Sales Law : Domestic and International

by Gillette, Clayton P.; Walt, Steven D.

• ISBN13: 9781587784477
• ISBN10: 1587784475
• Edition: Revised
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-12-01
• Publisher: West Academic

Summary

Authoritative coverage describes and analyzes the law of sales under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, as well as under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Text provides the framework for sales and governing law, contract formation, implied terms, formal requirements, performance, and risk of loss. Also covers remedies, the rights to goods, and documentary sales.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Table of Contents	vii
Introduction to Sales Law	1	(14)
Introduction to Article 2 of the UCC	1	(4)
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods	5	(2)
Principles of Sales Contracts - Herin of Default Rules	7	(4)
Commercial Contracts as Discrete and Relational Contracts - Herein of Reputation	11	(4)
Reputation and Relational Contracts	11	(2)
Reputation Without Repeitition	13	(2)
Governing Law	15	(36)
The Scope of Sales Law Under Article 2	15	(15)
Definition of ``Goods''	15	(4)
Merchants	19	(2)
Mixed Sales and Services	21	(5)
Leases and Other Transactional Forms	26	(4)
The Scope of the CISG	30	(21)
Choice of Law as a General Problem in Sales Law	30	(12)
Types of Transactions Subject to the CISG	42	(2)
Exclusions	44	(1)
Mixed Sales and Service Contracts	45	(2)
Leases	47	(1)
The Principle of Issue-Displacement	48	(3)
Formation of the Contract	51	(54)
Introduction: The Evaluation of Formation Rules	51	(3)
Offer and Acceptance	54	(14)
Article 2's Approach to Formation Rules	55	(3)
Irrevocable Offers Under Article 2	58	(3)
The CISG's Formation Rules	61	(1)
Opting Out of the CISG's Formation Rules	62	(1)
The CISG's Formation Rules Illustrated	63	(5)
Offer-Varying Acceptance: The Battle of the Forms	68	(22)
Under Article 2	69	(1)
Introduction	69	(3)
Problems in § 2-207's Interpretation	72	(5)
Under the CISG	77	(7)
Section 2-207 and Article 19 Evaluated	84	(3)
Layered Contracts and Article 2	87	(3)
Modification	90	(15)
Under Article 2	91	(7)
Under the CISG	98	(7)
Implied Terms	105	(32)
Trade Usage, Course of Dealing, Course of Performance	105	(10)
Under the UCC	105	(7)
Under the CISG	112	(3)
Open Terms	115	(22)
Open Price Terms Under the CISG	117	(6)
Open Quantity Term	123	(4)
Evaluating Supply Terms	127	(10)
Formal Requirements	137	(52)
Introduction	137	(2)
The Statute of Frauds	139	(21)
Introduction	139	(2)
Justifying the Statute of Frauds	141	(2)
Article 2's Statute of Frauds	143	(1)
Section 2-201's Statutory Requirements	143	(5)
Exceptions to the Statute of Frauds	148	(5)
Ethics and the Statute of Frauds	153	(2)
The CISG and the Statute of Frauds	155	(5)
The Parol Evidence Rule	160	(16)
Article 2's Parol Evidence Rule: § 2-202	160	(2)
Excluding Trade Usage	162	(1)
Two Standards of Contradiction	162	(4)
The Process of Exclusion	166	(1)
Warranties and the Parol Evidence Rule	167	(3)
The CISG and the Parol Evidence Rule	170	(1)
Is the Parol Evidence Rule Displaced?	170	(5)
Contracting for the Parol Evidence Rule	175	(1)
Unconscionability	176	(13)
Under the UCC	176	(1)
Section 2-302's Standard of Unconscionability	176	(2)
Unconscionability Applied	178	(5)
Unconscionability Evaluated	183	(2)
The CISG and the Domestic Law of Unconscionability	185	(4)
Performance	189	(74)
Introduction: Allocating Losses and Monitoring Performance	189	(2)
Insecurity and Adequate Assurances of Performance	191	(8)
Under the UCC	191	(1)
Introduction	191	(2)
Demand for Adequate Assurances	193	(1)
Reasonable Grounds for Insecurity	194	(1)
Adequate Assurances of Performance	195	(2)
Suspending Performance Under the CISG	197	(2)
Anticipatory Repudiation	199	(4)
Under the UCC	199	(3)
Under the CISG	202	(1)
Tender, Acceptance, Rejection, Cure	203	(44)
Tender and Inspection	203	(3)
Inspection in Documentary Transactions	206	(4)
Inspection Under the CISG	210	(2)
Acceptance and Rejection	212	(1)
Introduction: Neutralizing Strategic Behavior	212	(1)
Perfect Tender	213	(3)
What Constitutes Acceptance?	216	(1)
