Research Design in Counseling

by Heppner, P. Paul; Kivlighan, Dennis M., Jr.; Wampold, Bruce E.

• ISBN13: 9780534345174
• ISBN10: 0534345174
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-11-09
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Quell any fears you may have about science and research design with this clear introduction to the basics! With enlightening examples and illustrations drawn from the counseling literature, RESEARCH DESIGN IN COUNSELING fully addresses the most common issues that counseling researchers encounter. The authors' accessible approach provides you with an understanding of the various types of research, including both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Filled with helpful examples that draw from a broad variety of research designs, this book provides the fundamentals of conducting research while providing clear instruction on writing and publishing the research report.

Table of Contents

PART ONE PHILOSOPHICAL, ETHICAL, AND TRAINING ISSUES	1	(118)
CHAPTER 1 SCIENCE AND TRAINING IN COUNSELING	3	(28)
The Role of Science in Counseling	4	(9)
Science as a Way of Knowing	5	(1)
Science as Applied to Human Behavior	6	(2)
A Philosophy of Science for the Counseling Profession	8	(5)
The Importance of a Scientific Approach	13	(1)
Training in Counseling	13	(15)
The Scientist-Practitioner Model	14	(4)
The Need to Broaden Scientific Training	18	(4)
Students' Typical Reactions to Scientific Training	22	(6)
Summary and Conclusions	28	(3)
CHAPTER 2 IDENTIFYING AND OPERATIONALIZING RESEARCH TOPICS	31	(12)
Identifying Research Topics	31	(4)
Specifying Research Questions and Hypotheses	35	(4)
Formulating Operational Definitions	39	(1)
Identifying Research Variables	40	(1)
Collecting and Analyzing Data	41	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	41	(2)
CHAPTER 3 CHOOSING RESEARCH DESIGNS	43	(13)
Scientific Inquiry and Research Design	43	(1)
What Is the Best Design?	44	(1)
A Classification of Research Designs	45	(6)
Descriptive Laboratory Studies	47	(1)
Descriptive Field Studies	48	(2)
Experimental Laboratory Studies	50	(1)
Experimental Field Studies	51	(1)
On Choosing a Research Design	51	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	54	(2)
CHAPTER 4 VALIDITY ISSUES IN RESEARCH DESIGN	56	(23)
Four Types of Validity and the Threats to Each	56	(21)
Overview of the Types of Validity	57	(2)
Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity	59	(4)
Threats to Internal Validity	63	(8)
Threats to Construct Validity of Putative Causes and Effects	71	(4)
Threats to External Validity	75	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	77	(2)
CHAPTER 5 ETHICAL ISSUES IN COUNSELING RESEARCH	79	(40)
Fundamental Ethical Principles	80	(3)
Nonmaleficence	80	(1)
Beneficence	81	(1)
Autonomy	82	(1)
Justice	82	(1)
Fidelity	82	(1)
Virtue Ethics	83	(1)
Ethical Issues Related to Scholarly Work	83	(10)
Execution of the Research Study	84	(1)
Reporting the Results	85	(2)
Duplicate and Piecemeal Publication	87	(1)
Publication Credit	88	(4)
Plagiarism	92	(1)
Ethical Issues Related to Participants	93	(14)
Risks and Benefits	95	(3)
Consent	98	(3)
Deception and Debriefing	101	(2)
Confidentiality and Privacy	103	(3)
Treatment Issues	106	(1)
Responding to Ethical Dilemmas	107	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	108	(11)
PART TWO MAJOR RESEARCH DESINGS	119	(148)
CHAPTER 6 BETWEEN-GROUPS AND WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGNS	121	(30)
Between-Groups Designs	122	(20)
Historical Perspective	122	(1)
Three Common Experimental Between-Groups Designs	123	(10)
Use of Control Groups	133	(2)
Factorial Designs	135	(3)
Participant Assignment	138	(2)
Dependent Samples Designs	140	(2)
Within-Subjects Designs	142	(6)
Crossover Designs	143	(1)
Latin Square Designs	144	(1)
Strengths and Limitations	145	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	148	(3)
CHAPTER 7 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL AND TIME-SERIES DESIGNS	151	(22)
