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9781405172110

Culture of Cold-Water Marine Fish

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781405172110

  • ISBN10:

    1405172118

  • Format: eBook
  • Copyright: 2008-04-01
  • Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
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Summary

With the continuing decline of commercial stocks of wild-caught fish, the interest in the culture of cold-water marine fish is rapidly growing, with much ongoing research into the development of this area. This important and timely book reviews the current and potential future situation concerning the major exploited marine fish species, such as cod, haddock, hake, wolf-fish, halibut, turbot and sole. The editors of Culture of Cold-Water Marine Fish have drawn together and carefully edited chapters from a wide range of international scientists. The contents list includes detailed reviews of abiotic factors, microbial interactions, prophylaxis and disease, live food and first feeding technologies, brood stock and egg production, functional development, weaning and nursery, on-growing to market size, status and perspectives for the species covered, stock enhancement and sea ranching, and an analysis of the finances, economics and markets for the fish species used in marine aquaculture. Culture of Cold-Water Marine Fish is an essential purchase for personnel involved in marine aquaculture, whether managing fish farms, supplying equipment and feed to the industry, or researching, studying or teaching the subject. Marine biologists, fisheries scientists, fish biologists, ecologists and environmental scientists will all find much of use and interest in this timely book. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught should have copies. E. Moksness is based at the Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine ResearchStation,His, Norway, E. Kjørsvik is at the Department of Biology, Brattøra Research Center, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and Y. Olsen is at the Trondheim Biological Station, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Abiotic factors
Introduction
Oxygen and oxygen consumption
Ammonia
Temperature
Seasonal temperature cycle and spawning
Egg and larval development
Sex ratio
Growth and metabolism
Salinity
Hydrogen sulphide
Light
Growth and development
Reproduction
Algae blooms
Site selection
References
Microbial interactions, prophylaxix and diseases
Fish-microbe interactions and implications in aquaculture
Disease causing organisms
Normal fish-microbe interactions, infection pathways and pathogenesis
The immune system of fish
Viral diseases: diagnosis
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV
Nodaviruses
Other viruses
Bacterial diseases: diagnosis
Vibrio species
Aeromonas species
Parasitic protists and metazoans: diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment
Protists
.2.Metazoans
A strategy for microbial control
General considerations
A strategy for microbial control and important elements in such a strategy
Improving environmental conditions
Non-selective reduction of microbes
The use of probiotics
Selection for desirable bacteria
Improving the resistance of the fish
Modulation of specific immunity - vaccination
Modulation of non-specific immunity
The effect of nutrition and genetics on resistance against microbes
Closing remarks
References
Live food technology and cold water marine fish larvae
Introduction
Cultivation systems
Production of rotifers
Biological characteristics
General biology and life history
Feeding kinetics of B. plicatilis
Growth, mortality and egg ratio
Cultivation feed and feed treatments
Cultivation of rotifers
Maintenance of stock cultures
Inoculation phase
Early growth phase
Late growth phase - harvesting strategies
Production in batch culture
Production in continuous culture
High intensity rotifer cultivation
Problems in rotifer cultivation
Feeding related problems
Environmentally related problems
Disease and contamination
Problem identification - diagnostic criteria
Counter-measures against undesirable situations
Biochemical composition during steady state feeding and growth
Proteins and essential amino acids
Lipids and essential fatty acids
Vitamins and minerals
Short-term enrichment techniques to improve nutritional value
Proteins
Lipids and fatty acids
Stability of nutritional value
Production of artemia
Feeding and growth
Biomass and biochemical composition
Pre-enrichment cultivation
Disinfection of cysts
Decapsulation of cysts
Hatching of cysts
Enrichment and stability of n-3 fatty acids
n-3 HUFA enrichment
Stability of n-3 fatty acids post-enrichment
n-3 HUFA of Artemia juveniles
Vitamins and minerals
Marine copepods
Concluding remarks
References
Brood stock and egg production
Reproductive strategies
Gonad maturation
Females
Males
Spawning once or many times?
Endocrine regulation
Broodstock management and egg production
Broodstock nutrition
Photoperiod
Temperature
Present husbandry practices and egg collection
Egg quality
Assessment of egg quality
Overripening
Influence of environmental factors on egg quality
Change of egg quality over the spawning season
Maternal effect
Sperm production and quality
Features of sperm production and quality
Influence of environmental factors on sperm quality
Sperm storage
Selective breeding
Modern biotechnology and aquaculture
References
From fertilization to metamorphosis - functional development
Intervals of fish ontogeny and the definitions of the organism
