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CONTENTS
Preface
SECTION 1CRITICAL READING AND ANALYSIS
Chapter 1WRITERS AND THEIR SOURCES
- Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument
- Responding to Sources
- Abraham Lincoln, “The Gettysburg Address”
- The Response to Content
- The Analytic Response
- The Evaluation Response
- The Research Response
- Deborah Tannen, “Who Does the Talking Here?”
- Writing Summaries
- Guidelines for Writing Summaries
- Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
- Guidelines for Active Reading
- Susan Cain, “The Rise of the New Groupthink”
- Using Paraphrase
- Acknowledging Sources Informally
- Referring to People and Sources
- Joel Achenbach, “The Future Is Now: It’s Heading Right at Us, But We Never See It Coming”
- Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide for Form and Style
- Reasons for Using Quotation Marks
- A Brief Guide to Quoting
- For Reading and Analysis
- Alex Knapp, “Five Leadership Lessons from James. T. Kirk”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 2 RESPONDING CRITICALLY TO SOURCES
- Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker
- Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source
- Who Is the Author?
- What Type—or Genre—of Source Is It?
- What Kind of Audience Does the Author Anticipate?
- What Is the Author’s Primary Purpose?
- What Are the Author’s Sources of Information?
- Analyzing the Style of a Source
- Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
- Tone
- Level of Diction
- Sentence Structure
- Metaphors
- Organization and Examples
- Repetition
- Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
- Quotation Marks, Italics, and Capital Letters
- Dave Barry, “In a Battle of Wits with Kitchen Appliances, I'm Toast”
- Writing about Style
- Understanding Your Purpose and Audience
- Planning the Essay
- Drafting the Style Analysis
- A Checklist for Revision
- Ellen Goodman, “In Praise of a Snail’s Pace”
- Student Essay: James Goode, “A Convincing Style”
- Analyzing Two or More Sources
- Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay
- Arthur Bright, “Algerian Hostage Crisis Heightens as Scores Are Reported Dead”
- Jamie Dettmer, “Hostages Reportedly Dead in Algerian Oil Field Siege”
- For Reading and Analysis
- Firoozeh Dumas, "The F Word"
- Alexandra Petri, “Love to Read, Kids? Your Time Is Almost Up”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
SECTION 2THE WORLD OF ARGUMENT
Chapter 3UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF ARGUMENT
STATISTICS IN ARGUMENT
- Characteristics of Argument
- Argument Is Conversation with a Goal
- Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
- Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
- Argument Incorporates Values
- Argument Recognizes a Topic’s Complexity
- The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle
- Ethos (About the Writer/Speaker)
- Logos (About the Logic of the Argument)
- Pathos (About Appeals to the Audience)
- Karios (About the Occasion or Situation)
- The Language of Argument
- Facts
- Inferences
- Judgments
- Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, “Your Brain Lies to You”
- The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin
- Claims
- Grounds (or Data or Evidence)
- Warrants
- Backing
- Qualifiers
- Rebuttals
- Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
- Jeffrey Mateer and Erin Leu, “Cheering Free Speech”
- William Saletan, “How Can We Ban Insults against Jews but Not Muslims?”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 4WRITING EFFECTIVE ARGUMENTS
- Know Your Audience
- Who Is My Audience?
- What Will My Audience Know about My Topic?
- Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
- How Should I Speak to My Audience?
- Understand Your Writing Purpose
- What Type (Genre) of Argument Am I Preparing?
- What Is My Goal?
- Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me?
- Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
- Selecting a Topic
- Drafting a Claim
- Listing Possible Grounds
- Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
- Planning the Approach
- Draft Your Argument
- Guidelines for Drafting
- Revise Your Draft
- Rewriting
- Editing
- A Few Words about Words and Tone
- Proofreading
- A Checklist for Revision
- For Analysis and Debate
- Darius Rejali, “Five Myths about Torture and Truth”
- M. Gregg Bloche, “Torture Is Wrong—But It Might Work”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 5READING, ANALYZING, AND USING VISUALS AND
- Responding to Visual Arguments
- Guidelines for Reading Photographs
- Guidelines for Reading Political Cartoons
- Guidelines for Reading Advertisements
- Reading Graphics
- Understanding How Graphics Differ
- Guidelines for Reading Graphics
- The Use of Authority and Statistics
- Judging Authorities
- Understanding and Evaluating Sources
- Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics
- Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics
- Writing the Investigative Argument
- Gathering and Analyzing Evidence
- Planning and Drafting the Essay
- Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument
- Analyzing Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument
- Preparing Graphics for Your Essay
- A Checklist for Revision
- Student Essay: Garrett Berger, “Buying Time”
- For Reading and Analysis
- Joe Navarro, “Every Body’s Talking”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 6LEARNING MORE ABOUT ARGUMENT: INDUCTION,
DEDUCTION, ANALOGY, AND LOGICAL
FALLACIES
- Induction
- Deduction
- “The Declaration of Independence”
- Analogy
- Logical Fallacies
- Causes of Illogic
- Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
- Fallacies That Result from Avoiding the Real Issue
- Christian Brahmstedt, “Help Those Who Help, Not Hurt, Themselves”
- For Reading and Analysis
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Declaration of Sentiments”
- Neil de Grasse Tyson, "Things People Say"
SECTION 3STUDYING SOME ARGUMENTS BY GENRE
Chapter 7DEFINITION ARGUMENTS
- Defining as Part of an Argument
- When Defining Is the Argument
- Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition
- Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments
- Preparing a Definition Argument
- A Checklist for Revision
- Student Essay: Laura Mullins, “Paragon or Parasite?”
