9780398073732

Preface to the Seventh Edition	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xi
Producing the Radiographic Image
X-Rays and Radiographic Variables	p. 5
Generation of X-Rays	p. 5
Interactions in the Anode	p. 9
X-Ray Beam Spectra	p. 12
Properties of X-Rays	p. 12
The X-Ray Beam	p. 13
Attenuation	p. 14
X-Ray Beam Nomenclature	p. 16
Types of Radiographic Variables	p. 17
Recording the Permanent Image	p. 20
Beginnings of Photography	p. 20
Birth of Radiography	p. 20
Modern X-Ray Film	p. 21
Latent Image Formation	p. 23
Processing the Silver Image	p. 24
Resume of Image Production	p. 25
Qualities of the Radiographic Image	p. 28
Components of the Image	p. 28
Qualities of the Radiograph	p. 33
Interactions of X-Rays Within the Patient	p. 52
Types of Interactions	p. 52
Production of Subject Contrast	p. 55
Visibility Factors
Milliampere-Seconds	p. 67
Effect on X-Ray Beam Spectrum	p. 67
Reciprocity Law	p. 68
Control of Density	p. 69
Arithmetical Relations	p. 71
Visible Density Change	p. 78
Underexposure and Quantum Mottle	p. 80
Effect on Contrast	p. 81
Exposure Time and Motion	p. 82
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 82
Kilovoltage-Peak	p. 85
Effect on X-Ray Beam Spectrum	p. 85
Control of Contrast	p. 87
Control of Density	p. 95
Optimum kVp	p. 101
The 15 Percent Rule	p. 103
kVp Versus mAs for Density Control	p. 110
Visible Density Change	p. 110
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 111
Exposure Latitude	p. 112
Machine Phase and Rectification	p. 118
Effect on the X-Ray Beam Spectrum	p. 120
Effect on Density	p. 121
Effect on Contrast	p. 121
Effect on Other Qualities	p. 123
Rectification and X-ray Generators	p. 123
Beam Filtration	p. 127
Compensating Filtration	p. 129
X-Ray Beam Quality and HVL	p. 132
Field Size Limitation	p. 134
Collimation Devices	p. 134
Scatter Radiation	p. 137
Effect on Contrast	p. 137
Effect on Density	p. 139
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 141
Calculating Field Size Coverage	p. 142
Patient Status and Contrast Agents	p. 146
Physique	p. 146
Body Tissues	p. 147
Evaluation of the Patient	p. 149
Soft Tissue-Bone Relation	p. 150
Body Thickness	p. 150
Molecular Composition	p. 153
Use of Contrast Agents	p. 155
Influence of Respiration	p. 158
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 159
Pathology and Casts	p. 162
Additive Diseases	p. 162
Destructive Diseases	p. 164
Trauma	p. 166
Casts and Splints	p. 168
Scattered Radiation and Image Fog	p. 171
Desirable Gray Scale Versus Fog	p. 171
Secondary Versus Scatter Radiation	p. 173
Causes of Scatter Fog	p. 173
Effects on Density and Contrast	p. 174
Fog Versus Blur	p. 177
Scatter and Radiation Exposure	p. 178
Grids	p. 181
Effect on Contrast	p. 183
Grid Efficiency	p. 185
Grid Ratios and Technique Compensation	p. 188
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 193
Grid Cut-Off	p. 193
Special Grids	p. 196
Reverse-Cassette Technique	p. 197
Intensifying Screens	p. 200
Historical	p. 200
Screen and Cassette Construction	p. 202
Efficiency of the Phosphor Layer	p. 204
Efficiency of Rare Earth Screens	p. 211
Screen Speeds and Density	p. 213
Effect on Contrast	p. 218
Effect on Sharpness of Recorded Detail	p. 219
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 224
Screen Lag	p. 224
Special Screens	p. 225
Care of Screens	p. 225
Image Receptor Systems	p. 228
Film-Screen Combinations	p. 228
Latent Image Formation	p. 231
Film Speed	p. 233
Image Receptor Speed	p. 234
Film Contrast and Latitude	p. 235
Geometric Factors	p. 237
Film Holders	p. 238
Geometrical Factors
Focal Spot Size	p. 243
Effect on Sharpness of Recorded Detail	p. 243
