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9781560551980

Electrophysiologic Testing in Disorders of the Retina, Optic Nerve, and Visual Pathway

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781560551980

  • ISBN10:

    1560551984

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2001-01-02
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press
  • Purchase Benefits
List Price: $90.66

Summary

This second edition is substantially expanded, with broader and deeper coverage. Includes new chapters on the focal and multifocal electroretinogram and the pattern ERG. Also covers visual evoked potential, pattern dystrophies, North Carolina macular dystrophy, progressive bifocal maculardystrophy, sheen retinal dystrophies, neuronal ceroid lipofuscionoses, retinal degeneration with spinocerebellar ataxia, enhanced S-cone syndrome, and more.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvi
The Electroretinogram
1(156)
Gerald Allen Fishman
Components and Origins of the ERG
2(8)
a-, b-, and c-Waves and Off-Responses
2(4)
Scotopic and Photopic Threshold Responses
6(1)
Early Receptor Potential
7(1)
Oscillatory Potentials
8(2)
Measurement of the ERG Components
10(1)
Recording Procedure
11(1)
Recording Electrodes
12(2)
Burian-Allen Electrode
12(1)
Dawson-Trick-Litzkow Electrode
12(1)
ERG-Jet Electrode
13(1)
Mylar Electrode
13(1)
Skin Electrode
13(1)
Cotton-Wick Electrode
13(1)
Hawlina-Konec Electrode
14(1)
The ERG Under Light- and Dark-Adapted Conditions
14(9)
With a Constant-Intensity Stimulus
17(1)
With Variable-Intensity Stimuli
18(2)
With Different-Wavelength Stimuli
20(1)
With Variable-Frequency Stimuli
21(2)
Other Factors Affecting the ERG
23(5)
Duration of Stimulus
23(1)
Size of Retinal Area Illuminated
24(1)
Interval Between Stimuli
24(1)
Size of Pupil
25(1)
Circulation and Drugs
25(1)
Development of Retina
25(2)
Clarity of Ocular Media
27(1)
Age, Sex, and Refractive Error
27(1)
Anesthesia
27(1)
Diurnal Fluctuations
28(1)
The ERG in Retinal Disorders
28(1)
Diffuse Photoreceptor Dystrophies
29(14)
Rod-Cone Dystrophies
30(1)
Retinitis Pigmentosa
30(5)
Allied Disorders
35(4)
Cone-Rod Dystrophies
39(4)
Stationary Cone Dysfunction Disorders
43(2)
Congenital Achromatopsia
43(1)
Congenital Red-Green Color Deficiency
44(1)
Stationary Night-Blinding Disorders
45(9)
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness
45(5)
Oguchi Disease
50(1)
Fundus Albipunctatus
50(3)
Fleck Retina of Kandori
53(1)
Hereditary Macular Dystrophies
54(11)
Stargardt Macular Dystrophy
54(2)
Best Macular Dystrophy
56(2)
Pattern Dystrophies
58(1)
North Carolina Macular Dystrophy
59(1)
Progressive Bifocal Chorioretinal Atrophy
59(1)
Cone Dystrophies
60(4)
Sheen Retinal Dystrophies
64(1)
Chorioretinal Dystrophies
65(4)
Choroidal Atrophy
65(1)
Gyrate Atrophy
65(1)
Choroideremia
66(3)
Angioid Streaks
69(1)
Hereditary Vitreoretinal Disorders
69(6)
X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis
69(3)
Goldmann-Favre Syndrome
72(1)
Wagner Disease
72(1)
Stickler Syndrome
73(1)
Autosomal Dominant Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy
73(1)
Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy
73(1)
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
74(1)
Inflammatory Conditions
75(9)
Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy
76(2)
Multiple Evanescent White-Dot Syndrome
78(4)
Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy
82(1)
Pseudo-Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome
83(1)
Behcet Disease
83(1)
Circulatory Deficiencies
84(4)
Sickle Cell Retinopathy
84(1)
Takayasu Disease
84(1)
Carotid Artery Occlusion
84(1)
Central and Branch Artery and Vein Occlusions
85(3)
Hypertension and Arteriosclerosis
88(1)
Toxic Conditions
88(11)
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
88(2)
Chlorpromazine
90(1)
Thioridazine
91(2)
Indomethacin
93(1)
Quinine
93(2)
Methanol
95(1)
Gentamicin
95(2)
Ethyl-m-Aminobenzoic Acid Methanesulfonate
97(1)
Cisplatin
97(1)
Glycine
97(1)
Canthaxanthin
97(1)
Vigabatrin
98(1)
Deferoxamine
98(1)
Sildenafil
99(1)
Vitamin A Deficiency and Retinoids
99(1)
Optic Nerve and Ganglion Cell Disease
100(2)
Opaque Lens or Vitreous
102(1)
Diabetic Retinopathy
102(2)
Miscellaneous Conditions
104(20)
Retinal Detachment
104(1)
Silicone Oil and Sulfurhexafluoride Gas
104(1)
Thyroid and Other Metabolic Dysfunctions
105(1)
Parkinson Disease
106(1)
Myotonic Dystrophy
106(1)
Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies
106(1)
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
107(3)
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses
110(2)
Retinal Degeneration With Spinocerebellar Ataxia
112(2)
Tay-Sachs Disease
114(1)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
114(1)
Intraocular Foreign Bodies
115(1)
Myopia
116(1)
Albinism
117(1)
Taurine Deficiency
117(1)
Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy
117(1)
Cancer-Associated Retinopathy
118(2)
Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome
120(1)
Pigmented Paravenous Retinochoroidal Atrophy
