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CONTENTS
New to the 12th Edition
Features of Read, Reason, Write
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About the Authors
From the Authors
SECTION 1 CRITICAL READING AND ANALYSIS
Chapter 1 Writers and Their Sources
Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of Argument
Responding to Sources
Abraham Lincoln, “The Gettysburg Address”
The Response to Content
The Analytic Response
The Evaluation Response
The Research Response
Deborah Tannen, “Who Does the Talking Here?”
Writing Summaries
Guidelines for Writing Summaries
Active Reading: Use Your Mind!
Guidelines for Active Reading
Ruth Whippman, “Actually, Let’s Not Be in the Moment”
Using Paraphrase
Acknowledging Sources Informally
Referring to People and Sources
Joel Achenbach, “The Future Is Now: It’s Heading Right At Us, But We Never
See It Coming”
Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide to Form and Style
Reasons for Using Quotation Marks
A Brief Guide to Quoting
For Reading and Analysis
Alex Knapp, “Five Leadership Lessons from James T. Kirk”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 2 Responding Critically to Sources
Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker
Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source
Who Is the Author?
What Type—or Genre—of Source Is It?
What Kind of Audience Does the Author Anticipate?
What is the Author’s Primary Purpose?
What Are the Author’s Sources of Information?
Analyzing the Style of a Source
Denotative and Connotative Word Choice
Tone
Level of Diction
Sentence Structure
Metaphors
Organization and Examples
Repetition
Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony
Quotation Marks, Italics, and Capital Letters
Alexandra Petri, “Nasty Women Have Much Work to Do”
Writing about Style
Understanding Purpose and Audience
Planning the Essay
Drafting the Style Analysis
A Checklist for Revision
Ellen Goodman, “In Praise of a Snail’s Pace”
Student Essay: James, Goode, “A Convincing Style”
Analyzing Two or More Sources
Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay
For Reading and Analysis
Adam Grant, “Why I Taught Myself to Procrastinate”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
SECTION 2 THE WORLD OF ARGUMENT
Chapter 3 Understanding the Basics of Argument
Characteristics of Argument
Argument Is Conversation with a Goal
Argument Takes a Stand on an Arguable Issue
Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence
Argument Incorporates Values
Argument Recognizes the Topic’s Complexity
The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle
Ethos (about the Writer/Speaker)
Logos (about the Logic of the Argument)
Pathos (about Appeals to the Audience)
Kairos (about the Occasion or Situation)
The Language of Argument
Facts
Inferences
Judgments
Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, “Your Brain Lies to You”
The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin
Claims
Grounds (or Data or Evidence)
Warrants
Backing
Qualifiers
Rebuttals
Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments
Erin Brodwin, “The Secret to Efficient Teamwork Is Ridiculously Simple”
For Analysis and Debate
Christina Paxson, “A Safe Space for Freedom of Expression”
Geoffrey R. Stone, “Free Speech on Campus”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 4 Writing Effective Arguments
Know Your Audience
Who Is My Audience?
What Will My Audience Know about My Topic?
Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue?
How Should I Speak to My Audience?
Understanding Your Writing Purpose
What Type (Genre) of Argument Am I Preparing?
What Is My Goal?
Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me?
Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support
Selecting a Topic
Drafting a Claim
Listing Possible Grounds
Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective
Planning Your Approach
Draft Your Argument
Guidelines for Drafting
Revise Your Draft
Rewriting
Editing
A Few Words about Words and Tone
Proofreading
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Darius Rejali, “Five Myths about Torture and Truth”
- Gregg Bloche, “Torture Is Wrong—But It Might Work”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 5 Reading, Analyzing, and Using Visuals and Statistics in Argument
Responding to Visual Arguments
Visual Rhetoric and Visual Literacy
Guidelines for Reading Photographs
Guidelines for Reading Political Cartoons
Guidelines for Reading Advertisements
Reading Graphics
Understanding How Graphics Differ
Guidelines for Reading Graphics
The Uses of Authority and Statistics
Judging Authorities
Understanding and Evaluating Statistics
Guidelines for Evaluating Statistics
Writing the Investigative Argument
Gathering and Analyzing Evidence
Planning and Drafting the Essay
Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument
Analyzing Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument
Preparing Graphic for Your Essay
A Checklist for Revision
Student Essay: Garrett Berger, “Buying Time”
For Reading and Analysis
Joe Navarro “Every Body’s Talking”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 6 Learning More about Argument: Induction, Deduction, Analogy, and Logical Fallacies
Induction
Deduction
“The Declaration of Independence”
Analogy
Logical Fallacies
Causes of Illogic
Fallacies That Result from Oversimplifying
Fallacies That Result from Avoiding the Real Issue
For Reading and Analysis
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Declaration of Sentiments”
Peter Wehner,”In Defense of Politics, now More Than Ever Before”
SECTION 3 STUDYING SOME ARGUMENTS BY GENRE
Chapter 7 Definition Arguments
Defining as Part of an Argument
When Defining Is the Argument
Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition
Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments
Preparing a Definition Argument
A Checklist for Revision
Student Essay: Laura Mullins, “Paragon or Parasite?”
For Analysis and Debate
Robin Givhan, “Glamour, That Certain Something”
Nicholas Haslam,”Crossing the Aegean Is Traumatic; Having a Bad Hair Day Isn’t.”
