Racial Politics in American Cities

by Browning, Rufus P.; Marshall, Dale Rogers; Tabb, David H.

• ISBN13: 9780321100351
• ISBN10: 0321100352
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-08-14
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This engaging, up-to-date collection of original essays focuses on the continuing struggle for minorities to gain political power in American cities. The essays included in this book were written specifically for this text by top urban scholars who have done extensive analysis of the development of urban policy in response to minority concerns. Each selection addresses a particular city's racially based electoral coalitions and leadership, as well as examining recent political changes, their impact, and future implications. Each essay also features the editors'successful "Political Incorporation Model" which provides a framework melding research on ethnic coalition with mobilization strategies and allows students to effectively compare one U.S. city to another.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
About the Authors	xv
Part I Problems and Possibilities	1	(48)
Introduction Can People of Color Achieve Equality in City Government? The Setting and the Issues	3	(1)
Rufus P. Browning
Dale Rogers Marshall
David H. Tabb
The Civil Rights Movement and Black Protest	3	(2)
The Struggle for Democracy in City Politics	5	(2)
The Cities	7	(3)
Race and Ethnicity	9	(1)
What Is Political Power in Cities?	10	(3)
Political Incorporation	11	(1)
What Did Blacks, Then Latinos and Asians, Want of City Governments?	11	(1)
What Forms Did the Struggle Take?	12	(1)
Urban Politics and Economic Power	13	(3)
How This Book Works	16	(1)
References	16	(1)
Mobilization, Incorporation, and Policy in 10 California Cities	17	(32)
Rufus P. Browning
Dale Rogers Marshall
David H. Tabb
Ten Cities in the 1960s	18	(4)
The Structure of the Situation---Resources of Population and Political Commitment	21	(1)
Patterns of Minority Mobilization	22	(7)
Demand-Protest	22	(1)
Electoral Mobilization	23	(3)
The Population Revolution	26	(2)
Latino and Asian Mobilization	28	(1)
Coalitions, Political Incorporation, and Responsiveness	29	(14)
Did Minority Incorporation Make Governments More Responsive?	31	(3)
From the Struggle to Overcome Exclusion to the Politics of Issue-Based Coalitions	34	(2)
The Bottom Line on Political Incorporation	36	(3)
City Government Employment	39	(3)
Civilian Police Review Boards	42	(1)
Political Economy	43	(2)
Present Problems and Emerging Threats	45	(1)
Conclusion	46	(1)
References	47	(2)
Part II Biracial Coalition	49	(64)
Post-Incorporation Politics in Los Angeles	51	(26)
Raphael J. Sonenshein
Background	52	(2)
The Rise of a Biracial Coalition	54	(2)
Did Minorities Benefit from the Biracial Coalition?	56	(4)
Representation	56	(1)
Affirmative Action in City Hiring	56	(1)
Federal Aid	57	(2)
Police Accountability	59	(1)
Economic Policy	59	(1)
The Decline and Fall of the Biracial Coalition	60	(3)
The Rise of a Conservative Coalition	63	(2)
Minority Incorporation in the Riordan Era	65	(3)
Secession, Latinos, and the 2001 Elections	68	(5)
Whither Minority Politics in Los Angeles?	73	(2)
References	75	(2)
Philadelphia's Evolving Biracial Coalition	77	(36)
Richard A. Keiser
Introduction	78	(1)
Incremental Construction of a Biracial Reform Coalition	79	(1)
The Short Ladder of Black Patronage	80	(1)
Protest Stimulus and Reform Response	81	(1)
Rizzo Unifies the Opposition: The Reform--Black Alliance of the 1970s	82	(1)
Electoral Mobilization and Formation of a Dominant Biracial Coalition	83	(4)
Electing the First Black Mayor	87	(1)
Who Got What? Evaluating Goode's Record	88	(6)
Latinos in Philadelphia	94	(1)
Goode's 1987 Re-election	95	(1)
Fault Lines After the First Black Mayor	96	(2)
Mayoral Primaries of 1999	98	(4)
The General Election of 1999	102	(4)
The Street Record	106	(3)
Conclusion	109	(1)
References	110	(3)
Part III Barriers to Coalitions	113	(86)
New York: Still the Great Anomaly	115	(28)
John Mollenkopf
