Railway Engineering

by Chandra, Satish; Aqarwal

• ISBN13: 9780195687798
• ISBN10: 0195687795
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-03-01
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Railway Engineering has been specially designed for undergraduate students of civil engineering. From fundamental topics to modern technological developments,the book covers all aspects of the railways including various modernization plans covering tracks, locomotives, and rolling stock. Important statistical data about the Indian Railways and other useful information have also been incorporated to make the coverage comprehensive. A number of illustrative examples supplement text to aid easy understanding of design methods discussed. The book should also serve the need of students of polytechnics and those appearing of the AMIE examination and would also be a ready reference for railway professionals.

Author Biography

Satish Chandra is currently Professor, Civil Engineering Department, at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. A Ph D from IIT Roorkee, Dr. Chandra is involved in teaching, research, and consultancy in the area of highway materials and traffic-flow modelling. He has published over 100 research papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings and has guided several MTech and PhD students. He has many awards to his credit including The Institution of Engineers (India) award in 1996 and 2001, IRC award in 1999, and Khosla awards in 2001 & 2002 for his research papers. He has authored two books Engineering Graphics and Air Transportation: Planning and Design.
M.M. Agarwal retired as Chief Engineer, Northern Railway, after serving the Indian Railways for more then 30 years. Currently he is an honorary advisor to the Institution of Permanent Way Engineers (India), New Delhi. He has also served as a senior engineer in Zambian Railways for five years. He was the project manager for supervision of construction activities of a World Bank-aided project of national importance. Mr. Agarwal has authored several books. He is the recipient of the national award for his special work on track maintance and President's award for the best original book in Hindi for professionals.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. iii
History and General Features of Indian Railways	p. 1
Developments in Indian Railways	p. 1
Different Modes of Transport	p. 6
Organization of Indian Railways	p. 8
Indian Railway Finances and their Control	p. 13
Commission of Railway Safety	p. 13
Long-term Corporate Plan of Indian Railways	p. 14
Classification of Railway Lines in India	p. 16
General Features of Indian Railways	p. 18
Important Statistics of Indian Railways	p. 21
Undertakings Under Ministry of Railways	p. 25
Railway Track Gauge	p. 31
Gauges on World Railways	p. 31
Different Gauges on Indian Railways	p. 32
Choice of Gauge	p. 32
Problems Caused by Change of Gauge	p. 33
Uni-gauge Policy of Indian Railways	p. 35
Loading Gauge	p. 36
Construction Gauge	p. 37
Alignment of Railway Lines	p. 39
Importance of Good Alignment	p. 39
Basic Requirements of an Ideal Alignment	p. 39
Selection of a Good Alignment	p. 40
Mountain Railways	p. 45
Rack Railways	p. 45
Engineering Surveys and Construction of New Lines	p. 47
Need for Construction of a New Railway Line	p. 47
Preliminary Investigations for a New Railway Line	p. 48
Types of Surveys	p. 48
Traffic Survey	p. 48
Reconnaissance Survey	p. 49
Preliminary Survey	p. 51
Preliminary Engineering-cum-traffic Survey	p. 53
Final Location Survey	p. 53
Modern Surveying Techniques for Difficult Terrain	p. 56
Construction of New Lines	p. 57
Track and Track Stresses	p. 63
Requirements of a Good Track	p. 64
Maintenance of Permanent Way	p. 68
Track as an Elastic Structure	p. 69
Forces Acting on the Track	p. 70
Coning of Wheels	p. 78
Tilting of Rails	p. 79
Rails	p. 81
Function of Rails	p. 81
Types of Rails	p. 81
Requirements for an Ideal Rail Section	p. 82
Rail Manufacture	p. 86
Rail Wear	p. 92
Other Defects in Rails	p. 94
Rail Failure	p. 95
Rail Flaw Detection	p. 97
Sleepers	p. 106