Quasi-Experimental Designs	152	(12)
Historical Perspective and Overview	154	(1)
Nonequivalent-Groups Designs	155	(6)
Cohort Designs	161	(3)
Time-Series Designs	164	(7)
Simple Interrupted Time Series	165	(4)
Analysis of Concomitance in Time Series	169	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	171	(2)
CHAPTER 8 SINGLE-SUBJECT DESIGNS	173	(27)
A Historical Perspective of Single-Subject Designs	175	(1)
Single-Case Quantitative Designs	176	(4)
Single-Case Experimental Designs	180	(10)
Common Features of Single-Case Experimental Designs	180	(1)
AB Time-Series Designs	181	(7)
Multiple-Baseline Designs	188	(2)
Advantages and Limitations of Single-Subject Designs	190	(7)
Advantages	190	(6)
Limitations	196	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	197	(3)
CHAPTER 9 QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNS	200	(35)
Survey or Epidemiological Research Designs	201	(7)
Design Issues in Surveys	204	(2)
An Example of Survey Research	206	(2)
Classification or Data Reduction Research Designs	208	(12)
Factor Analysis	209	(8)
Cluster Analysis	217	(3)
Passive Research Designs	220	(12)
Ex Post Facto Designs	222	(3)
Multiple Regression	225	(7)
Summary and Conclusions	232	(3)
CHAPTER 10 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH	235	(32)
Worldviews of Research	236	(5)
Positivism	236	(1)
Postpositivism	237	(1)
Constructivism	238	(2)
Critical Theory	240	(1)
Aspects of Qualitative Research	241	(12)
Reality	241	(2)
Representation of the World	243	(1)
Domain Knowledge and Theory	244	(1)
Intellectual Bases	245	(1)
Level of Inquiry	245	(1)
Role of the Investigator	246	(1)
Role of Subjects/Participants	247	(1)
Generalizability	247	(1)
Bias	248	(1)
Validity	249	(2)
Reliability	251	(1)
Product	251	(1)
Audience	251	(1)
Control	252	(1)
Goals of Study	252	(1)
Researcher's Voice	253	(1)
Power Structure	253	(1)
Primary Tasks in Qualitative Research	253	(13)
Gathering Data	254	(9)
Analyzing and Presenting Data	263	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	266	(1)
PART THREE METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES	267	(248)
CHAPTER 11 DESIGNING AND EVALUATING THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE	269	(13)
Operationalizing the Independent Variable	270	(4)
Determining Conditions	270	(1)
Adequately Reflecting the Construcrs of Interest	271	(1)
Limiting Differences Between Conditions	271	(2)
Establishing Salience of Differences in Conditions	273	(1)
Manipulation Checks	274	(1)
Interpreting Results	275	(3)
Statistically Significant Results	276	(1)
Statistically Nonsignificant Results	277	(1)
Status Variables	278	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	280	(2)
CHAPTER 12 DESIGNING OR CHOOSING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE	282	(35)
Operationalizing the Dependent Variable	283	(20)
Psychometric Issues	283	(19)
Reactivity	302	(1)
Procedural Considerations	302	(1)
Methods of Data Collection	303	(12)
Self-Reports	303	(6)
Ratings of Other Persons and Events	309	(1)
Behavioral Observations	310	(1)
Physiological Indexes	311	(1)
Interviews	312	(1)
Projective Techniques	313	(1)
Unobtrusive Measures	314	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	315	(2)
CHAPTER 13 POPULATIONS ISSUES	317	(22)
Sampling Theory	318	(4)
Practical Considerations in Selecting Participants	322	(8)
Defining the Target Population	322	(1)
Creating a Participant Pool	323	(1)
Selecting Participants	324	(1)
Establishing Validity in the Absence of Random Selection	324	(2)
Determining the Number of Participants	326	(4)
External Validity and Population Issues	330	(7)
Use of Factorial Designs to Study External Validity	330	(4)
Considerations in Examining Generalizability Across Populations	334	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	337	(2)
CHAPTER 14 INVESTIGATOR, EXPERIENTER, AND PARTICIPANT BIAS	339	(18)
Investigator and Experimenter Bias	340	(9)
Experimenter Attributes	341	(2)
Investigator And Experimenter Expectancies	343	(2)
