Introduction | |
Abiotic factors | |
Introduction | |
Oxygen and oxygen consumption | |
Ammonia | |
Temperature | |
Seasonal temperature cycle and spawning | |
Egg and larval development | |
Sex ratio | |
Growth and metabolism | |
Salinity | |
Hydrogen sulphide | |
Light | |
Growth and development | |
Reproduction | |
Algae blooms | |
Site selection | |
References | |
Microbial interactions, prophylaxix and diseases | |
Fish-microbe interactions and implications in aquaculture | |
Disease causing organisms | |
Normal fish-microbe interactions, infection pathways and pathogenesis | |
The immune system of fish | |
Viral diseases: diagnosis | |
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV | |
Nodaviruses | |
Other viruses | |
Bacterial diseases: diagnosis | |
Vibrio species | |
Aeromonas species | |
Parasitic protists and metazoans: diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment | |
Protists | |
.2.Metazoans | |
A strategy for microbial control | |
General considerations | |
A strategy for microbial control and important elements in such a strategy | |
Improving environmental conditions | |
Non-selective reduction of microbes | |
The use of probiotics | |
Selection for desirable bacteria | |
Improving the resistance of the fish | |
Modulation of specific immunity - vaccination | |
Modulation of non-specific immunity | |
The effect of nutrition and genetics on resistance against microbes | |
Closing remarks | |
References | |
Live food technology and cold water marine fish larvae | |
Introduction | |
Cultivation systems | |
Production of rotifers | |
Biological characteristics | |
General biology and life history | |
Feeding kinetics of B. plicatilis | |
Growth, mortality and egg ratio | |
Cultivation feed and feed treatments | |
Cultivation of rotifers | |
Maintenance of stock cultures | |
Inoculation phase | |
Early growth phase | |
Late growth phase - harvesting strategies | |
Production in batch culture | |
Production in continuous culture | |
High intensity rotifer cultivation | |
Problems in rotifer cultivation | |
Feeding related problems | |
Environmentally related problems | |
Disease and contamination | |
Problem identification - diagnostic criteria | |
Counter-measures against undesirable situations | |
Biochemical composition during steady state feeding and growth | |
Proteins and essential amino acids | |
Lipids and essential fatty acids | |
Vitamins and minerals | |
Short-term enrichment techniques to improve nutritional value | |
Proteins | |
Lipids and fatty acids | |
Stability of nutritional value | |
Production of artemia | |
Feeding and growth | |
Biomass and biochemical composition | |
Pre-enrichment cultivation | |
Disinfection of cysts | |
Decapsulation of cysts | |
Hatching of cysts | |
Enrichment and stability of n-3 fatty acids | |
n-3 HUFA enrichment | |
Stability of n-3 fatty acids post-enrichment | |
n-3 HUFA of Artemia juveniles | |
Vitamins and minerals | |
Marine copepods | |
Concluding remarks | |
References | |
Brood stock and egg production | |
Reproductive strategies | |
Gonad maturation | |
Females | |
Males | |
Spawning once or many times? | |
Endocrine regulation | |
Broodstock management and egg production | |
Broodstock nutrition | |
Photoperiod | |
Temperature | |
Present husbandry practices and egg collection | |
Egg quality | |
Assessment of egg quality | |
Overripening | |
Influence of environmental factors on egg quality | |
Change of egg quality over the spawning season | |
Maternal effect | |
Sperm production and quality | |
Features of sperm production and quality | |
Influence of environmental factors on sperm quality | |
Sperm storage | |
Selective breeding | |
Modern biotechnology and aquaculture | |
References | |
From fertilization to metamorphosis - functional development | |
Intervals of fish ontogeny and the definitions of the organism | |
Relative duration of the various stages of development | |
Egg classification | |
Egg structure and composition | |
Insemination and fertilization | |
Embryonic development and hatching | |
Cod | |
Wolffish | |
Embryo growth and yolk absorption | |
From hatching to metamorphosis | |
To be a larva . | |
..... or not to be a larva | |
The yolk-sac period - preparation for real "real life" | |
Metamorphosis | |
Functional development of organ systems from hatching to metamorphosis | |
Sensory systems | |
Digestive system | |
Muscle and body skeleton | |
Swimbladder | |
Osmoregulation | |
Respiration and excretion | |
Neuroendocrine systems | |
Immune system | |
Skin and pigmentation | |
Larval feeding behaviour | |
Larval growth | |
Influence of diet | |
The juvenile quality | |
Hatchery design | |
The demersal eggs of wolffish | |
Pelagic eggs (cod, turbot, halibut | |
Critical aspects of larval cultivation | |
References | |
First feeding technology | |
Introduction | |
Nutritional requirements of marine larvae | |
Essential fatty acids | |
Main lipid classes | |
Physiological basis of n-3 HUFA requirements | |
Protein and essential amino acids | |
Protein versus lipid nutrition | |
Definitions and system description | |
