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9780803607781

Research Methods in Athletic Training

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780803607781

  • ISBN10:

    0803607784

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2005-04-01
  • Publisher: F a Davis Co

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Summary

"Drs. Arnold, Gansneder, and Perrin pull back the curtain to expose the research process for what it is: predictable, flexible, and masterable."-Chad Starkey, PhD, ATC, from the Foreword The NATA Education Competencies require that students be able to "demonstrate the ability to prepare and interpret sample design for scientific research." This innovative text provides a precise roadmap for AT students conducting research projects from conceptualizing a topic to submitting a paper for publication.

Table of Contents

Preface
Foreword
Chad Starkey
Part I Introduction
1(36)
Introduction to Research in Athletic Training
3(10)
What Is a Profession?
3(3)
Clinical Practice
4(1)
Education
5(1)
Research
5(1)
Evolution of Research in Athletic Training
6(4)
The Journal of Athletic Training
7(1)
NATA Research and Education Foundation
8(1)
Free Communications Session
8(1)
Development of Doctoral Programs in Athletic Training
9(1)
The Research Process
10(3)
Areas and Types of Research
13(12)
Basic Science Research
14(1)
Applied and Clinical Studies
15(4)
Cohort Studies
15(2)
Cross-Sectional Studies
17(1)
Case-Control Studies
18(1)
Randomized Control Trials
18(1)
Crossover Trials
19(1)
Case Study and Case Series
19(1)
Multicenter Studies
19(1)
Injury Surveillance
20(1)
Meta-Analysis
21(1)
Educational Research
21(1)
Learning and Learning Styles
22(1)
Instructional Methods
22(1)
Clinical Instruction
22(1)
Program Administration
22(1)
Qualitative Research
22(3)
Ethnography
23(1)
Phenomenology
23(1)
Grounded Theory
23(2)
Choosing a Topic
25(12)
Overview of Selecting a Research Topic
26(1)
Factors to Consider in Selecting a Topic
26(4)
What Is Your Level of Interest in the Topic?
26(1)
Is the Topic Feasible?
27(1)
Is the Scope of the Topic Appropriate?
28(1)
Is the Topic Original, or Is It an Intentional Replication?
29(1)
Does the Topic Have Good Clinical Application?
29(1)
Does the Research Topic or Theme Have Potential for External Funding?
30(1)
The Importance of Building a Research Theme
30(7)
Selecting the Right Institution and Mentor
31(1)
Selecting Your Personal Research Theme
32(5)
Part II The Literature
37(30)
Reviewing the Literature
39(18)
Importance of the Literature Review
39(1)
Electronic Databases
40(3)
Medline, PubMed Central and PubMed
41(1)
Sport Discus
41(1)
Other Databases
41(1)
Database Fields
42(1)
Search Strategies for Electronic Databases
43(4)
Keyword Searches
43(1)
Subject Searches
43(1)
Author Searches
44(1)
Title Searches
44(1)
Journal Searches
45(1)
Boolean Searches
45(1)
Search Problems
46(1)
Nonelectronic Sources
47(2)
Review Articles
47(1)
Journal Article References
47(1)
Dissertations and Theses
48(1)
Nonscientifically Reviewed Publications
48(1)
Critical Review of the Literature
49(5)
Gross Examination
49(2)
In-Depth Examination
51(2)
Organization
53(1)
Solutions to Common Problems
54(3)
Organization of Material
54(1)
Material Collection
55(1)
Source Selection
55(1)
Failure to Obtain the Original Article
56(1)
Writing the Literature Review
57(10)
Major Components of the Literature Review
57(3)
Introduction
58(1)
Body
58(2)
Summary
60(1)
References/Citations
60(1)
Writing the Literature Review
60(3)
Formatting
60(1)
Preparing to Write
61(1)
Writing Style
62(1)
Keys to Good Writing
62(1)
Referencing
63(2)
Text Referencing
63(1)
Reference Lists
64(1)
Reference Management
64(1)
Solutions to Common Problems
65(2)
Abstracting
65(1)
Author/Date Focus
65(2)
Part III The Research Process
67(110)
Writing the Introduction
69(8)
The Purpose of Chapter 1 (Your Introduction)
70(1)
Introductory Paragraphs
70(1)
Operational Definitions
70(1)
Delimitations
70(1)
Limitations
71(1)
Assumptions
71(2)
Statement of the Problem
73(1)
Hypotheses
73(1)
Research Hypotheses
73(1)
Statistical Hypotheses
73(1)
Dependent Variables
74(1)
Independent Variables
75(1)
Control Variables
75(1)
Solutions to Common Problems
75(2)
Research Design
77(24)
Internal Validity
77(8)
Threats to Internal Validity
78(4)
Strategies to Counteract Threats to Internal Validity