Experimental Procedures	345	(4)
Participant Bias	349	(7)
Demand Characteristics	350	(1)
Participant Characteristics	351	(2)
Participants' Ability to Report Their Experiences	353	(1)
Strategies for Reducing Participant Bias	354	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	356	(1)
CHAPTER 15 ANALOGUE RESEARCH	357	(15)
Historical Overview	358	(2)
Advantages of Analogue Research	360	(1)
Disadvantages of Analogue Research	361	(1)
Variables to Consider in Evaluating the Generalizability of Analogue Studies	361	(7)
Client Variables	364	(1)
Counselor Variables	365	(2)
Counseling Process and Setting	367	(1)
Evaluating Analogue Utility Within an Existing Knowledge Base	368	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	370	(2)
CHAPTER 16 OUTCOME RESEARCH: STRATEGIES AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES	372	(27)
Early Outcome Research in Counseling	373	(1)
Strategies for Conducting Outcome Research	374	(12)
The Treatment Package Strategy	375	(1)
The Dismantling Strategy	376	(2)
The Constructive Strategy	378	(3)
The Parametric Strategy	381	(1)
The Comparative Outcome Strategy	382	(3)
The Client and Therapist Variation Strategy	385	(1)
Methodological Issues in Conducting Outcome Research	386	(11)
Selecting the Apropriate Comparison Group	386	(2)
Assessing Treatment Integrity: Adherence, Competence, and Differenctiation	388	(3)
Measuring Change	391	(6)
Empirically Validated Treatments	397	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	398	(1)
CHAPTER 17 DESIGN ISSUSE RELATED TO COUNSELING PROCESS RESEARCH	399	(89)
Defining Counseling Process Research	400	(4)
Early Process Research	401	(2)
Some Current Research Findings	403	(1)
Design Issues in Process Research	404	(12)
Getting Started: What to Study and in What Context?	405	(1)
What to Measure?	406	(1)
Whose Prespective?	407	(1)
How Much to Measure?	408	(1)
How to Code and Analyze the Process Data?	409	(7)
Representative Examples of Instruments Used in Counseling Process Research	416	(24)
Ancillary Behaviors, Micro Level	418	(2)
Ancillary Behaviors, Global Level	420	(1)
Verbal Behaviors, Micro Level	421	(1)
Verbal Behaviors, Global Level	422	(1)
Covert Behaviors, Micro Level	423	(2)
Covert Behaviors, Global Level	425	(1)
Content, Micro Level	426	(1)
Content, Global Level	426	(1)
Strategies, Micro Level	427	(3)
Strategies, Global Level	430	(1)
Interpersonal Manner, Micor Level	431	(1)
Interpersonal Manner, Global Level	431	(2)
Therapeutic Relationship, Micro Level	433	(1)
Therapeutic Relationship, Global Level	433	(2)
Quality, Micro Level	435	(2)
Quality, Global Level	437	(2)
Two Postscripts	439	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	440	(48)
CHAPTER 18 PROGRAM EVALUATION	488	(27)
Matrese Benkofske
Clyde C. Heppner
Program Evaluation Described	488	(3)
Phases of Program Evaluation	491	(21)
Setting the Evaluation's Boundaries	492	(3)
Selecting Appropriate Evaluation Methods	495	(10)
Collecting and Analyzing Information	505	(3)
Reporting the Evaluation's Findings	508	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	512	(3)
PART FOUR PROFESSIONAL ISSUES	515	(29)
CHAPTER 19 WRITING AND RESEARCH TRAINING	517	(27)
Sections of a Research Report	518	(9)
Title	519	(1)
Abstract	520	(1)
Introduction	520	(2)
Method	522	(3)
Results	525	(1)
Discussion (or Conclusions)	526	(1)
General Principles for Writing Research Reports	527	(3)
Be Informative	527	(1)
Be Forthright	527	(1)
Do Not Overstate or Exaggerate	528	(1)
Be Logical and Organized	529	(1)
Have Some Style	529	(1)
Write and Rewrite	530	(1)
If All Else Fails, Just Write!	530	(1)
Research Training	530	(12)
A Structural Equation Model for Research Training	531	(11)
A Final Comment on Research Training	542	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	542	(2)
APPENDIX A Ethical Standards of the American Counseling Association	544	(10)
APPENDIX B Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct	554	(21)
References	575	(41)
Author Index	616	(10)
Subject Index	626