- For Analysis and Debate
- Robin Givhan, “Glamour, That Certain Something”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 8EVALUATION ARGUMENTS
- Characteristics of Evaluation Arguments
- Types of Evaluation Arguments
- Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument
- Preparing an Evaluation Argument
- A Checklist for Revision
- Student Review: Ian Habel, “Winchester’s Alchemy: Two
- Men and a Book”
- Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay
- Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation or Rebuttal Argument
- Steven Pinker, “Mind Over Mass Media”
- For Analysis and Debate
- Thomas Sowell, “Christmas-Tree Totalitarians”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 9THE POSITION PAPER: CLAIMS OF VALUE
- Characteristics of the Position Paper
- Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value
- Preparing a Position Paper
- A Checklist for Revision
- Student Essay: Chris Brown, “Examining the Issue of Gun Control”
- David Pogue, “To Track My Thief”
- Gregory M. Kennedy SJ, “Trash Talk: Reflections on Our Throwaway Society”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 10ARGUMENTS ABOUT CAUSE
- Characteristics of Causal Arguments
- An Example of Causal Complexity: Lincoln’s Election and the Start of the Civil War
- Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
- Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
- Preparing a Causal Argument
- A Checklist for Revision
- For Analysis and Debate
- Emily Matchar, “Why Your Office Needs More Bratty Millennials”
- Caroline Simard, “ ‘Daring to Discuss Women in Science’: A Response to John Tierney”
Chapter 11PRESENTING PROPOSALS: THE PROBLEM/SOLUTION
- Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
- Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
- Priya Natarajan, “Want More Scientists? Turn Grade Schools into Laboratories”
- Preparing a Problem/Solution Argument
- A Checklist for Revision
- For Analysis and Debate
- Peter Edelman, “Poverty in America: Why Can’t We End It”
- Jonathan Swift, "A Modest Proposal"
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 12LOCATING, EVALUATING, AND PREPARING TO USE SOURCES
- Selecting a Good Topic
- What Type of Paper Am I Preparing?
- Who Is My Audience?
- How Can I Select a Good Topic?
- What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
- Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
- Preparing a Working Bibliography
- Basic Form for Books
- Basic Form for Articles
- Locating Sources
- The Book Catalog
- The Reference Collection
- Electronic Databases
- Guidelines for Using Online Databases
- The Internet
- Guidelines for Searching the Web
- Field Research
- Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
- Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
- Correspondence
- Interviews
- Lectures
- Films, DVDs, Television
- Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
- Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
- Guidelines for Evaluating Sources
- Preparing an Annotated Bibliography
Chapter 13WRITING THE RESEARCHED ESSAY
- Guidelines for Studying Sources
- Avoiding Plagiarism
- What Is Common Knowledge?
- Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Confusion
- Guidelines for Appropriately Using Sources
- Organizing the Paper
- Drafting the Essay
- Plan Your Time
- Handle In-Text Documentation as You Draft
- Choose an Appropriate Writing Style
- Write Effective Beginnings
- Avoid Ineffective Openings
- Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
- Write Effective Conclusions
- Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
- Choose an Effective Title
- Revising the Paper: A Checklist
- Rewriting
- Editing
- Proofreading
- The Completed Paper
- Sample Student Essay in MLA Style: David Donaldson, “Tell Us What You Really Are: The Debate over Labeling Genetically Modified Food”
Chapter 14FORMAL DOCUMENTATION: MLA STYLE, APA STYLE
- Guidelines for Using Parenthetical Documentation
- The Simplest Patterns of Parenthetical Documentation
- Placement of Parenthetical Documentation
- Parenthetical Citations of Complex Sources
- Preparing MLA Citations for a Works Cited List
- Forms for Books: Citing the Complete Book
- Forms for Books: Citing Part of a Book
- Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Journals and Magazines Accessed in Print
- Forms for Periodicals: Articles in Newspapers Accessed in Print
- Forms for Web Sources
- Forms for Other Print and Nonprint Sources
- Author/Year or APA Style
- APA Style: In-Text Citations
- APA Style: Preparing a List of References
- Form for Books
- Form for Articles
- Form for Electronic Sources
- Sample Student Essay in APA Style: Carissa Ervine, “The Relationship Between Depression and Marital Status”
SECTION 5A COLLECTION OF READINGS
Chapter 15THE MEDIA: IMAGE AND REALITY
- Derrick Speight, “Of Losers and Moles: You Think Reality TV Just Writes Itself?”