Burden of Proof Concerning Defects	217	(1)
Acts Inconsistent With Seller's Ownership	218	(4)
Buyer's Obligation on Rejection	222	(2)
Cure	224	(1)
Introduction	224	(1)
Technical Requirements	225	(3)
Curing with a Conforming Tender	228	(2)
Cure in the Courts: Repair and Interpretation	230	(3)
Cure and Avoidance Under the CISG	233	(3)
Revocation of Acceptance	236	(1)
Introduction	236	(6)
``Substantial Impairment to Him''	242	(3)
Post-Revocation Cure	245	(2)
Excuse	247	(16)
Introduction	247	(1)
Under the UCC	248	(7)
Under the CISG	255	(8)
Risk of Loss	263	(20)
Introduction: Loss Allocation in Transactional Settings	263	(1)
Risk of Loss Under the UCC	264	(12)
Risk of Loss Where Seller Retains the Goods	265	(1)
Risk of Loss Where Goods are Held by a Bailee	266	(2)
Risk of Loss During Transit	268	(4)
Opting Out of Risk of Loss Provisions	272	(2)
Risk of Loss in the Event of Breach	274	(2)
Risk of Loss Under the CISG	276	(7)
Warranties	283	(44)
Introduction: Allocating the Risk of Quality	283	(1)
Warranties Under the UCC	284	(37)
Express Warranties	284	(1)
Who Can Make the Warranty?	284	(1)
How is the Warranty Created?	284	(5)
Advertising and Warranty	289	(4)
Post-Bargain Warranties	293	(1)
Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose	294	(1)
Who Can Make the Warranty?	294	(1)
How is the Warranty Created?	295	(1)
Implied Warranty of Merchantability	295	(1)
Who Can Make the Warranty?	295	(3)
How is the Warranty Created?	298	(4)
Disclaiming Warranties	302	(1)
Should Warranties be Disclaimable?	302	(2)
Disclaiming Warranties Under § 2-316	304	(3)
Who Receives the Benefit of Warranties?	307	(5)
Federal Law and UCC Warranties of Quality	312	(1)
Introduction	312	(1)
The Magnusson-Moss Warranty Act	312	(5)
Preemption by Federal Law	317	(2)
Warranty of Good Title	319	(2)
Warranties Under the CISG	321	(6)
Remedies	327	(66)
Introduction: Allocating the Loss of Transactional Breakdown	327	(3)
Money Damages	330	(35)
Under the UCC	330	(1)
Substitute Performance: Resale and Cover	330	(5)
Market Price Damages	335	(1)
Proof Costs	336	(3)
Election of Remedies	339	(4)
Lost Profits: § 2-708(2)	343	(1)
Measuring Lost Profits	344	(2)
Recovering Lost Profits Under § 2-708(2)	346	(3)
The Accepting Buyer's ``Value Differential''	349	(1)
§ 2-714(2)'s Measure of ``Value''	350	(1)
The Relation Between § 2-714(1) and (2)	351	(3)
Damages for Breach of Title Warranty	354	(3)
Under the CISG	357	(2)
Substitute Performance: Article 75	359	(1)
Market Price Damages: Article 76	360	(1)
Reduction of the Price	361	(1)
Article 50's Formula	361	(1)
Article 50's Use	362	(1)
Why Allow Price Reduction?	363	(2)
Specific Relief	365	(14)
Under the UCC	365	(1)
Seller's Action for the Price	365	(1)
§ 2-709's Technical Requirements	365	(2)
§ 2-709's Justification	367	(2)
Specific Performance	369	(6)
Under the CISG	375	(1)
The Routine Availability of Specific Relief	375	(1)
Article 28's Restriction of Specific Relief	376	(3)
Contractually Stipulated Remedies	379	(14)
Liquidated Damages	379	(5)
Remedy Limitations and Damage Exclusions	384	(1)
Allocating Risk of Nonconformity	384	(3)
The Relation Between Damage Exclusions and Remedy Limitations	387	(2)
The CISG: Liquidated Damages, Remedy Limitations, and Damage Exclusions	389	(4)
Right to Goods	393	(14)
Good Faith Purchase Rules	393	(6)
Seller's Right to Recover and Reclaim Goods	399	(3)
Goods-Oriented Remedies Under the CISG	402	(5)
Documentary Sales	407	(48)
Introduction: Allocating Performance Risks	407	(2)
Payments Terms: Letters of Credit and Payment Risks	409	(22)
Introduction	409	(6)
Formal Requirements	415	(2)
Issuer's Duty to Pay: Strict Compliance Standard	417	(8)
Issuer's Duty to Pay: Waiver, Estoppel, and Preclusion	425	(6)
The Issuer's Right Not To Pay: The Independence Principle and the Fraud Exception	431	(15)
The Independence Principle	431	(2)
The Fraud Exception	433	(1)
Two Types of Fraud	433	(3)
What is Fraud?	436	(4)
The Protected Class of Presenters: § 5-109(a)(1)	440	(6)
Justification	446	(9)
Justifying § 5-109(a)(1)'s Protection	446	(3)
Justifying the Fraud Exception	449	(6)
Table of Cases	455	(8)
Index	463