Functions and Requirements of Sleepers	p. 106
Sleeper Density and Spacing of Sleepers	p. 107
Types of Sleepers	p. 108
Wooden Sleepers	p. 109
Steel Channel Sleepers	p. 115
Steel Trough Sleeper	p. 115
Cast Iron Sleepers	p. 117
Concrete Sleepers	p. 122
Ballast	p. 138
Functions of Ballast	p. 138
Types of Ballast	p. 138
Sizes of Ballast	p. 140
Requirements of a Good Ballast	p. 140
Design of Ballast Section	p. 141
Specifications for Track Ballast	p. 143
Collection and Transportation of Ballasts	p. 146
Methods of Measurement	p. 147
Laboratory Tests for Physical Properties of Ballast	p. 147
Assessment of Ballast Requirements	p. 149
Guidelines for Provision of Sub-ballast	p. 149
Subgrade and Formation	p. 152
Slopes of Formation	p. 153
Execution of Earthwork in Embankments and Cuttings	p. 154
Blanket and Blanketing Material	p. 156
Failure of Railway Embankment	p. 157
Site Investigations	p. 163
Rack Fittings and Fastenings	p. 166
Rail-to-Rail Fastenings	p. 167
Fittings for Wooden Sleepers	p. 170
Fittings of Steel Trough Sleepers	p. 173
Fittings of CI Sleepers	p. 177
Elastic Fastenings	p. 178
Other Fittings and Fastenings	p. 186
Testing of Fastenings	p. 189
Creep of Rails	p. 191
Theories for the Development of Creep	p. 191
Causes of Creep	p. 192
Effects of Creep	p. 193
Measurement of Creep	p. 194
Adjustment of Creep	p. 194
Creep Adjuster	p. 194
Portions of Track Susceptible to Creep	p. 195
Measures to Reduce Creep	p. 195
Geometric Design of Track	p. 197
Necessity for Geometric Design	p. 197
Details of Geometric Design of Track	p. 197
Gradients	p. 198
Grade Compensation on Curves	p. 200
Curves and Superelevation	p. 201
Circular Curves	p. 201
Superelevation	p. 210
Safe Speed on Curves	p. 217
Transition Curve	p. 226
Compound Curve	p. 232
Reverse Curve	p. 233
Extra Clearance on Curves	p. 234
Widening of Gauge on Curves	p. 237
Vertical Curves	p. 238
Realignment of Curves	p. 242
Cutting Rails on Curves	p. 249
Check Rails on Curves	p. 250
Points and Crossings	p. 254
Important Terms	p. 254
Switches	p. 256
Design of Tongue Rails	p. 258
Crossing	p. 259
Number and Angle of Crossing	p. 263
Reconditioning of Worn Out Crossings	p. 265
Turnouts	p. 266
Turnout with Curved Switches	p. 273
Layout of Turnout	p. 273
Trends in Turnout Design on Indian Railways	p. 274
Inspection and Maintenance of Points and Crossings	p. 275
Track Junctions and Simple Track Layouts	p. 279
Turnout of Similar Flexure	p. 279
Turnout of Contrary Flexure	p. 280
Symmetrical Split	p. 280
Three-throw Switch	p. 281
Double Turnout	p. 282
Crossover Between Two Parallel Tracks with an Intermediate Straight Length	p. 283
Diamond Crossing	p. 285
Scissors Crossover	p. 287
Gauntletted Track	p. 288
Gathering Line	p. 289
Triangle	p. 290
Double Junctions	p. 291
Rail Joints and Welding of Rails	p. 294
Ill Effects of a Rail Joint	p. 294
Requirements of an Ideal Rail Joint	p. 295
Types of Rail Joints	p. 295
Welding a Rail Joint	p. 298
Gas Pressure Welding	p. 298
Electric or Metal Arc Welding	p. 299
Flash Butt Welding	p. 299
Thermit Welding of Rails	p. 304
Recent Developments in Welding Techniques	p. 310
Modern Welded Railway Track	p. 313
Development of Welded Rails	p. 314
Theory of Long Welded Rails	p. 315
Prohibited Locations for LWR	p. 316
Track Structure for LWR	p. 317
Rail Temperature and its Measurement	p. 320
Maintenance of Long Welded Rails	p. 321
Switch Expansion Joint	p. 322
Buffer Rails	p. 323
Short Welded Rails	p. 323
Continuous Welded Rails	p. 324
Buckling of Track	p. 325
Track Maintenance	p. 329
Necessity and Advantages of Track Maintenance	p. 329
Essentials of Track Maintenance	p. 330
Measuring Equipment and Maintenance Tools for Tracks	p. 335
Maintenance of Rail Surface	p. 336
Deep Screening of Ballast	p. 339
Track Drainage	p. 340
Maintenance of Track in Track-circuited Lengths	p. 340
Organization Structure for Track Maintenance	p. 341
Protection of Track for Engineering Work	p. 347
Patrolling of Railway Tracks	p. 350
Track Tolerances	p. 350
Track Drainage	p. 353
Need for Proper Track Drainage	p. 353
Sources of Percolated Water in the Track	p. 354
Requirements of a Good Track Drainage System	p. 354