Chapter 8 Evaluation Arguments
Characteristics of Evaluation Arguments
Types of Evaluation Arguments
Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument
Preparing an Evaluation Argument
A Checklist for Revision
Student Review: Ian Habel, “Winchester’s Alchemy: Two Men and a Book”
Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay
Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation or Rebuttal Argument
Douglas Holtz-Eakin, “Globalization Shouldn’t Be a Dirty Word”
For Analysis and Debate
Thomas Sowell, “Christmas-Tree Totalitarians”
Chapter 9 The Position Paper: Claims of Values
Characteristics of the Position Paper
Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value
Preparing a Position Paper
A Checklist for Revision
Student Essay: Chris Brown, “Examining the Issue of Gun Control”
For Analysis and Debate
Zainab Chaudry, “Ending Intolerance Toward Minority Communities: Hate Attacks on Sikh Americans”
Kate Wise Whitehead, “A Never Ending War”
Haider Javed Warraich, “On Assisted Suicide, Going Beyond ‘Do No Harm’”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 10 Arguments about Cause
Characteristics of Causal Arguments
An Example of Causal Complexity: Lincoln’s Election and the Start of the
Civil War
Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes
Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments
Preparing a Causal Argument
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Caroline Simard, “’Daring to Discuss Women in Science’: A Response to
John Tierney”
David A. Strauss, “A New Wave of Equality”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
Chapter 11 Presenting Proposals: The Problem/Solution Arguments
Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments
Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments
Priya Natarajan, “Want More Scientists? Turn Grade Schools into Laboratories”
Preparing a Problem/Solution Argument
A Checklist for Revision
For Analysis and Debate
Braden Allenby, “After Armstrong’s Fall, the Case for Performance Enhancement”
Gretchen Carlson, “My Fight Against Sexual Harassment”
Jonathan Swift, “A Modest Proposal”
Suggestions for Discussion and Writing
SECTION 4 THE RESEARCHED AND FORMALLY DOCUMENTED ARGUMENT
Chapter 12 Locating, Evaluating, and Preparing to Use Sources
Selecting a Good Topic
What Type of Paper Am I Preparing?
Who Is My Audience?
How Can I Select a Good Topic?
What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid?
Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal
Preparing a Working Bibliography
Basic Form for Books
Basic Form for Articles
Locating Sources
The Book Catalog
The Reference Collection
Electronic Databases
Guidelines for Using Online Databases
The Internet
Guidelines for Searching the Web
Field Research
Federal, State, and Local Government Documents
Correspondence
Interviews
Films, DVDs, Television
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Original Research
Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility
Guidelines for Evaluating Sources
Preparing an Annotated Bibliography
Student Annotated Bibliography: David Donaldson, “Tell Us What You
Really Are: The Debate over Labeling Genetically Modified Food”
Chapter 13 Writing the Researched Essay
Guideline for Studying Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism
What is Common Knowledge?
Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Confusion
Guidelines for Appropriately Using Sources
Organizing the Paper
Drafting the Essay
Plan Your Time
Handle In-Text Documentation as You Draft
Choose an Appropriate Writing Style
Write Effective Beginnings
Avoid Ineffective Openings
Compose Solid, Unified Paragraphs
Write Effective Conclusions
Avoid Ineffective Conclusions
Choose an Effective Title
Revising the Paper: A Checklist
Rewriting
Editing
Proofreading
The Completed Paper
Sample Student Essay in MLA Style: David Donaldson, “Tell Us What You Really Are: The Debate over Labeling Genetically Modified Food”
Chapter 14 Formal Documentation: MLA Style, APA Style
Guidelines for Using Parenthetical Documentation
The Simplest Patterns of Parenthetical Documentation
Placement of Parenthetical Documentation
Parenthetical Citations of Complex Sources
Preparing MLA Citations for a Works Cited List
Forms for Books: Citing the Complete Book
Forms for Books: Citing Part of a Book
Forms for Periodicals: Articles from Magazines, Journals and Newspapers
Forms for Digital Sources
Forms for Other Print and Nonprint Sources
Author/Year or APA Style
APA Style: In-Text Citations
APA Style: Preparing a List of References
Form for Books
Form for Articles
Form for Electronic Sources
Sample Student Essay in APA Style: Carissa Ervine, “The Relationship Between
Depression and Marital Status”
SECTION 5 A COLLECTION OF READINGS
Chapter 15 The Media: Image and Reality
Mark Edmundson, “Off to See the Wizard”
Student Essay: Sienna Walker, “Big Pun’s Prophesy”
Stuart Elliott, “Coca-Cola—Taste the Change”
Tim Wu, “Mother Nature Is Being Brought to You By . . .”
Sanford J. Ungar, “Bannon’s Right. The Media Is the ‘Opposition’”
Heather C. McGhee, “’I’m Prejudiced,’ He Said. Then We Kept Talking.”
Chapter 16 The Internet and Social Media: Their Impact on Our Lives
Steven Pinker, “Mind over Mass Media”
Susan B. Crawford, “The New Digital Divide”
Fareed Zakaria, “Bile, Venom, and Lies: How I Was Trolled on the Internet”
Liza Tucker, “The Right to Bury the (Online) Past”
Caitlin Gibson, “Clever Is Forever”
George Yancy, “I Am a Dangerous Man”
Chapter 17 Marriage and Gender Issues: The Debates Continue
Chapter 18 American Education: Ongoing Issues and Concerns
Chapter 19 The Environment: How Do We Sustain It?
Chapter 20 Laws and Rights: Gun Control and Immigration Debates
Chapter 21 America: Past, Present, Future
Appendix Understanding Literature