- Ann Hornaday, “Zero Dark Thirty and the New Reality of Reported Filmmaking”
- Katherine Ellison, “What’s Up, Doc? A Bloody Outrage, That's What"
- Student Essay: Sienna Walker, “Big Pun’s Prophesy”
- Frank Luntz, “Words We Remember”
Chapter 16 THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA: THEIR IMPACT ON OUR LIVES
- Peggy Orenstein, “I Tweet, Therefore I Am”
- Susan B. Crawford, “The New Digital Divide”
- Daniel M. Wegner, “Do Not Fear the Cybermind”
- Eugeny Morozov, “The Death of the Cyberflâneur”
- Lori B. Andrews, “Facebook Is Using You”
Chapter 17 MARRIAGE AND GENDER ISSUES: THE DEBATES CONTINUE
- Michael Kinsley, “Abolish Marriage”
- Andrew Sullivan, “My Big Fat Straight Wedding”
- Stephanie Coontz, “The Myth of Male Decline”
- Meg Jay, “The Downside of Living Together”
- Kathleen Parker, “Un-hitching the Middle Class”
- Gloria Steinem, “Supremacy Crimes”
Chapter 18 SPORTS TALK—SPORTS BATTLES
- John Feinstein, “The Lesson of Penn State”
- Donald Yee, "Show Them the Money"
- Sally Jenkins, “Rather Than Pay Athletes, Show Them Respect”
- Ruth Marcus, "Privilege Unchecked in the U-Va. Case?"
- Megan Greenwell, “Where Have All the Good Coaches Gone?”
- Jonathan Vaughters, “How To Get Doping Out of Sports”
- Branden Allenby, “After Armstrong’s Fall, the Case for Performance Enhancement”
Chapter 19 EDUCATION IN AMERICA: PROBLEMS AT ALL LEVELS
- Richard Kalenberg, "5 Myths about Who Gets into College"
- Naomi Schaefer Riley, “What’s a College Education Really Worth? Not Enough”
- Derek Thompson, “What’s More Expensive Than College? Not Going to College”
- Danielle Allen, “Helping Students Find Their Place in the World”
- Howard Gardner, “Why Kids Cheat at Harvard”
- George Will, “The Closed American Mind”
Chapter 20 THE ENVIRONMENT: HOW DO WE SUSTAIN IT?
- Michael Novacek, “The Sixth Extinction: It Happened to Him. It’s Happening to You.”
- Daniel T. Willingham, “Trust Me, I’m a Scientist”
- James R. Lee, “Global Warming Is Just the Tip of the Iceberg”
- Art Carden, “On Climate Change, Government Is Not the Answer”
- Kristen Sheeran and Mindy Lubber, “The Cost of Climate Inaction”
Chapter 21 LAWS AND RIGHTS: GUN CONTROL AND IMMIGRATIONDEBATES
- Katha Pollitt, “Gun Control? Dream On”
- Petula Dvorak, “We Can’t Afford the True Cost of Gun Crime”
- Jay Dickey and Mark Rosenberg, “ ‘Senseless’ Is Not Studying Gun Violence”
- Amy Chua, “Immigrate, Assimilate”
- Roberto Suro, “Legal, Illegal”
- Patricia B. Strait, “When Societies Collide: Part Three: Finding the Best Fit Immigration Model”
Chapter 22 AMERICA: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
- Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address”
- Zainab Chaudary, “Your Most Powerful Currency: Your Vote”
- Thomas L. Friedman, “Do You Want the Good News First?”
- Fareed Zakaria, “The Emerging America”
- Colbert I. King, “We Still Aren’t Good Enough”
- Kwame Anthony Appiah, “How the Future Will Judge Us”
- Barack H. Obama, “We Made Ourselves Anew, and Vowed to Move Forward Together”
APPENDIX: UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE
- Getting the Facts: Active Reading, Summary, and Paraphrase
- Paul Lawrence Dunbar, "Promise"
- Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour"
- Summary of "The Story of an Hour"
- William Shakespeare, "Sonnet 116"
- Paraphrase of "Sonnet 116"
- Seeing Connection: Analysis
- Analysis of Narrative Structure
- Analysis of Character
- Analysis of Elements of Style and Tone
- Drawing Conclusions: Interpretation
- Writing about Literature
- Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress"
- Christopher Marlowe, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"
- Sir Walter Raleigh, "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"
- A.E. Housman, "Is My Team Ploughing"
- Amy Lowell, "Taxi"
- Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"
- Susan Glaspell, "Trifles"
- Sample Student Literary Analysis: Alan Peterson “Faulkner’s Realistic Initiation Theme”
- Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
