The Reluctant Welfare State American Social Welfare Policies: Past, Present, and Future (with InfoTrac)

by Jansson, Bruce S.

• ISBN13: 9780534365516
• ISBN10: 0534365515
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-07-26
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Readers will find discussion of these issues and more in this comprehensive, scholarly introduction to social welfare policy in the United States. This book challenges readers to think critically about issues, developments, and policies both in past eras and in contemporary society. Throughout the book, the author invites readers to become policy practitioners and advocates and to develop their own "policy identities".

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Social Reform in a Society with Conflicting Tendencies	1	(12)
A Reluctant Welfare State	2	(1)
The Controversial Nature of Social Policy	3	(5)
Using Social Policy History to Develop a Policy Identity	8	(2)
Policy Eras in U.S. History	10	(3)
Notes	12	(1)
A Framework for Understanding the Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	13	(15)
The Two-Sided Context	13	(2)
Developing Proposals to Address Social Problems	15	(1)
The Role of Political Processes in Creating a Reluctant Welfare State	16	(2)
Policy Choices	18	(1)
Processes of Implementation	19	(1)
Evaluating Social Policies in the Past and in the Present	20	(5)
Evaluating Specific Policies with Reference to Outcomes	20	(1)
Ethical Reasoning from First Principles	21	(3)
Relativism	24	(1)
Toward Ethical Reasoning: An Eclectic Approach	25	(3)
Notes	27	(1)
Fashioning a New Society in the Wilderness	28	(35)
The Feudal Inheritance	29	(2)
Social Policy in Medieval Society	31	(1)
The Gradual Unraveling of Feudalism	31	(3)
Policy Choices in the Period of Transition	34	(3)
Positive Policies	34	(2)
Punitive Policies	36	(1)
The American Colonists	37	(3)
Patterns of Continuity	37	(2)
Patterns of Change	39	(1)
The American Revolution as Catalyst	40	(2)
From Revolution to Limited Government	42	(2)
Legitimating Limited Government	44	(1)
Positive Responses to Social Need	45	(1)
Punitive Policies	46	(1)
Harsh Treatment of Outgroups	47	(10)
The Native Americans	47	(5)
African Slaves	52	(3)
The Status of Women	55	(2)
Ominous Signs	57	(2)
Precursors to a Reluctant Welfare State	59	(4)
Notes	60	(3)
Social Welfare Policy in the Early Republic: 1789-1860	63	(28)
Social Realities in the New Nation	64	(1)
Immigration and Urbanization	65	(2)
A Moral Crusade	67	(3)
Social Reform Policies	70	(11)
Temperance	71	(2)
Antipauperism Strategies	73	(4)
Character-Building Institutions	77	(2)
Opportunity-Enhancing Policies	79	(2)
Radical Movements: Conspicuous by Their Absence	81	(1)
Outgroups in the Early Republic	82	(6)
Irish Immigrants	82	(2)
The Status of Women	84	(4)
Precursors of the Reluctant Welfare State	88	(3)
Notes	88	(3)
Lost Opportunities: The Frontier, the Civil War, and Industrialization	91	(32)
Policy at the Frontier	92	(7)
Land Policy	92	(1)
Conquest and Persecution	93	(4)
Finding Laborers	97	(1)
Appraisal of Frontier Policy	98	(1)
The Civil War and Freed Slaves: An Exercise in Futility?	99	(12)
Origins of the Civil War	100	(5)
Social Policy During the War	105	(1)
Reconstruction	106	(4)
Women, Policy, and the War	110	(1)
Social Policy and Industrialization	111	(8)
Industralization Before the Civil War	111	(1)
Industralization During the Gilded Age	112	(3)
The Failure of Regulation	115	(4)
The Absence of a Welfare State	119	(4)
Notes	120	(3)
Social Reform in the Progressive Era	123	(43)
Realities in Industrial Society	124	(4)
The Genesis of Reform	128	(7)
Catalytic Events	129	(2)
Intellectual Ferment and Public Opinion	131	(4)
The Specter of Social Unrest	135	(1)
Regulatory Reforms in the Progressive Era	135	(2)
The Limited Social Programs of the Progressive Era	137	(4)
Policy Reforms for Women and Children	137	(2)
Private Philanthropy	139	(1)
Other Policy Reforms	140	(1)
The Limited Nature of Progressives' Social Reforms	141	(1)
Cultural and Policy Realities That Limited Reform	141	(2)
Political Realities That Limited Reform	143	(2)
Women and Children: Seizing the Opportunity	145	(1)