New York as an Anomalous Case	117	(6)
Why New York Is an Anomaly: Machine Politics, the Decay of White Reform, Interethnic Competition, and Co-optation	123	(6)
How New York Elected a Black Mayor, and Why He Was Defeated	129	(3)
The Failure of Liberal Biracial Politics in 2001	132	(4)
Lessons for the Theory and Practice of Biracial Coalition Formation	136	(3)
References	139	(4)
Chicago Politics: Political Incorporation and Restoration	143	(24)
Dianne M. Pinderhughes
Introduction	144	(1)
Chicago's Racial and Ethnic Contenders	145	(4)
Electoral Representation	148	(1)
The Search for an Electoral and Governing Coalition	149	(4)
The Balance of Power: Demographics and Partisan Politics	149	(4)
The Washington Era	153	(5)
Mobilization and Government	153	(2)
Liberal Tendencies and African-American Political Incorporation	155	(3)
Mayor Richard M. Daley: Restoration of the Old Regime or Incorporation of a New One?	158	(4)
Citywide Politics	158	(3)
Ward-Level Politics	161	(1)
Conclusion	162	(1)
References	163	(4)
San Francisco: The Politics of Race, Land Use, and Ideology	167	(32)
Richard E. DeLeon
San Francisco as a Liberal Oasis and City of Refuge	169	(3)
San Francisco as a Majority-Minority City	172	(8)
Shifts and Trends in the City's Racial and Ethnic Diversity	173	(1)
San Francisco's Immigrants	174	(2)
Racial/Ethnic Group Differences and Disparities in Needs and Resources	176	(2)
Political Mobilization and Incorporation of Racial and Ethnic Minorities	178	(2)
Political Chemistry of Multiracial Coalition Building in San Francisco	180	(5)
Case 1: Racial/Ethnic Group Voting on Materialist Issues	182	(1)
Case 2: Racial/Ethnic Group Voting on a Postmaterialist Issue and a Materialist Issue	183	(2)
San Francisco's First Black Mayor: The Willie Brown Years	185	(5)
Running for Mayor: The 1995 Election	185	(1)
Charter Reforms Increase Mayoral Authority	186	(1)
Return of District Elections	186	(1)
``What Mayors Are Known For'': Mayor Brown's Land Use and Development Projects	187	(1)
Invasion of the Dot-Coms, Displacement Impacts, and Growth Control Wars, Round 2	188	(1)
Willie Brown Versus Tom Ammiano: The Voter Revolt of 1999	188	(2)
``A Perfect Political Storm'': The November 7, 2000, Election	190	(3)
The Dot-Com Invasion, Proposition L, Anti--Willie Brown, and District Elections	190	(1)
The Outcome: A New Progressive Supermajority and the Collapse of the Willie Brown Machine	191	(2)
Beyond Racial and Identity Politics: A New Urban Progressivism?	193	(2)
Appendix	195	(1)
Notes on the Roper Social Capital Benchmark Survey, 2000	195	(1)
Notes on Estimates of Voter Turnout Rate (% of the VAP) in the November 7, 2000, Election	195	(1)
Notes on Construction of the San Francisco Progressive Voting Index	195	(1)
References	196	(3)
Part IV Class and Leadership in the South	199	(80)
Is Strong Incorporation Enough? Black Empowerment and the Fate of Atlanta's Low-Income Blacks	201	(26)
Michael Leo Owens
Michael J. Rich
The Land of Milk and Honey: Population and Employment Growth in the Atlanta Region	203	(3)
Black Mobilization and Weak Incorporation, 1949--1969	206	(2)
Black Power and Strong Incorporation, 1974--Present	208	(8)
The Jackson Regime, 1973--1981	209	(2)
The Young Regime, 1981--1989	211	(1)
The Campbell Regime, 1993--2001	212	(1)
The Franklin Regime, 2001--Present	213	(3)
Government Responsiveness	216	(6)
City Government Employment	216	(2)
City Contracts	218	(2)
Federal Programs	220	(1)
Schools	221	(1)
Why the Black Poor Have Not Benefited from Black Power	222	(2)
Conclusion	224	(1)
References	224	(3)
The Evolution and Impact of Biracial Coalitions and Black Mayors in Birmingham and New Orleans	227	(28)
Huey L. Perry
Difference in Mayoral Style and Managing Conflict	232	(3)
The Impact of Black Political Incorporation on Governmental Actions and Policies	235	(9)
Police Treatment of Citizens	235	(3)
Municipal Employment	238	(2)
Executive Appointments	240	(2)
Minority Business Assistance	242	(2)
The Social and Economic Impact of Increased Allocation of Governmental Resources to African Americans	244	(1)