Extensive systems - Large closed nature-like systems | |
Semi-intensive systems - Large suspended mesocosms, enclosures or outdoor tanks | |
Larval rearing in relatively small tanks - classical intensive hatchery techniques | |
Water treatment and supply | |
Production lines for live feed | |
Larval rearing systems | |
Automation and process control | |
Larval rearing in nature like systems | |
The pioneer work | |
The "lagoon method" as a production system | |
The larval food and feeding in mesocosms | |
Initiation of exogenous feeding: the "green gut" | |
Prey selection | |
Feeding, growth and survival | |
Larval first feeding in intensive systems | |
Physical chemical environment | |
Feeding characteristics of fish larvae | |
Food selection | |
Feeding and functional response | |
Larval feeding rate of live feed | |
Larval feeding of microalgae | |
Feeding regime components for coldwater larviculture | |
Microalgae | |
Rotifers | |
Artemia naupli | |
Juvenile Artemia | |
Tentative feeding regimes for common species | |
Stocking densities | |
Live food rations | |
Atlantic cod and haddock | |
Atlantic halibut | |
Turbot | |
Sole, wolffish and hake | |
Growth rate characteristics during first feeding | |
Nutritional challenges and conflicts | |
Criteria of nutritional value for live feed | |
Lipids and n-3 HUFA | |
Essential amino acids and proteins | |
Synergetic importance of lipids and proteins | |
Vitamins and minerals | |
General recommendations on larval nutrition | |
Microbial conflicts and challenges | |
Methods of non-selective reduction of bacteria | |
Methods for selective enhancement of favourable bacteria | |
Use of "green water" technique | |
Effects of "green water" | |
Nutritional effects | |
Microbial effects | |
Live feed retention time in larval tanks | |
Concluding remarks | |
References | |
Weaning and nursery | |
Introduction | |
Development of digestive system in fish larvae | |
Nutrition | |
Macronutrient composition | |
Composition of dietary protein | |
Composition of the lipid fraction | |
Vitamin supplementation | |
Microparticulate diets | |
Weaning and nursery stage, practical aspects | |
General | |
The role of early start feeding | |
Early weaning and co-feeding | |
Uptake and ingestion of formulated diets | |
Availability of particulate food | |
Tank hygiene | |
Rearing temperature and light | |
Vaccination | |
Handling of fish | |
Cod | |
Early weaning | |
Weaning | |
Cannibalism | |
Gas bobble formation | |
Bacterial problems | |
Nursery | |
Turbot | |
Early weaning | |
Weaning | |
Rearing density | |
Tanks | |
Halibut | |
Growth | |
Early weaning | |
Weaning | |
Nursery | |
References | |
Ongrowing to market size | |
Introduction | |
Analysis of feeds and feedstuffs | |
Protein requirements and sources | |
Lipids and lipid requirements | |
Carbohydrates | |
Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals | |
Feed types and formulations | |
Feeding regimes and practices | |
Growth and feed conversion | |
Nutrient deposition and body composition | |
Concluding comments | |
References | |
The status and perspectives for the species | |
Atlantic cod | |
Introduction | |
Broodstock, egg production and incubation | |
Extensive production | |
Intensive production | |
Ongrowing | |
Future prospects | |
References | |
Haddock | |
Introduction | |
Broodstock, egg production and incubation | |
Larval rearing | |
Weaning and ongrowing | |
Health | |
Commercial development | |
Future prospects | |
References | |
Hake | |
Introduction | |
Eggproduction and incubation | |
Larvae rearing | |
Weaning and ongrowing | |
Future prospects | |
Wolffish | |
Introduction | |
Broodstock, eggproduction and incubation | |
Larval rearing and on-growing | |
Future prospects | |
References | |
Halibut | |
Introduction | |
Broodstock, egg production and incubation | |
Larval rearing | |
Weaning and ongrowing | |
Ongrowing systems | |
References | |
Turbot | |
Introduction | |
Broodstock, eggproduction and incubation | |
Larvae rearing | |
Weaning and on-growing | |
Future prospects | |
References | |
Sole | |
Introduction | |
Broodstock, egg production and incubation | |
Larval rearing | |
Weaning and on-growing | |
Future prospects | |
References | |
Marine Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching | |
Introduction | |
Stock enhancement and sea-ranching in Europe and North America | |
Atlantic cod | |
Other species | |
Stock enhancement and sea-ranching in Japan (Asia | |
Prospects and limitation of enhancement and sea ranching | |
Biological constrains | |
Economical constrains | |
Recommendations and Guidelines | |
Financial and Economic analysis, and Market | |
Introduction | |
Markets, productivity and production growth | |
The economics of a market and productivity | |
The evolution of the salmon industry | |
The evolution of the sea bass and sea bream industry | |
The evolution of the American catfish industry | |
Cod | |
Haddock | |
European Hake | |
Wolffish | |
Halibut | |
Turbot | |
Sole | |
Conclusions | |
References | |
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