Social Reformers and the Bull Moose Campaign of 1912	145	(4)
Outgroups in the Progressive Era	149	(7)
People of Color	149	(4)
Women and Politics	153	(2)
Immigrants and the Closing of the Doors	155	(1)
The Resilience of Jane Addams and Her Allies	156	(1)
The Emergence of Social Work	157	(4)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	161	(5)
Notes	162	(4)
The Early Stages of the New Deal	166	(27)
The 1920s	167	(2)
The Period of Denial: 1929-1933	169	(3)
The Era of Emergency Reforms: 1933-1935	172	(16)
Forces That Promoted Major Reforms	172	(2)
Forces That Limited Roosevelt's Initial Policy Initiatives	174	(3)
Emergency Relief	177	(7)
Reform of the Economic System	184	(4)
Emergency or Permanent Programs?	188	(1)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	189	(4)
Notes	190	(3)
Institutionalizing the New Deal	193	(35)
Toward Ongoing Programs	194	(5)
Liberal Forces	194	(4)
Conservative Pressures on Roosevelt	198	(1)
Legislation in the Second Half of the New Deal	199	(9)
The Social Security Act	199	(5)
Labor and Public Works Legislation	204	(4)
The Era of Stalemate: 1937-1941	208	(2)
Policies During the Era of Stalemate	210	(2)
Outgroups in the New Deal	212	(8)
African Americans	213	(3)
Women	216	(1)
Latinos	217	(1)
Asian Americans	218	(2)
Social Workers in the New Deal	220	(3)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	223	(5)
Notes	225	(3)
The Era of Federal Social Services: The New Frontier and the Great Society	228	(46)
World War II, the Postwar Era, and the 1950s	229	(6)
The Failure of Social Reform in the Truman Era	229	(4)
Eisenhower and the Conservative 1950s	233	(2)
The Turn Toward Reform	235	(2)
Domestic Policy During the Kennedy Presidency	237	(8)
Poverty and Civil Rights: Toward Reform	239	(4)
The Course of Reform: Failures and Successes	243	(2)
Kennedy and Johnson: A Study in Contrast	245	(3)
Johnson's Social Welfare Legacy	248	(7)
Civil Rights Legislation	248	(1)
Earl Warren and the Supreme Court	248	(1)
Medicare and Medicaid	249	(2)
Aid to Education	251	(1)
The War on Poverty, Welfare Reforms, and Food Stamps	252	(3)
The Beleaguered President: 1967-1968	255	(4)
Outgroups in the 1960s	259	(8)
Women	259	(2)
Gay Men and Lesbians	261	(2)
Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans	263	(1)
Latinos	263	(1)
Native Americans	264	(2)
Asian Americans	266	(1)
People of Color in the Urban Ghettoes	266	(1)
Social Work in the 1960s	267	(1)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	268	(6)
Notes	269	(5)
The Paradoxical Era: 1968-1980	274	(32)
Richard Nixon: Political Opportunist	275	(2)
Nixon's Strategy: Floating Coalitions and Outbidding	277	(1)
From Strategy to Policy	278	(8)
Welfare Policy	278	(4)
Social Security	282	(1)
Revenue Sharing and Social Services	282	(2)
Civil Rights	284	(1)
Health Policy and Other Legislation	285	(1)
Nixon's Shift from Reform to Conservatism	286	(5)
The Brief Reign of Gerald Ford	291	(1)
Jimmy Carter: Outsider in the White House	291	(4)
Carter's Domestic Legislation	292	(3)
Carter's Fall	295	(1)
The Hidden Social Spending Revolution of the 1970s	295	(2)
Why Was the Spending Revolution Hidden?	297	(1)
Outgroups in the 1970s	298	(3)
The Women's Movement	298	(1)
The Mobilization of New Sets of Outgroups	299	(1)
The 1970s as a Revolution in Rights	300	(1)
The Beginnings of Backlash	301	(1)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	301	(5)
Notes	302	(4)
The Conservative Counterrevolution in the Era of Reagan and Bush	306	(45)
The Ascendancy of Conservatism	307	(7)
The Legitimation of Conservatism	309	(1)
Ronald Reagan as Catalyst	310	(1)
Reagan's Emergency as a National Hero	311	(1)
Supply-Side Economics: A Positive Way to Be Negative	312	(1)
The Campaign of 1980: Two Styles	313	(1)
The Reagan Policy Blitzkrieg	314	(11)
The Triumph of Conservatism	319	(1)
OBRA, Tax Reductions, and Deregulation	319	(1)
Reagan's Loss of Momentum	320	(2)
Social Security, Job Training, and Medicare	322	(2)
Moral Reforms	324	(1)
Stalemate	325	(1)
The Election of 1984	325	(1)
Reagan's Second Term	325	(1)
Passing the Torch: From Reagan to Bush	326	(2)
Social Policies of the Bush Administration	328	(3)
Social Spending and the Politics of the Budget	328	(1)