Relative duration of the various stages of development
Egg classification
Egg structure and composition
Insemination and fertilization
Embryonic development and hatching
Cod
Wolffish
Embryo growth and yolk absorption
From hatching to metamorphosis
To be a larva .
..... or not to be a larva
The yolk-sac period - preparation for real "real life"
Metamorphosis
Functional development of organ systems from hatching to metamorphosis
Sensory systems
Digestive system
Muscle and body skeleton
Swimbladder
Osmoregulation
Respiration and excretion
Neuroendocrine systems
Immune system
Skin and pigmentation
Larval feeding behaviour
Larval growth
Influence of diet
The juvenile quality
Hatchery design
The demersal eggs of wolffish
Pelagic eggs (cod, turbot, halibut
Critical aspects of larval cultivation
References
First feeding technology
Introduction
Nutritional requirements of marine larvae
Essential fatty acids
Main lipid classes
Physiological basis of n-3 HUFA requirements
Protein and essential amino acids
Protein versus lipid nutrition
Definitions and system description
Extensive systems - Large closed nature-like systems
Semi-intensive systems - Large suspended mesocosms, enclosures or outdoor tanks
Larval rearing in relatively small tanks - classical intensive hatchery techniques
Water treatment and supply
Production lines for live feed
Larval rearing systems
Automation and process control
Larval rearing in nature like systems
The pioneer work
The "lagoon method" as a production system
The larval food and feeding in mesocosms
Initiation of exogenous feeding: the "green gut"
Prey selection
Feeding, growth and survival
Larval first feeding in intensive systems
Physical chemical environment
Feeding characteristics of fish larvae
Food selection
Feeding and functional response
Larval feeding rate of live feed
Larval feeding of microalgae
Feeding regime components for coldwater larviculture
Microalgae
Rotifers
Artemia naupli
Juvenile Artemia
Tentative feeding regimes for common species
Stocking densities
Live food rations
Atlantic cod and haddock
Atlantic halibut
Turbot
Sole, wolffish and hake
Growth rate characteristics during first feeding
Nutritional challenges and conflicts
Criteria of nutritional value for live feed
Lipids and n-3 HUFA
Essential amino acids and proteins
Synergetic importance of lipids and proteins
Vitamins and minerals
General recommendations on larval nutrition
Microbial conflicts and challenges
Methods of non-selective reduction of bacteria
Methods for selective enhancement of favourable bacteria
Use of "green water" technique
Effects of "green water"
Nutritional effects
Microbial effects
Live feed retention time in larval tanks
Concluding remarks
References
Weaning and nursery
Introduction
Development of digestive system in fish larvae
Nutrition
Macronutrient composition
Composition of dietary protein
Composition of the lipid fraction
Vitamin supplementation
Microparticulate diets
Weaning and nursery stage, practical aspects
General
The role of early start feeding
Early weaning and co-feeding
Uptake and ingestion of formulated diets
Availability of particulate food
Tank hygiene
Rearing temperature and light
Vaccination
Handling of fish
Cod
Early weaning
Weaning
Cannibalism
Gas bobble formation
Bacterial problems
Nursery
Turbot
Early weaning
Weaning
Rearing density
Tanks
Halibut
Growth
Early weaning
Weaning
Nursery
References
Ongrowing to market size
Introduction
Analysis of feeds and feedstuffs
Protein requirements and sources
Lipids and lipid requirements
Carbohydrates
Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals
Feed types and formulations
Feeding regimes and practices
Growth and feed conversion
Nutrient deposition and body composition
Concluding comments
References
The status and perspectives for the species
Atlantic cod
Introduction
Broodstock, egg production and incubation
Extensive production
Intensive production
Ongrowing
Future prospects
References
Haddock
Introduction
Broodstock, egg production and incubation
Larval rearing
Weaning and ongrowing
Health
Commercial development
Future prospects
References
Hake
Introduction
Eggproduction and incubation
Larvae rearing
Weaning and ongrowing
Future prospects
Wolffish
Introduction
Broodstock, eggproduction and incubation
Larval rearing and on-growing
Future prospects
References
Halibut
Introduction
Broodstock, egg production and incubation
Larval rearing
Weaning and ongrowing
Ongrowing systems
References
Turbot
Introduction
Broodstock, eggproduction and incubation
Larvae rearing
Weaning and on-growing
Future prospects
References
Sole
Introduction
Broodstock, egg production and incubation
Larval rearing
Weaning and on-growing
Future prospects
References
Marine Stock Enhancement and Sea Ranching
Introduction
Stock enhancement and sea-ranching in Europe and North America
Atlantic cod
Other species
Stock enhancement and sea-ranching in Japan (Asia
Prospects and limitation of enhancement and sea ranching
Biological constrains
Economical constrains
Recommendations and Guidelines
Financial and Economic analysis, and Market
Introduction
Markets, productivity and production growth
The economics of a market and productivity
The evolution of the salmon industry
The evolution of the sea bass and sea bream industry
The evolution of the American catfish industry
Cod
Haddock
European Hake
Wolffish
Halibut
Turbot
Sole
Conclusions
References
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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