Biracial Coalitions in the 1990s	245	(2)
New Developments in Birmingham and New Orleans Politics	247	(3)
Summary and Conclusion	250	(2)
References	252	(3)
The Struggle for Black Empowerment in Baltimore	255	(24)
Marion Orr
Background and History	256	(15)
Machine Politics and the Black Community	258	(1)
Baltimore City Council, 1955--2000	259	(3)
Baltimore's Failure to Elect a Black Mayor	262	(1)
The Schaefer Years: 1971--1987	263	(1)
The Election of Kurt Schmoke	264	(4)
The 1999 Election of Martin O'Malley	268	(3)
Conclusion	271	(3)
References	274	(5)
Part V Latinos	279	(52)
Power Without a Program: Hispanic Incorporation in Miami	281	(28)
Chistopher L. Warren
Dario V. Moreno
The Political Geography of Metropolitan Miami	285	(6)
Ethnic Diversity and Neighborhood Settlement Patterns	285	(3)
Metro's Structure and Minority Group Representation	288	(3)
Changing Political Fortunes	291	(10)
An End to Non-Hispanic White Dominance in a Pervasive Political--Economic Context	292	(2)
Black Incorporation and the Limits of Structural Reform	294	(4)
The Political and Economic Dimensions of Hispanic Incorporation	298	(3)
Increasing System Complexity	301	(4)
Political Prospects	302	(3)
Conclusions	305	(1)
References	306	(3)
Latinos, Blacks, and Multiethnic Politics in Denver: Realigning Power and Influence in the Struggle for Equality	309	(22)
Rodney E. Hero
Susan E. Clarke
Upsetting the ``Steady-State'' in Multiethnic Politics in Denver	310	(1)
Background	310	(1)
Preconditions to Minority Mobilization	311	(3)
Growth Rates	311	(1)
Demand-Protest Activities	312	(1)
Population Size and Relative Inequalities	312	(2)
Governmental Structure and Political Constituencies	314	(1)
Minority Representation and Incorporation	314	(6)
Representation	314	(2)
Political Incorporation	316	(2)
Accounting for Relatively High Latino and Black Political Incorporation	318	(2)
Policy Responsiveness	320	(6)
City Government Employment	320	(1)
Contracts and Loans	321	(1)
Membership on City Boards and Commissions	322	(1)
Civilian Police Review Board	323	(1)
School Reform	324	(2)
Conclusion	326	(2)
References	328	(3)
Part VI Strategies and Prospects	331	(58)
The Prospects for Multiracial Coalitions: Lessons from America's Three Largest Cities	333	(24)
Raphael J. Sonenshein
A Theory of Coalition	334	(4)
New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago	338	(3)
Ideology	341	(2)
Interest	343	(4)
Leadership	347	(4)
Minority Incorporation and Multiracial Coalitions	351	(2)
Conclusions	353	(1)
References	354	(3)
Has Political Incorporation Been Achieved? Is It Enough?	357	(32)
Rufus P. Browning
Dale Rogers Marshall
David H. Tabb
Mobilization and Incorporation: Fundamentals	358	(2)
Weak and Strong Forms of Minority Incorporation	358	(1)
Interest Group and Electoral Strategies	359	(1)
The Importance of Coalitions	359	(1)
The Importance of Leadership	360	(1)
Group Size and Patterns of Mobilization	360	(1)
Barriers to Incorporation	361	(5)
Urban Machines	362	(1)
Fragmentation of Minority Groups	363	(1)
Issues, Interests, and the Loss of White Support	364	(2)
The Increasing Significance of Latinos and Asians in the New Urban Landscape	366	(3)
Latino and Asian Mobilization and Coalition Formation	366	(2)
Latino and Asian Incorporation	368	(1)
Black Political Incorporation: Is It in Decline?	369	(1)
Defeat or Evolution in a New Era?	370	(4)
Defeat and Its Consequences	370	(1)
Evolution and Complexity: Settings and Scenarios	371	(3)
Is Incorporation Enough?	374	(1)
Have Minority Regimes Been Responsive?	374	(3)
City Government Employment	375	(1)
Police--Community Relations	375	(1)
Development of Minority Businesses	376	(1)
Appointments to Boards and Commissions	376	(1)
Structural Limits and Institutional Capacity	377	(2)
What Should Be Done?	379	(1)
What Can Be Done?	380	(6)
Finding New Allies	380	(1)
Bargaining with Business	381	(1)
Expanding Advocacy	381	(1)
Self-Help	382	(1)
New Agendas and New Tasks for Leaders	383	(3)
References	386	(3)
Index	389