Radiography in Veterinary Technology

by Lavin

• ISBN13: 9780721692753
• ISBN10: 0721692753
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-09-13
• Publisher: Saunders

Summary

Written by a veterinary technician for veterinary technicians, the new edition of this bestselling resource offers complete, practical guidance on how to produce consistently superior radiographic images.

Table of Contents

Part 1 Radiographic Theory and Equipment
X-Ray Production	3	(6)
Definition of X-Rays	4	(1)
Physical Properties of X-Ray Electromagnetic Radiation	5	(1)
Generation of X-Rays	5	(1)
Discovery of X-Rays	6	(3)
Anatomy of the X-Ray Machine	9	(16)
The X-Ray Tube	10	(5)
X-Ray Production	11	(1)
Cathode	11	(1)
Anode	12	(2)
Focal Spot	14	(1)
Possible Areas of Tube Failure	15	(2)
Cathode Failure	15	(1)
Anode Bearing Failure	16	(1)
Anode Target Failure	16	(1)
Glass Envelope Damage	16	(1)
Tube Housing Anomalies	16	(1)
Technical Components of the X-Ray Machine	17	(8)
Electrical Components	17	(1)
X-Ray Tube Rating	18	(1)
Three-Phase Generator	19	(1)
High-Frequency Generators	19	(1)
The Collimator	19	(1)
The Tube Stand	20	(1)
The Control Panel	20	(5)
Radiation Safety	25	(12)
Hazards of Ionizing Radiation	26	(1)
Maximum Permissible Dose	27	(1)
Radiation Exposure Units	27	(1)
Patient Exposure	28	(1)
Personnel Monitoring Devices	28	(1)
Practical Application of Radiation Safety	29	(8)
Maintenance of Protective Apparel	33	(1)
Radiation Safety Rules---A Checklist	33	(2)
Additional Radiation Safety Rules for Fluoroscopy	35	(2)
Exposure Factors	37	(8)
Milliamperage and Time	38	(2)
Kilovoltage	40	(1)
Distance	40	(1)
How Radiography Works: A Review	41	(1)
How Radiography Works: A Different Look	41	(4)
Radiographic Quality	45	(16)
Radiographic Density	46	(1)
Factors Affecting Radiographic Density	47	(1)
Contrast	47	(3)
Radiographic Contrast	47	(2)
Subject Contrast	49	(1)
Exposure Factors	50	(1)
Milliamperage-Seconds	50	(1)
Kilovoltage	51	(1)
Scatter Radiation	51	(1)
Grid	52	(3)
Grid Focus	52	(1)
Grid Efficiency	53	(1)
Grid Factor	54	(1)
Grid Pattern	54	(1)
Focused versus Unfocused Grids	54	(1)
Pseudofocused Grid	55	(1)
Potter-Bucky Diaphragm	55	(1)
Care of Grids	55	(1)
Radiographic Detail and Definition	55	(6)
Geometric Unsharpness	56	(1)
Geometric Distortion and Magnification	56	(5)
Image Receptors	61	(14)
The Cassette	63	(1)
Cassette Care	64	(1)
Intensifying Screens	64	(7)
Screen Construction	64	(2)
Screen Speed	66	(1)
Screen Speed Ratings	67	(1)
Screen Speed Summary	68	(1)
Mounting Screens in the Cassette	68	(1)
Specialized Screens: Fluoroscopy	69	(1)
Screen Care	70	(1)
X-Ray Film	71	(2)
Film Composition	71	(1)
Latent Image	71	(1)
Film Types	71	(1)
Film Speed	72	(1)
Film Care	72	(1)
Film-Screen Systems	73	(2)
Film Processing	75	(16)
The Darkroom	76	(3)
Organization	77	(1)
Darkroom Lightproofing	78	(1)
Film-Processing Solutions	79	(2)
The Developer	79	(1)
The Rinse Bath	80	(1)
The Fixer	80	(1)
The Wash Bath	80	(1)
Wetting Agent	80	(1)
Solution Replenisher	80	(1)
Solution Replacement	81	(1)
Biologic Growth	81	(1)
Film-Processing Techniques	81	(5)
Manual-Processing Procedure	81	(3)
Automatic Processing	84	(2)
Silver Recovery	86	(1)
Metallic Replacement	86	(1)
Electrolytic Recovery	86	(1)
Chemical Precipitation	87	(1)
Film Identification	87	(2)
Lead Markers	87	(1)
Lead-Impregnated Tape	88	(1)
Photoimprinting Label System	88	(1)
Miscellaneous Markers	89	(1)
Other Identification Methods	89	(1)
Film Filing	89	(2)
Radiographic Technique Evaluation	91	(8)
Physics of Radiography: A Review	92	(1)
