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Richard T. Schaefer grew up in Chicago at a time when neighborhoods were going through transitions in ethnic and racial composition. He found himself increasingly intrigued by what was happening, how people were reacting, and how these changes were affecting neighborhoods and people’s jobs. In high school, he took a course in sociology. His interest in social issues caused him to gravitate to more sociology courses at Northwestern University, where he eventually received a B.A. in sociology.
“Originally as an undergraduate I thought I would go on to law school and become a lawyer. But after taking a few sociology courses, I found myself wanting to learn more about what sociologists studied and was fascinated by the kinds of questions they raised,” Dr. Schaefer says. “Perhaps the most fascinating and, to me, relevant to the 1960s was the intersection of race, gender, and social class.” This interest led him to obtain his M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago. Dr. Schaefer’s continuing interest in race relations led him to write his master’s thesis on the membership of the Ku Klux Klan and his doctoral thesis on racial prejudice and race relations in Great Britain.
Dr. Schaefer went on to become a professor of sociology. He has taught sociology and courses on multiculturalism for thirty years. He has been invited to give special presentations to students and faculty on racial and ethnic diversity in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, and Texas.
Dr. Schaefer is the author of Racial and Ethnic Groups , twelfth edition census update (Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011). Dr. Schaefer is the General Editorgeneral editor of the three-volume Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society (2008). He is also the author of the twelfth edition of Sociology (2010), the eighth edition of Sociology: A Brief Introduction (2009), and the fourth edition of Sociology Matters (2008). Schaefer co-authored with William Zellner the eighth edition of Extraordinary Groups (2008). His articles and book reviews have appeared in many journals, including American Journal of Sociology, Phylon: A Review of Race and Culture, Contemporary Sociology, Sociology and Social Research, Sociological Quarterly, and Teaching Sociology. He served as president of the Midwest Sociological Society from 1994 to 1995. In recognition of his achievements in undergraduate teaching, he was named Vincent de Paul Professor of Sociology in 2004.
In this Section:
1) Brief Table of Contents
2) Full Table of Contents
1) Brief Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Exploring Race and Ethnicity
Chapter 2: Prejudice
Chapter 3: Discrimination
Chapter 4: Immigration
Chapter 5: Ethnicity and Religion
Chapter 6: The Nation as a Kaleidoscope
2) Full Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity
What Is a Subordinate Group?
Types of Subordinate Groups
Racial Groups
Ethnic Groups
Religious Groups
Listen to Our Voices: Problem of the Color Line, W.E.B. Du Bois
Gender Groups
Other Subordinate Groups
Does Race Matter?
Biological Meaning
Social Construction of Race
Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I?
Research Focus: Measuring Multiracial Identity
Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity
Stratification by Class and Gender
Theoretical Perspectives
The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status
Migration
Annexation
Colonialism
The Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status
Extermination
Expulsion
Secession
Segregation
Fusion
Assimilation
The Pluralist Perspective
Matrix of Domination: Minority Women
Resistance and Change
Chapter 2 Prejudice
Prejudice and Discrimination
Merton’s Typology
LaPiere’s Study
White Privilege
Theories of Prejudice
Scapegoating Theory
Authoritarian Personality Theory
Exploitation Theory
Normative Approach
Stereotypes
What Are Stereotypes?
Power of Stereotypes
Listen to Our Voices: National Media Should Stop Using Obscene Words, Tim Giago
Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling
Color-Blind Racism
The Mood of the Oppressed
Intergroup Hostility
Reducing Prejudice
Education
Mass Media
Research Focus: How Real Is Reality Television?
Avoidance versus Friendship
Corporate Response: Diversity Training
Ways to Fight Hate
Chapter 3 Discrimination
Understanding Discrimination
Relative versus Absolute Deprivation
Total Discrimination
Hate Crimes
Institutional Discrimination
Research Focus: Discrimination in Job Seeking
Discrimination Today
Discrimination Hits the Wallet
Eliminating Discrimination
Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy
Environmental Justice
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action Explained
The Legal Debate
Listen to Our Voices: The Enduring Relevance of Affirmative Action by Randall Kennedy
Reverse Discrimination
The Glass Ceiling
Chapter 4 Immigration
Immigration: A Global Phenomenon
Patterns of Immigration to the United States
Today’s Foreign-Born Population
Early Immigration
The Anti-Chinese Movement
Restrictionist Sentiment Increases
The National Origin System
The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act
Contemporary Social Concerns
The Brain Drain
Population Growth
Mixed-Status Families
Language Barriers
Illegal Immigration
Path to Citizenship: Naturalization
The Economic Impact of Immigration
Listen to Our Voices: The Next Americans, Tomás Jiménez
Women and Immigration
The Global Economy and Immigration
The Environment and Immigration
Research Focus: Challenge to Pluralism: The Shark’s Fin
Refugees
Chapter 5 Ethnicity and Religion
Ethnic Diversity
Why Don’t We Study Whiteness?
Whiteness
The Rediscovery of Ethnicity
Blended Identity
Listen to Our Voices: Asian America Still Discovering Elusive Identity, by Jean Han
Research Focus: Self-Identifying as “Arab American”
The Third-Generation Principle
Symbolic Ethnicity
The German Americans
Settlement Patterns
Twentieth-Century German America
The Irish Americans
Irish Immigration
Becoming White
The Contemporary Picture
The Italian Americans
Early Immigration
Constructing Identity
The Contemporary Picture
The Polish Americans
Early Immigration
Polonia
The Contemporary Picture
Religious Pluralism
Diversity among Roman Catholics
Diversity among Protestants
Religion and the Courts
Chapter 6 The Nation as a Kaleidoscope
The Glass Half Empty
Is There a Model Minority?
Listen to Our Voices: From Kawasaki to Chicago, Miku Ishii
Acting White, Acting Black, or Neither
Persistence of Inequality
Talking Past One Another
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