The Sandy Ridge and Halstead Paleo-Indian Sites

by Jackson, Lawrence J.; Wright, Henry T.

• ISBN13: 9780915703456
• ISBN10: 0915703459
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-11-01
• Publisher: Univ of Michigan Museum

Table of Contents

View of sites,	i
List of tables,	ix
List of illustrations,	x
Foreword, by Henry T. Wright,	xiii
Acknowledgments,	xvii
CHAPTER 1 GAINEY AND REGIONAL PALEO-INDIAN STUDIES,	1	(6)
Introduction,	1	(1)
The Gainey Phase,	2	(1)
Age of Gainey,	3	(1)
Hypotheses for Testing,	4	(1)
Regional Sampling,	4	(3)
CHAPTER 2 GAINEY PHASE TECHNOLOGY: A GREAT LAKES VIEW,	7	(14)
Fluted Points and Phases,	7	(1)
Phases, Diagnostics, and Lithic Sources,	8	(1)
Gainey Sites in Ontario,	9	(2)
Theoretical Constructs,	11	(1)
Raw Materials and Procurement,	12	(4)
Discussion,	16	(1)
Rice Lake Deglaciation and Occupation Sequence,	17	(4)
CHAPTER 3 SANDY RIDGE: A GAINEY LOGISTICAL CAMP,	21	(18)
History of Investigation,	21	(1)
Site Situation,	21	(1)
Test Excavation,	22	(1)
Excavation Methodology,	23	(4)
Site Features,	27	(7)
Feature 1,	27	(3)
Feature 2,	30	(1)
Feature 3,	31	(1)
Feature 4,	32	(1)
Feature 5,	32	(2)
Other Features,	34	(1)
Phytolith Analysis,	34	(1)
Artifact Distributions,	35	(1)
Uniface Distributions and Spatial Patterns,	36	(3)
CHAPTER 4 SANDY RIDGE ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS,	39	(12)
Unifacial Tools,	39	(6)
End Scrapers,	39	(5)
Trianguloid End Scrapers,	39	(2)
Fluted End Scrapers,	41	(1)
Rectanguloid End Scraper,	41	(1)
End and Concave Side Scraper,	42	(1)
Large Parallel-Sided End Scraper,	42	(1)
Proximal End Scraper Hafts,	42	(2)
Indeterminable End Scrapers,	44	(1)
Side Scrapers,	44	(1)
Denticulates,	45	(1)
Modified Flakes,	45	(1)
Uniface/Scraper Fragments,	45	(1)
Gravers,	45	(1)
Flake Gravers,	45	(1)
Uniface/Gravers,	45	(1)
Biface/Gravers,	45	(1)
Bifacial Tools,	45	(1)
Pièces Esquillées,	46	(1)
Lateral Perforators,	46	(1)
Uniface/Scraper Retouch Flakes,	47	(2)
Other Debitage,	49	(1)
Gainey Definition at Sandy Ridge,	49	(1)
Residential or Logistical,	50	(1)
CHAPTER 5 HALSTEAD: A GAINEY RESIDENTIAL CAMP,	51	(18)
History of Investigation,	51	(1)
Site Situation,	51	(1)
Test Excavation,	51	(1)
Excavation Methodology,	52	(1)
Site Features,	52	(4)
Feature 1,	52	(2)
Feature 2,	54	(1)
Feature 3,	54	(1)
Feature 4,	54	(2)
Faunal Analysis,	56	(1)
Residue Analysis,	57	(1)
Phytolith Analysis,	58	(1)
Artifact Distributions,	59	(1)
Uniface Distributions and Spatial Activity,	59	(1)
Biface Distributions and Spatial Activity,	60	(1)
Debitage Analysis and Site Partitions,	61	(1)
Artifact Assemblages and Proximity Relationships,	62	(1)
Feature Event Assemblages,	62	(7)
CHAPTER 6 HALSTEAD ARTIFACT DESCRIPTIONS,	69	(18)
Unifacial Tools,	69	(9)
End Scrapers,	69	(1)
Trianguloid End Scrapers,	69	(3)
Rectanguloid End Scrapers,	72	(1)
End Scraper Haft,	72	(1)
Side Scrapers,	72	(3)
Side Scraper/Perforators,	75	(1)
Bend-Break Tools,	75	(1)
Gravers,	75	(3)
Flake Gravers,	75	(1)
Biface (Edge)/Gravers,	76	(1)
Uniface/Gravers,	77	(1)
Denticulates,	78	(1)