Practical Tips for Good Surface Drainage	p. 355
Track Drainage Systems	p. 355
Sub-surface Drainage	p. 358
Modern Methods of Track Maintenance	p. 360
Mechanized Methods of Track Maintenance	p. 361
Off-track Tampers	p. 362
On-track Tampers	p. 364
Future of Track Machines on Indian Railways	p. 366
Measured Shovel Packing	p. 368
Directed Track Maintenance	p. 380
Rehabilitation and Renewal of Track	p. 384
Classification of Track Renewal Works	p. 384
Criteria for Rail Renewals	p. 385
Through Sleeper Renewals	p. 388
Execution of Track Renewal or Track Re-laying Work	p. 389
Mechanized Re-laying	p. 391
Track Renewal Trains	p. 393
Requirement of Track Material	p. 395
Railway Accidents and Disaster Management	p. 397
Train Accidents	p. 397
Classification of Railways Accidents	p. 398
Derailment and its Causes	p. 401
Restoration of Traffic	p. 403
Flood Causeway	p. 405
Safety Measures on Indian Railways	p. 406
Disaster Management	p. 406
Level Crossings	p. 411
Classification of Level Crossings	p. 411
Dimensions of Level Crossings	p. 413
Accidents at Level Crossings and Remedial Measures	p. 413
Maintenance of Level Crossings	p. 414
Inspection of Level Crossings by PWI and AEN	p. 415
Locomotives and Other Rolling Stock	p. 417
Types of Traction	p. 417
Nomenclature of Steam Locomotives	p. 418
Classification of Locomotives	p. 418
Preventive Maintenance of Locomotives	p. 425
Rolling Stock	p. 427
Brake Systems	p. 428
Maintenance of Coaches and Wagons	p. 430
Design Features of Modern Coaching and Goods Stock	p. 433
Train Resistance and Tractive Power	p. 436
Resistance Due to Friction	p. 436
Resistance Due to Wave Action	p. 436
Resistance Due to Wind	p. 437
Resistance Due to Gradient	p. 438
Resistance Due to Curvature	p. 439
Resistance Due to Starting and Accelerating	p. 441
Tractive Effort of a Locomotive	p. 441
Hauling Power of a Locomotive	p. 447
Railway Stations and Yards	p. 451
Purpose of a Railway Station	p. 451
Selection of Site for a Railway Station	p. 451
Facilities Required at Railway Stations	p. 452
Requirements of a Passenger Station Yard	p. 452
Classification of Railway Stations	p. 453
Station Platforms	p. 463
Main Building Areas for Different Types of Stations	p. 465
Types of Yards	p. 466
Catch Sidings and Ship Sidings	p. 472
Equipment at Railway Stations	p. 474
Platforms	p. 474
Foot Over Bridges and Subways	p. 475
Cranes	p. 475
Weigh Bridge	p. 475
Loading Gauge	p. 475
End Loading Ramps	p. 476
Locomotive Sheds	p. 476
Ashpits	p. 479
Water Columns	p. 480
Turntable	p. 481
Triangles	p. 482
Traverser	p. 482
Carriage Washing Platforms	p. 483
Buffer Stop	p. 483
Scotch Block, Derailing Switch, and Sand Hump	p. 484
Fouling Mark	p. 485
Construction of New Railway Lines and Track Linking	p. 487
Construction of New Lines	p. 487
Requirement of Track Material for BG Track	p. 492
Doubling of Railway Lines	p. 492
Gauge Conversion	p. 493
Suburban Railways in Metro Cities	p. 498
Urban Transport	p. 499
The Delhi Ring Railways	p. 505
Mass Rapid Transit System in Delhi	p. 506
Kolkata Metro	p. 515
Mumbai Suburban System	p. 517
Chennai Suburban System	p. 518
Railway Tunnelling	p. 520
Necessity/Advantages of a Tunnel	p. 520
Tunnel Alignment and Gradient	p. 521
Size and Shape of a Tunnel	p. 521
Methods of Tunnelling	p. 522
Ventilation of Tunnels	p. 530
Lighting of Tunnels	p. 532
Drainage of Tunnels	p. 532
Shaft of Tunnels	p. 532
Lining of Tunnels	p. 533
Maintenance of Railway Tunnels	p. 534
Safety in Tunnel Construction	p. 535
Signalling and Interlocking	p. 537
Objectives of Signalling	p. 537
Classification of Signals	p. 538
Fixed Signals	p. 540
Stop Signals	p. 549
Signalling Systems	p. 551
Mechanical Signalling System	p. 552
Electrical Signalling System	p. 561
Systems for Controlling Train Movement	p. 563
Interlocking	p. 567
Modern Signalling Installations	p. 574
Modernization of Railways and High Speed Trains	p. 579
Modernization of Railways	p. 579
Effect of High-speed Track	p. 580
Vehicle Performance on Track	p. 581
High-speed Ground Transportation System	p. 581
Ballastless Track	p. 582
Index	p. 586
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