120(4)
Summary
124(33)
References
124(28)
Suggested Readings
152(5)
The Electro-Oculogram
157(20)
Gerald Allen Fishman
Recording Procedure
158(3)
Components and Origins of the EOG
161(2)
The EOG in Retinal Disorders
163(1)
Hereditary Macular Dystrophies
163(2)
Stargardt Macular Dystrophy
163(1)
Best Macular Dystrophy
163(1)
Pattern Dystrophies
164(1)
Drusen of Bruch's Membrane
164(1)
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
164(1)
Ectodermal Dysplasia, Ectrodactyly, and Macular Dystrophy
165(1)
Diffuse Photoreceptor Dystrophies
165(1)
Rod-Cone Dystrophies
165(1)
Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophies
165(1)
Stationary Night-Blinding Disorders
166(1)
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness
166(1)
Oguchi Disease
166(1)
Fundus Albipunctatus
166(1)
Chorioretinal Dystrophies
166(1)
Inflammatory Conditions
166(1)
Circulatory Deficiencies
166(1)
Toxic Conditions
167(1)
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
167(1)
Didanosine
167(1)
Deferoxamine
168(1)
Optic Nerve Disease
168(1)
Miscellaneous Conditions
168(2)
Retinal Detachment
168(1)
Silicone Oil
168(1)
Diabetic Retinopathy
169(1)
Intraocular Foreign Bodies
169(1)
Myopia
169(1)
Choroidal Malignant Melanoma
169(1)
Summary
170(7)
References
170(4)
Suggested Readings
174(3)
The Focal and Multifocal Electroretinogram
177(20)
David G. Birch
The Focal ERG
177(5)
Recording Procedure
178(1)
Normal Values
179(1)
The Focal Rod ERG
179(1)
The Focal Cone ERG in Retinal Disorders
180(2)
The Multifocal ERG
182(10)
Recording Procedure
183(2)
Normal Values
185(1)
The Multifocal ERG in Outer Retinal Disorders
185(4)
The Multifocal ERG in Inner Retinal Disorders
189(3)
Summary
192(5)
References
192(3)
Suggested Readings
195(2)
The Pattern Electroretinogram
197(40)
Graham E. Holder
Historical Background
197(1)
The PERG Waveform and Its Determinants
198(9)
The Normal Waveform and Its Relationship to Stimulus Parameters
198(1)
Stimulus Rate
199(1)
Check Size and Spatial Frequency
199(1)
Contrast
200(1)
Field Size
200(1)
Recording the PERG
201(1)
Recording Electrodes
201(1)
The Reference Electrode
202(1)
Recording Techniques and Equipment
202(2)
Pupil Diameter
204(1)
Age
204(1)
Reliability of the PERG
204(2)
Origins of the PERG
206(1)
Clinical Applications
207(20)
Macular Dysfunction
207(1)
Macular Assessment in Retinal Degeneration
208(1)
Other Generalized Retinal Diseases
208(2)
Macular Dystrophies
210(3)
Diabetes
213(1)
Other Macular Dysfunction
213(1)
Optic Nerve Disease
214(2)
Optic Nerve Demyelination
216(3)
Optic Nerve Compression
219(1)
Optic Atrophy
219(2)
Miscellaneous Optic Nerve Dysfunction
221(1)
Glaucoma
221(5)
VEP Abnormalities and the PERG
226(1)
Nonorganic Visual Loss
226(1)
Summary
227(10)
References
227(8)
Suggested Readings
235(2)
The Visual Evoked Potential
237(44)
Mitchell G. Brigell
Origins of the VEP
239(1)
VEP Stimulus Parameters
240(2)
VEP Response Parameters
242(3)
Clinical Use of the VEP in Adults
245(13)
Media Opacities
245(1)
Retinal Diseases
246(1)
Central Serous Retinopathy
246(1)
Macular Disease
246(1)
Glaucoma
246(1)
Demyelinative Optic Neuropathies
246(1)
Optic Neuritis
246(1)
Multiple Sclerosis
247(1)
Leukodystrophies
248(1)
Nutritional Amblyopia
248(1)
Compressive Optic Neuropathies
249(1)
Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy
250(1)
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
250(1)
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathies
250(1)
Traumatic Optic Neuropathies
251(1)
Toxic Optic Neuropathies
251(1)
Ethambutol
251(1)
Cisplatin
251(1)
Deferoxamine
252(1)
Inflammatory Optic Neuropathies
252(1)
Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
252(1)
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy
252(1)
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
252(1)
Mitochondrial Myopathies
253(1)
Operating Room Monitoring
253(1)
Neurodegenerative Diseases
254(1)
Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias
254(1)
Spinocerebellar Degeneration
254(1)
Functional Disorders
254(2)
Disorders of the Optic Chiasm, Optic Radiations, and Visual Cortex
256(1)
The Hemifield VEP and Paradoxical Lateralization
256(1)
Chiasmal Compression
257(1)
Albinism
257(1)
Dysfunction of the Optic Radiations and Visual Cortex
257(1)
Migraine
257(1)
Developmental Dyslexia
258(1)
Cortical Blindness
258(1)
Clinical Use of the VEP in Children
258(6)
Estimation of Visual Acuity in Infants
259(1)
Childhood Amblyopia and Binocular Function
260(2)
Oculomotor Disorders
262(1)
Delayed Visual Maturation
262(1)
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
262(1)
Optic Nerve Gliomas
262(1)
Prognostic Value of the VEP in Neurologic Diseases
263(1)
Practical Guidelines
264(3)
Instrumentation
264(1)
Patient Preparation
264(1)
Adult Protocol
264(2)
Pediatric Protocol
266(1)
Summary
267(14)
References
268(10)
Suggested Readings
278(3)
CME Credit 281(1)
Answer Sheet 282(1)
Self-Study Examination 283(8)
Index 291

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