82(3)
Summary of Strategies to Increase Internal Validity
85(1)
Basic Research Designs
85(9)
Pre-experimental
86(2)
Experimental
88(2)
Quasi-experimental
90(3)
Single-Subject Designs
93(1)
Nonexperimental Designs
94(1)
External Validity
94(3)
Threats to External Validity
94(3)
Solutions to Common Problems
97(4)
How Do I Control Fatigue and Practice Effects?
97(1)
Counterbalancing versus Random Assignment
98(1)
Can Randomization Fail?
99(1)
When Should I Blind a Study?
99(2)
Common Measures in Athletic Training
101(14)
Common Measures
101(8)
Strength
102(2)
Proprioception and Kinesthesia
104(1)
Balance and Stabilometry
105(2)
Range of Motion
107(1)
Arthometry and Volumetrics
108(1)
Calibration
109(1)
Standardizing Instruments and Instructions
110(1)
Solution to a Common Problem
111(4)
Know Your Measure
111(4)
Reliability and Validity
115(22)
General Introduction to Reliability and Validity
115(1)
Reliability
116(12)
The Concept of Reliability
116(1)
Effects of Unreliable Measures
116(1)
Test-Retest Reliability (Stability)
117(6)
Mechanics of ICC Calculation
123(2)
Precision
125(1)
Other Types of Reliability
125(3)
Selection and Reporting of Reliability Coefficients
128(1)
Validity
128(6)
Face and Content Validity
129(1)
Criterion-Related Validity
130(1)
Construct Validity
131(2)
An Example of Validity Measures in Research
133(1)
Which Type of Validity Do I Need?
133(1)
Solutions to Common Problems
134(3)
Alternative Measures
137(28)
Introduction
137(1)
When Is It Appropriate to Use Surveys for Data Collection?
138(2)
Developing a Survey
140(1)
Writing Survey Items
140(5)
Open-ended and closed-ended items
140(1)
Writing Item Stems
141(1)
Writing Response Alternatives
142(3)
Reliability and Validity
145(3)
Reliability Estimates for Survey Data
146(1)
Validity Estimates for Survey Data
146(1)
Factors That Affect the Reliability and Validity of Survey Data
147(1)
Using Surveys to Generalize to a Population
148(11)
Identifying the Population and Sampling Frame
149(1)
Precision of Sample Estimates
150(4)
Determining the Sample Size Needed
154(1)
Response Rates
154(5)
Alternative Survey Methods
159(2)
Interviews
159(1)
The Telephone Survey
160(1)
Email and Web Surveys
161(1)
Data Analysis
161(1)
Respondent Subjectivity
162(1)
IRB Approval of the Study
163(2)
Formulating and Writing the Methods
165(12)
Formulating the Methods
166(5)
Research Designs
166(1)
Subjects
166(4)
Instrumentation
170(1)
Pilot Testing
171(1)
Writing the Methods
171(6)
Subjects
171(1)
Instrumentation
171(2)
Procedures
173(1)
Statistical Analyses
174(3)
Part IV Statistical Measurements
177(92)
Statistical Decision Making
179(20)
Introduction
179(1)
Statistical Definitions
180(2)
Populations and Samples
181(1)
The Normal (z) Distribution and the z Test
182(2)
Student's t Distribution
184(2)
Statistical Decision Making (Hypothesis Testing)
186(6)
Why Use Statistical Decision Making?
186(2)
The Independent t Test
188(1)
The Correlated t Test
188(1)
Reading the Statistical Output
189(2)
The Alpha and p Levels
191(1)
Statistical Power, Statistical Significance, and Clinical Significance
192(4)
Statistical Power
192(2)
Statistical versus Clinical Significance
194(2)
Statistical Errors
196(1)
Solutions to Common Problems
196(3)
Analysis of Variance
199(32)
Between Subjects Designs: Analysis of Variance
199(4)
Limitations of the t Test
200(1)
Anova
201(2)
The One-Way Analysis with Two Groups
203(6)
The F Table
205(2)
The Relationship between F and t
207(2)
The One-Way Analysis with Three Groups
209(6)
The F Table
210(2)
Post Hoc Tests
212(3)
The Factorial Analysis of Variance
215(4)
The F Table
217(1)
Main Effects
217(2)
Interactions
219(1)
Other Issues
219(6)
More About Interactions
219(2)
Multiple Comparisons
221(3)
Violation of ANOVA Assumptions
224(1)
Design Considerations
225(6)
Importance of Protocols
225(2)
Homogeneity of Variance
227(1)
Manipulated and Nonmanipulated Independent Variables
227(4)
Repeated Measures Designs
231(18)
Introduction
231(1)
Within-Group Designs
232(5)
One-Factor Repeated Measures Design
232(4)
Factorial Repeated Measures Designs
236(1)
Mixed Designs
237(4)
One Between-Group Factor and One Within-Group Factor
237(4)
Mixed Designs Involving Factorial Combinations of Between-Group and Within-Group Factors
241(1)
Advantages of Repeated Measures Designs
241(1)
Disadvantages of Repeated Measures Designs