Modified Flakes,	78	(1)
Uniface Fragments,	78	(1)
Bifacial Tools,	78	(3)
Fluted Point,	78	(1)
Pieces Esquillées,	78	(2)
Channel Flakes,	80	(1)
Other Bifaces,	80	(1)
Other Tools,	81	(1)
Uniface/Scraper Retouch Flakes,	81	(1)
Biface Flakes,	82	(1)
Other Debitage,	83	(1)
Reduction Flakes,	83	(1)
Flat Flakes,	83	(1)
Uniface/Flat Flakes,	84	(1)
A Gainey Residential Camp,	84	(2)
Gainey Definition at Halstead,	86	(1)
CHAPTER 7 SANDY RIDGE AND HALSTEAD ASSEMBLAGE COMPARISONS,	87	(32)
Introduction,	87	(1)
Tool Classes,	87	(1)
Debitage Classes,	88	(2)
Tool and Debitage Ratios,	90	(1)
Artifact Types,	91	(19)
End Scrapers,	91	(3)
Trianguloid End Scrapers-Attribute Analysis,	94	(1)
Discussion,	95	(1)
Trianguloid End Scrapers and Hafting,	96	(5)
Channel Flakes,	101	(2)
Lateral Perforators,	103	(1)
Pièces Esquillées,	104	(2)
Other Bifaces,	106	(1)
Biface Flakes,	107	(2)
Flat Flakes,	109	(1)
Ventral Scraper Retouch Flakes,	110	(1)
Reduction Flakes,	110	(1)
Chert Banding,	110	(1)
Raw Material Use,	111	(2)
Uniface/Scraper Bit Length,	113	(1)
Tool Use, Curation, and Site Function,	114	(3)
Sandy Ridge, Halstead and Rice Lake,	117	(2)
CHAPTER 8 GAINEY ASSEMBLAGES, SITES, AND REGIONS,	119	(20)
Introduction,	119	(1)
Assemblage Composition,	119	(2)
Gainey and Parkhill Trianguloid End Scrapers,	121	(8)
Logistical Organization and Settlement Systems,	129	(1)
Activity and Assemblages,	129	(1)
Feature Event Units,	130	(2)
Feature Configuration,	132	(3)
Hypotheses Tested,	135	(1)
Site Types and Settlement Systems,	136	(1)
Gainey Phase Indicators,	136	(1)
Conclusion,	137	(2)
References,	139	(6)
APPENDIX PHYTOLITH ANALYSIS AT THE SANDY RIDGE AND HALSTEAD SITES: LATE PLEISTOCENE MICROENVIRONMENTS, by Anita Buehrle
Introduction and Purpose,	145	(1)
Phytolith Production,	145	(1)
Identification of Phytoliths,	146	(1)
Tabulation of Phytoliths,	147	(1)
Laboratory Methods,	147	(1)
Results,	147	(3)
Conclusions,	150	(1)
References cited,	150
Appendix A Tables and Figures
Table A1. Food in a northern tamarack bog,	148	(4)
Figure A1. Sandy Ridge scraper retouch density and location of phytolith samples,	152	(1)
Figure A2. Halstead scraper retouch density and location of phytolith samples,	153	(1)
Figure A3. Tabulation sheet used in the quantification of phytoliths,	154	(1)
Figure A4. Surface pinch/control sample at Sandy Ridge,	155	(1)
Figure A5. Detailed breakdown of phytolith categories at Sandy Ridge,	156	(1)
Figure A6. Breakdown of Gramineae at Sandy Ridge,	157	(1)
Figure A7. Breakdown of arboreal vegetation at Sandy Ridge,	158	(1)
Figure A8. Broad vegetaion types at Sandy Ridge,	159	(1)
Figure A9. Contaminated "floor" sample from the Halstead site,	160	(1)
Figure A10. Surface pinch sample at the Halstead site,	161	(1)
Figure A11. Broad vegetation categories at the Halstead site,	162	(1)
Figure A12. Breakdown of Gramineae at the Halstead site,	163	(1)
Figure A13. Breakdown of arboreal vegetation at the Halstead site,	164	(1)
Figure A14. Detailed breakdown of phytolith categories at the Halstead site,	165