Editors' Preface

xiii

List of Contributors

PART I: DISEASE MAPPING

Disease Mapping and Its Uses

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Simple statistical representation

(4)

Model-based approaches

(3)

Spatio-temporal modelling

(2)

Conclusions

(2)

Bayesian and Empirical Bayes Approaches to Disease Mapping

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Maximum likelihood estimation of relative risks of mortality

(3)

Hierarchical Bayesian model of relative risks

(5)

Empirical Bayes estimation of relative risks

(1)

Fully Bayesian estimation of the relative risks

(4)

Conclusion

(2)

Addressing Multiple Goals Evaluating Region-Specific Risk Using Bayesian Methods

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Models

(3)

Goals and inferences

(3)

Using Monte-Carlo output

(1)

Scottish lip cancer data analysis

(7)

Conclusion

(4)

Disease Mapping with Hidden Structures Using Mixture Models

(14)

Introduction

(2)

The empirical Bayes approach

(4)

The validity of the mixture model approach for map construction

(1)

Extensions of the mixture model approach

(2)

Discussion and conclusions

(1)

Appendix: Details about the program DismapWin

(4)

PART II: CLUSTERING OF DISEASE

Inference for Extremes in Disease Mapping

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Spatial models for disease incidence or mortality

(3)

Bayesian inference via simulation

(8)

Bayes and constrained Bayes estimates

(3)

Loss functions for extreme values

(2)

Results for the Scotland lip-cancer data

(5)

Edge Effects in Disease Mapping

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Edge effect problems

(1)

Edge effect compensation methods

(2)

A hierarchical Bayesian model for disease mapping of tract count data

(3)

The Tuscany example

(5)

Conclusions

(2)

A Review of Cluster Detection Methods

(12)

Introduction

(3)

Reasons for studying disease clustering

102

(2)

Definition of clusters and clustering

104

(3)

Modelling issues

107

(1)

Hypothesis tests for clustering

108

(3)

Comparison of General Tests for Spatial Clustering

111

(8)

Introduction

111

(1)

Inappropriate tests

111

(2)

Available tests

113

(3)

Discussion

116

(3)

Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods for Putative Sources of Hazard and General Clustering

119

(24)

Introduction

119

(1)

Definitions

120

(1)

The analysis of health risk related to pollution sources

121

(1)

The analysis of non-focused disease clustering

122

(1)

A general model formulation for specific clustering

123

(1)

Markov chain Monte Carlo methods

124

(1)

Putative hazard example

125

(7)

Non-focused clustering example

132

(9)

Conclusions

141

(2)

Statistical Evaluation of Disease Cluster Alarms

143

(8)

Introduction

143

(1)

Focused cluster tests applied at other similar locations

144

(1)

Post-alarm monitoring

145

(1)

The spatial scan statistic

146

(1)

A proactive approach

147

(1)

Discussion

148

(3)

Disease Clustering for Uncertain Locations

151

(18)

Introduction

151

(1)

Classical statistics and randomisation tests

152

(1)

Cluster statistics as randomisation tests

153

(1)

Sample-based randomisation tests are epidemiologically unreasonable

154

(1)

Statistical inference

155

(2)

Location models

157

(4)

Location model applications

161

(1)

Spatial randomisation

162

(2)

Statistical inference for uncertain locations

164

(1)

An application

164

(1)

Discussion

165

(4)

Empirical Studies of Cluster Detection---Different Cluster Tests in Application to German Cancer Maps

169

(12)

Introduction

169

(1)

Methods

170

(2)

Results of application to German cancer mortality data

172

(4)

Discussion

176

(5)

PART III: ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Introduction to Spatial Models in Ecological Analysis

181

(12)

Introduction

181

(1)

Ecological fallacy in spatial data

182

(3)

Statistical models

185

(6)

Example

191

(1)

Conclusions

191

(2)

Bayesian Ecological Modelling

193

(10)

Introduction

193

(1)

Statistical issues

194

(2)

Data issues

196

(3)

Problems with the interpretation of ecological regression studies

199

(1)

Technical implementation

200

(1)

Conclusions

200

(3)

Spatial Regression Models in Epidemiological Studies

203

(14)

Truncated auto-Poisson vs. random effects Poisson regression

205

(3)

Model fitting using Monte Carlo Newton--Raphson

208

(2)

Prostate cancer in Valencia, 1975--1980

210

(4)

Discussion

214

(3)

Multilevel Modelling of Area-Based Health Data

217

(14)

Introduction

217

(2)

Developing a Poisson spatial multilevel model

219

(4)