242(2)
Carryover Effects
242(1)
Learning/Practice Effects
242(1)
Subject Apprehension
243(1)
Instrumentation
243(1)
Fatigue
243(1)
Natural Growth
243(1)
Adherence/Mortality
244(1)
Some Solutions
244(1)
Counterbalancing
244(1)
Assumptions of Repeated Measures Designs
245(4)
Correlation Analysis
249(20)
Introduction
249(1)
Basic Concepts
250(9)
An Example of a Positive Relationship
251(4)
Other Factors that May Affect the Size of r
255(1)
Interpreting the Size of a Pearson r
256(2)
Other Measures of Relationships
258(1)
Regression versus Correlation
259(2)
An Example: Predicting Quadriceps Strength from Thigh Girth
260(1)
Nonlinear Relationships
261(1)
Multiple Correlation/Multiple Regression: The Use of More than One Predictor
262(1)
Correlational Techniques for Use in Conjunction with Analysis of Variance
263(4)
Other Issues
267(2)
Part V Writing and Publishing
269(48)
Writing the Results
271(12)
Organizing and Writing the Results
271(1)
The Results Chapter versus the Results Section of a Manuscript
272(1)
Organization of the Results
272(1)
Use of Text, Tables, and Figures
273(6)
Tables
273(4)
Figures
277(2)
Redundant Presentation of Data
279(1)
Speculation Surrounding the Results
279(4)
Writing the Discussion
283(8)
Introduction
283(1)
Organizing the Discussion
284(1)
Open with the Studys Primary Findings
284(1)
Do the Findings Confirm or Refute Your Hypotheses?
285(1)
Compare and Contrast with the Findings of Others
285(1)
Use of Tables and Figures in the Discussion
286(1)
Be Cautious of Overgeneralization of Your Findings
286(2)
Identify the Limitations and Suggest Future Research
288(1)
Identify the Clinical Relevance of the Study
289(1)
Include a Concise Conclusion
289(2)
The Publication Process
291(26)
Dissemination of the Research Findings
292(1)
Abstracts
292(6)
Abstract Preparation
292(5)
Abstract Submission
297(1)
Presenting an Abstract
298(2)
Oral Presentations
298(2)
Posters
300(1)
Thematic Posters
300(1)
Manuscript Preparation
300(5)
Refereed versus Nonrefereed Journals
300(2)
Selecting a Journal
302(1)
Journal Author Guides
303(2)
Authorship
305(1)
Manuscript Submission
305(3)
Author Letter
306(1)
Receipt by the Journal Office
307(1)
The Review Process
307(1)
Manuscript Acceptance and Publication
308(3)
Appendix 18--1: Example of an Abstract Published in the Journal of Athletic Training Supplement
311(2)
Appendix 18--2: Condensed Version of the Journal of Athletic Training Authors' Guide
313(4)
Part VI Additional Issues
317(74)
Introduction to Grant Writing and Research Funding Sources by Sandra Shultz
319(32)
Introduction
319(1)
Goals and Benefits of Seeking Research Funding
320(2)
Individual Goals / Benefits
320(2)
Program / Institutional Goals and Benefits
322(1)
Professional Goals / Benefits
322(1)
Types of Funding Agencies and Grant Mechanisms
322(8)
Funding Agencies
324(4)
Types of Funding Mechanisms
328(2)
Essential Elements and Steps in the Grant Application Process
330(14)
Developing the Research Idea: Desirable Characteristics and Potential for Funding
330(4)
Identifying an Appropriate Funding Source to Submit Your Proposal
334(3)
Application Process: Elements of the Proposal
337(5)
Submission Process: What to Expect After the Grant Is Submitted
342(2)
Other Considerations When Seeking Research Funding
344(7)
Importance of Collaboration and Research Team Selection
345(2)
Role of the Institution
347(4)
Ethical Considerations in the Research Process
351(40)
Scientific Misconduct
352(1)
Protecting Individuals' Rights in Research
353(2)
Use of Human Subjects and Obtaining Consent
354(1)
Authorship
355(1)
Manuscript Submission and Scientific Misconduct
356(3)
Multiple Submission
356(1)
Submission of Abstracts and Manuscripts
356(2)
Duplicate and Redundant Publication
358(1)
Conflicts of Interest
359(2)
Appendix 20--1: The Nuremberg Code
361(2)
Appendix 20--2: The Declaration of Helsinki
363(4)
Appendix 20--3: Examples of Research That Might Be Eligible for Exempt Status and the Process for Requesting Exemption
367(2)
Appendix 20--4: Sample Template for Medical Research Consent Form
369(8)
Appendix 20--5: Sample Template for Behavioral Science Research Consent Form
377(2)
Appendix 20--6: Sample Template for Obtaining Consent from a Minor
379(8)
Appendix 20--7: Redundant Publication
387(4)
Index 391

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