Speaking
Ceremonial Speaking Occasions	398	(5)
Speeches of Greeting
Speeches of Tribute
Speeches Marking Awards
Speeches Combining Deliberative and Ceremonial Goals	403	(2)
Speeches Posing Challenges
Commencement Speeches
Summary	405	(4)
Applying Strategies	389	(20)
Appendix A: Beyond the Classroom: Speaking in the Public Forum	409	(10)
The Public Forum	410	(2)
Public Speaking and Democracy
Occasions for Speaking in Public	412	(6)
Public Hearings and Debates
Ceremonial Occasions
Speeches Marking Candidacy and Election
Summary	418	(1)
Appendix B: Speeches for Analysis and Discussion	419	(22)
Children of Divorced Families	420	(1)
T. J. Brinkerhoff
Tissue Engineering	421	(2)
Patricia Ann Campos
College Credit Card Crisis	423	(2)
Jeni Pruitt
Address to the National Women's Rights Convention, 1855	425	(2)
Lucy Stone
Second Inaugural Address, 1865	427	(1)
Abraham Lincoln
First Inaugural Address, 1933	428	(3)
Franklin D. Roosevelt
I Have a Dream, 1963	431	(2)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Eulogy for the Challenger Astronauts, 1986	433	(1)
Ronald Reagan
Address on AIDS: Republican National Convention, 1992	434	(2)
Mary Fisher
Nobel Prize Lecture, 1993	436	(5)
Toni Morrison
Name Index	441	(2)
Subject Index	443