Density and Contrast: A Review	92	(1)
Viewing a Radiograph	93	(1)
Evaluation of Radiographic Technique	93	(1)
Question 1	93	(1)
Question 2	93	(1)
Penetration Evaluation of a Radiograph That Is Too Light	93	(1)
Penetration Evaluation of a Radiograph That Is Too Dark	94	(1)
Practical Applications	94	(3)
Other Error Considerations	97	(2)
Developing a Technique Chart	99	(8)
Suggested Charts	100	(1)
Technique Chart Formulation	100	(1)
Exposure Factors	101	(1)
Procedure Flowchart: Variable kVp Technique Chart	101	(2)
Trial Exposure: Example 1	102	(1)
Trial Exposure: Example 2	102	(1)
Other Formulation Methods	103	(1)
Modification Recommendations	104	(3)
Quality Assurance/Quality Control	107	(20)
Susan L. McClanahan
Quality Assurance/Quality Control in Veterinary Radiography	108	(19)
Equipment	108	(1)
Tracking Charts	109	(1)
Procedures	109	(11)
Darkroom Quality Control	120	(7)
Technical Artifacts and Errors: Case Studies	127	(20)
Part 2 Radiographic Positioning
General Principles of Positioning	147	(8)
Positional Terminology	148	(1)
Beam Direction	148	(1)
Patient Positioning: Basic Criteria	148	(4)
The Patient	150	(1)
Measurement	150	(1)
Required Views	150	(1)
Collimation	151	(1)
Positioning Guidelines	151	(1)
Patient Preparation	152	(1)
Restraint	152	(1)
Positioning Aids	152	(1)
Film Identification	152	(3)
Small Animal Forelimb	155	(20)
Scapula	156	(3)
Lateral View	156	(1)
Caudocranial View	157	(2)
Shoulder	159	(2)
Lateral View	159	(1)
Caudocranial View	160	(1)
Humerus	161	(3)
Lateral View	161	(1)
Caudocranial View	162	(1)
Craniocaudal View	163	(1)
Elbow	164	(3)
Craniocaudal View	164	(1)
Lateral View	165	(1)
Flexed Lateral View	166	(1)
Radius and Ulna	167	(2)
Lateral View	167	(1)
Craniocaudal View	168	(1)
Carpus	169	(2)
Lateral View	169	(1)
Dorsopalmar View	170	(1)
Metacarpus-Phalanges	171	(4)
Dorsopalmar View	171	(1)
Lateral View	172	(3)
Small Animal Pelvis and Hind Limb	175	(18)
Pelvis	176	(5)
Lateral View	176	(1)
Ventrodorsal View	176	(5)
Femur	181	(2)
Lateral View	181	(1)
Craniocaudal View	182	(1)
Stifle Joint	183	(3)
Caudocranial View	183	(1)
Lateral View	184	(1)
Skyline Projection of Patella (Sunrise View)	185	(1)
Tibia and Fibula	186	(2)
Lateral View	186	(1)
Caudocranial View	187	(1)
Tarsus	188	(2)
Lateral View	188	(1)
Plantarodorsal and Dorsoplantar Views	189	(1)
Metatarsus-Phalanges	190	(3)
Lateral View	190	(1)
Dorsoplantar and Plantarodorsal Views	191	(2)
Small Animal Skull	193	(16)
Skull	194	(3)
Introduction	194	(1)
Lateral View	194	(1)
Dorsoventral View	195	(1)
Ventrodorsal View	196	(1)
Frontal Sinuses	197	(1)
Rostrocaudal View	197	(1)
Cranium	198	(1)
Rostrocaudal View	198	(1)
Nasal Cavity	199	(1)
Ventrodorsal Open-Mouth View	199	(1)
Tympanic Bullae	200	(2)
Rostrocaudal Open-Mouth View	200	(1)
Lateral Oblique View	201	(1)
Temporomandibular Joint	202	(1)
Ventrodorsal Oblique View	202	(1)
Maxilla	203	(2)
Dorsoventral Intraoral View	203	(1)
Upper Dental Arcade	204	(1)
Mandible	205	(2)
Ventrodorsal Intraoral View	205	(1)
Lower Dental Arcade	206	(1)
Teeth	207	(2)
Lateral Intraoral View	207	(2)
Small Animal Spine	209	(16)
Cervical Spine	210	(4)
Ventrodorsal View	210	(1)
Extended Lateral View	210	(1)
Flexed Lateral View	210	(3)
Hyperextended Lateral View	213	(1)
Thoracic Spine	214	(2)
Ventrodorsal View	214	(1)
Lateral View	215	(1)
Thoracolumbar Spine	216	(2)
Ventrodorsal View	216	(1)
Lateral View	217	(1)
Lumbar Spine	218	(2)
Ventrodorsal View	218	(1)
Lateral View	219	(1)
Sacrum	220	(1)
Ventrodorsal View	220	(1)
Caudal Spine	221	(4)
Ventrodorsal View	221	(1)
Lateral View	222	(3)
Small Animal Soft Tissue	225	(10)