Incidence of prostate cancer in Scottish local authority districts

223

(4)

Discussion

227

(4)

PART IV: RISK ASSESSMENT FOR PUTATIVE SOURCES OF HAZARD

A Review of Modelling Approaches in Health Risk Assessment around Putative Sources

231

(16)

Introduction

231

(2)

Problems of inference

233

(1)

Exploratory techniques

234

(1)

Models for point data

235

(7)

Models for count data

242

(2)

Modelling vs. hypothesis testing

244

(1)

Conclusions

245

(2)

Disease Mapping Using the Relative Risk Function Estimated from Areal Data

247

(10)

Introduction

247

(1)

Definition of the Relative Risk Function

248

(1)

Estimation of the relative risk function

249

(1)

Application to childhood cancer data

249

(3)

General heterogeneity of risk

252

(2)

Selecting the degree of smoothing

254

(1)

Discussion

254

(3)

The Power of Focused Score Tests Under Misspecified Cluster Models

257

(14)

Introduction

257

(1)

Models of clustering and score tests

258

(3)

Homogeneous population results

261

(5)

Post hoc power analysis: New York leukaemia data

266

(2)

Discussion

268

(3)

Case--Control Analysis of Risk around Putative Source

271

(16)

Introduction

271

(1)

General definitions

272

(2)

Estimation

274

(4)

Crude trend tests on distance from source

278

(4)

Stratified analysis

282

(1)

Logistic regression analysis

282

(3)

Conclusions

285

(2)

Lung Cancer Near Point Emission Sources

287

(8)

Introduction

287

(1)

Intustrial areas

288

(1)

Urban areas

289

(1)

Methodological implications

290

(2)

Conclusions

292

(3)

PART V: PUBLIC HEALTH APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES

Environmental Epidemiology, Public Health Advocacy and Policy

295

(6)

Introduction

295

(1)

`Washing Whiter': A pitfall to avoid

296

(2)

A societal context to take into account

298

(1)

Conclusion

299

(2)

The Character and the Public Health Implications of Ecological Analyses

301

(10)

Introduction

301

(1)

Some remarks on the assessment of ecological exposures

302

(1)

Comment on study designs

303

(1)

Credibility of ecological analyses

304

(1)

Scientific aspects

305

(2)

Societal attitudes

307

(1)

Conclusions

308

(3)

Computer Geographic Analysis: A Commentary on Its Use and Misuse in Public Health

311

(10)

Introduction

311

(1)

Hypothesis generation

312

(4)

Ecological studies

316

(1)

Descriptive/administrative uses of GIS and geographic analysis

317

(1)

Hypothesis testing

318

(1)

Conclusion

319

(2)

Estimating the Presence and the Degree of Heterogeneity of Disease Rates

321

(8)

Introduction

321

(1)

The Poisson case

322

(2)

Binomial case

324

(2)

Discussion

326

(3)

Ecological Regression with Errors in Covariates: An Application

329

(20)

Introduction

329

(2)

Background and data

331

(2)

The statistical model

333

(7)

The data

340

(1)

Estimation

340

(1)

Results

340

(6)

Discussion

346

(3)

Case Studies in Bayesian Disease Mapping for Health and Health Service Research in Ireland

349

(16)

Introduction

349

(1)

Background

350

(2)

Low birth weight and area deprivation

352

(6)

Avoidable mortality for asthma

358

(5)

Conclusion

363

(2)

An Analysis of Determinants of Regional Variation in Cancer Incidence: Ontario, Canada

365

(18)

Introduction

365

(1)

Background and objectives

366

(1)

Methods

367

(2)

Results

369

(11)

Conclusions

380

(3)

Congenital Anomalies Near Hazardous Waste Landfill Sites in Europe

383

(12)

Introduction

383

(1)

Methods

384

(4)

Results

388

(3)

Discussion

391

(4)

An Analysis of the Geographical Distribution of Leukaemia Incidence in the Vicinity of a Suspected Point Source: A Case Study

395

(16)

Introduction

395

(1)

Materials and methods

396

(5)

Results

401

(5)

Discussion

406

(2)

Conclusion

408

(3)

Lung Cancer Mortality in Women in Germany 1995: A Case Study in Disease Mapping

411

(42)

Introduction

411

(1)

The data

412

(1)

The methods

413

(40)

Appendix: Disease Mapping and Risk Assessment for Public Health Decision Making: Report on a WHO/Biomed2 International Workshop

453

(16)

Index

469

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Disease Mapping and Risk Assessment for Public Health

9780471986348

0471986348

Supplemental Materials

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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