Domestic Reforms	329	(2)
Outgroups in the Era of Reagan and Bush	331	(13)
Predictions Come True	332	(1)
Poverty and People of Color	332	(1)
Immigrants	333	(1)
Gay Men and Lesbians	334	(1)
People with Disabilities	335	(1)
Women	336	(3)
Children	339	(2)
Aging Americans	341	(1)
Homeless Americans	342	(1)
The Erosion of Rights	343	(1)
The Social Work Profession	344	(1)
The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State	345	(6)
Notes	346	(5)
Reluctance Illustrated: Policy Uncertainty During the Clinton Administration	351	(56)
The Ascendance of Bill Clinton	352	(3)
The Search for the Real Bill Clinton	352	(1)
The Search for the New Democrat	352	(3)
The Presidential Campaign of 1992	355	(1)
Clinton's Grim Options	356	(2)
From Social Investment to Deficit Reduction	358	(7)
Developing an Economic Package	358	(1)
A Brief Digression: the Budget Process	359	(2)
The Demise of the Stimulus Package	361	(1)
Early Warning Signs	362	(1)
The Sacrifice of Social Investments	363	(2)
The Second Year: Anticrime Legislation But No Health Reform	365	(4)
The Fight for Health Reform	365	(3)
Anticrime Legislation	368	(1)
Building a Revolution Within the Counterrevolution	369	(2)
The House Republicans Take Charge	371	(1)
The Budget Confrontation of 1995	371	(12)
Toward a Budget Resolution	373	(3)
Toward a Reconciliation Bill	376	(1)
Welfare Reform	376	(5)
Medicare and Medicaid	381	(1)
Taxes	382	(1)
Discretionary Spending: Social Programs and Military Spending	383	(1)
Clinton's Zigzag Course in Late 1995 and 1996	383	(5)
Clinton's Second Term	388	(6)
Outgroups	394	(9)
Affirmative Action	394	(2)
Immigration	396	(1)
Children	397	(2)
Women	399	(3)
Gay Men and Lesbians	402	(1)
Reluctance Illustrated	403	(4)
Notes	404	(3)
Why Has the American Welfare State Been Reluctant?	407	(27)
Manifestations of Reluctance	407	(3)
Contextual Causes of Reluctance	410	(13)
Cultural Factors	411	(1)
Doing Harm by Doing Good	411	(2)
Problems and Panaceas	413	(1)
The Misleading Analogy of the Fair Footrace	414	(1)
Beliefs About Markets and Government	415	(1)
Beliefs About Equality	416	(1)
Economic Factors	416	(1)
Low Levels of Taxation	416	(2)
Military Spending	418	(1)
Institutional Factors	419	(1)
Jurisdictional Confusion	419	(1)
Social Factors	420	(1)
Racism and Prejudice	420	(2)
The Sequence of Events	422	(1)
The Late Development of the American Welfare State	422	(1)
The Military State Precedes the Welfare State	422	(1)
Legal Factors	423	(1)
Political Processes	423	(5)
Absence of a Powerful Radical Tradition	423	(2)
Nonvoters	425	(1)
The Power of American Conservatives	425	(1)
Moral Crusades	426	(1)
A Rigged System	427	(1)
Reluctance as the Outcome of Numerous Factors	428	(1)
Some Interpretive Challenges	429	(2)
Variations Between Eras and Issues	429	(1)
Gauging Missing Factors	430	(1)
Barriers to Social Reform in Other Nations	430	(1)
Some Redeeming Features of the American Welfare State	431	(1)
From Determinism to Social Action	432	(2)
Notes	432	(2)
Policy Perspectives: Past, Present, and Future	434	(23)
The Case Against the Welfare State	434	(2)
The Case For the Welfare State	436	(3)
Missed Opportunities	439	(1)
Admitting Errors	440	(1)
The Limitations of Public Policy	440	(1)
Would Conservatives' Policies Solve Major Social Problems?	441	(7)
Reducing Social Spending	441	(1)
Delegating Policy Responsibilities to State and Local Government	442	(1)
Privatizing Social Services	443	(1)
Seeking Nongovernmental Substitutes for Publicly Funded Programs	443	(1)
Deterrent Policies	444	(1)
Relying on Personal Responsibility	445	(1)
Social Welfare in the Context of Globalization and Technology into the New Millennium	445	(3)
The Social Reform Tradition in American History	448	(3)
Toward Policy Practice and Policy Advocacy	451	(6)
Participating in Social Movements	452	(1)
Establishing Advocacy Organizations	452	(1)
Seeking Social Reforms from Within the Government	452	(1)
Educating the Public as a Prelude to Social Reforms	452	(1)
Electing Reform-Oriented Candidates to Office	453	(1)
Influencing Policy from Organizational Settings	453	(1)
Whistleblowers	453	(1)
Moving Beyond History	454	(1)
Notes	454	(3)
Name Index	457	(3)
Subject Index	460