Pharynx	226	(1)
Lateral View	226	(1)
Thorax	227	(5)
Dorsoventral View	227	(1)
Ventrodorsal View	228	(1)
Lateral View	229	(1)
Lateral View with Horizontal Beam	230	(1)
Lateral Decubitus View (Ventrodorsal View with Horizontal Beam)	231	(1)
Abdomen	232	(3)
Ventrodorsal View	232	(1)
Lateral View	233	(2)
Special Procedures	235	(18)
Indications	237	(1)
Contrast Media	237	(1)
Iodine Preparations	237	(1)
Barium Preparations	238	(1)
Negative-Contrast Agents--Gases	238	(1)
Patient Preparation	238	(1)
Contrast Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract	238	(6)
Esophagography	239	(1)
Upper Gastrointestinal Study	240	(1)
Gastrography	241	(1)
Lower Gastrointestinal Study	241	(3)
Contrast Studies of the Urinary System	244	(5)
Excretory Urography	244	(1)
Cystography	244	(5)
Urethrography	249	(1)
Additional Techniques---A Brief Overview	249	(4)
Arthrography	249	(1)
Angiography and Angiocardiography	250	(1)
Cholecystography	250	(1)
Fistulography	250	(1)
Lymphography	250	(1)
Myelography	251	(1)
Pneumoperitoneography	251	(1)
Sialography	251	(1)
Vaginography	251	(2)
Large Animal Radiography	253	(40)
Special Considerations	254	(1)
Patient Restraint	254	(1)
Equipment	254	(1)
Patient Preparation	254	(1)
Radiation Safety	255	(1)
Positioning Devices	255	(1)
Distal Phalanx (Pedal Bone)	255	(4)
Lateral View	255	(2)
Dorsopalmar/Dorsoplantar View	257	(1)
Dorsopalmar/Dorsoplantar Oblique View	258	(1)
Navicular Bone	259	(2)
Dorsopalmar/Dorsoplantar Oblique View	259	(1)
Flexor View	260	(1)
Proximal Phalanges	261	(2)
Lateral View (Short and Long Pastern)	261	(1)
Dorsopalmar/Dorsoplantar View	262	(1)
Fetlock Joint	263	(4)
Dorsopalmar/Dorsoplantar View	263	(1)
Lateral View	264	(1)
Flexed Lateral View	265	(1)
Oblique Views (Lateral and Medial)	266	(1)
Metacarpus/Metatarsus	267	(8)
Dorsopalmar/Dorsoplantar View	267	(1)
Lateral View	268	(1)
Oblique Views (Lateral and Medial)	269	(1)
Carpus Joint	270	(1)
Dorsopalmar View	270	(1)
Lateral View	271	(1)
Flexed Lateral View	272	(1)
Oblique Views (Lateral and Medial)	273	(1)
Skyline View	274	(1)
Tarsus joint	275	(3)
Dorsoplantar View	275	(1)
Lateral View	276	(1)
Oblique Views (Lateral and Medial)	277	(1)
Elbow Joint	278	(2)
Craniocaudal View	279	(1)
Lateral View	279	(1)
Shoulder Joint	280	(1)
Lateral View	280	(1)
Stifle Joint	281	(2)
Caudocranial View	281	(1)
Lateral View	282	(1)
Pelvis	283	(1)
Ventrodorsal View	283	(1)
Skull	284	(4)
Lateral View	284	(1)
Guttural Pouch/Larynx/Pharynx	285	(1)
Dorsoventral View	286	(1)
Teeth (Mandibular and Maxillary	287	(1)
Cervical Spine	288	(1)
Lateral View	288	(1)
Additional Areas---A Brief Overview	289	(4)
Thorax	289	(1)
Abdomen	289	(1)
Thoracic Spine	289	(4)
Avian and Exotic Radiography	293	(20)
Special Considerations	294	(2)
Equipment	294	(1)
Exposure Factors	295	(1)
Patient Restraint	295	(1)
Avian Radiography	296	(4)
Whole-Body Ventrodorsal View	296	(1)
Whole-Body Lateral View	297	(1)
Wing---Caudocranial View	298	(1)
Gastrointestinal Contrast Study	299	(1)
Rodent Radiography	300	(1)
Rat	300	(1)
Whole-Body Lateral View	301	(1)
Reptile Radiography	302	(7)
Turtle	302	(3)
Lizard	305	(2)
Snake	307	(2)
Fish Radiography	309	(4)
Dorsoventral and Lateral Whole-Body View	309	(4)
Alternative Imaging Technologies	313	(18)
Patricia A. Walter
Ultrasonography	314	(10)
Technical Aspects	315	(1)
Clinical Applications	315	(9)
Computed Tomography	324	(2)
Technical Aspects	324	(1)
Clinical Applications	325	(1)
Nuclear Scintigraphy	326	(5)
Technical Aspects	326	(1)
Clinical Applications	327	(4)
Answers to Review Questions	331