Effect on Magnification	p. 246
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 248
The Anode Bevel	p. 250
Line-Focus Principle	p. 250
Anode Heel Effect	p. 251
Distribution of X-Ray Intensity Over Film Area	p. 253
Source-Image Receptor Distance	p. 259
Effect on Sharpness of Recorded Detail	p. 259
Effect on Magnification	p. 260
Effect on Shape Distortion	p. 263
Effect on Density	p. 264
Effect on Contrast	p. 272
Object-Image Receptor Distance	p. 274
Effect on Sharpness of Recorded Detail	p. 274
Effect on Magnification	p. 275
Effect on Shape Distortion	p. 276
Effect on Contrast	p. 277
Effect on Density	p. 279
Air Gap Technique	p. 279
Distance Ratios	p. 281
Magnification: The SID/SOD Ratio	p. 281
Sharpness: The SOD/OID Ratio	p. 283
Macroradiography (Magnification Technique)	p. 285
Beam-Part-Film-Alignment	p. 287
Effect on Shape Distortion	p. 287
Off-Centering and Beam Divergence	p. 291
Effect on Density	p. 295
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 295
Geometric Functions of Positioning	p. 298
Motion	p. 300
Effect on Sharpness of Recorded Detail	p. 301
Effect on Contrast	p. 302
Effect on Density	p. 304
Effects on Other Qualities	p. 304
Comprehensive Technique
Analyzing the Radiographic Image	p. 309
Visibility Functions	p. 309
Geometrical Integrity (Recognizability)	p. 316
Resolution	p. 319
Critiquing and Repeating Radiographs	p. 325
Simplifying and Standardizing Technique	p. 331
Radiographic Quality	p. 331
Evolving the Exposure System	p. 332
Optimum (Fixed) Kilovoltage Technique	p. 332
Variable Kilovoltage Technique	p. 338
Technique by Proportional Anatomy	p. 341
Usefulness of the Proportional Anatomy System	p. 342
Proportional Anatomy Groupings	p. 344
Technique Derivations by Proportional Anatomy	p. 345
Key Derivation References	p. 346
Applying the System	p. 346
Technique Charts	p. 352
Formats for Technique Charts	p. 360
Automatic Exposure Technique Charts	p. 361
Automatic and Programmed Exposure Controls	p. 364
The AEC Density Control	p. 368
Limitations of AEC	p. 372
Detector Cell Configuration	p. 378
AEC Technique Charts	p. 381
Trouble-Shooting	p. 381
Programmed Exposure Controls	p. 384
Minimizing Patient Dose	p. 387
Quality Control	p. 394
Repeat Analysis	p. 396
Implementing a Repeat Analysis Program	p. 401
Radiographic Equipment	p. 402
Light Field Alignment Quality Control	p. 411
Viewing Conditions	p. 419
Automatic Exposure Controls	p. 419
Tomographic Units	p. 420
Fluoroscopy	p. 421
Solving Multiple Technique Problems	p. 424
Solutions to Problems in Table XXVII	p. 426
Special Imaging Methods
Mobile Radiography	p. 433
Mobile Generators	p. 433
Geometrical Factors	p. 434
Other Considerations	p. 437
Manual Versus Automated Technique	p. 437
Special Imaging Techniques	p. 440
Parallactic Imaging Methods	p. 440
Tomography	p. 441
Fluoroscopic Image Intensification	p. 450
Image Intensification Device	p. 451
Image Qualities	p. 458
Image Recording Systems	p. 460
Spot-Filming Technique	p. 462
Mobile Image Intensification (C-Arm)	p. 465
Minimizing Patient and Operator Exposure	p. 467
Digital Imaging	p. 470
The Digital Computer	p. 471
Digital Image Processing Concepts	p. 473
Components of an Image Processing System	p. 476
Digital Imaging Applications in Radiology	p. 477
Three-Dimensional Imaging (3-D Imaging)	p. 486
Laser Imaging Systems	p. 487
Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS)	p. 490
Digital Teleradiology	p. 492
Conclusion	p. 493
Computed Radiography	p. 497
Image Display	p. 504
Image Quality	p. 505
Computer Radiography	p. 508
Digital Work Station	p. 512
Exposure Techniques in Computed Radiography	p. 516
Image Retrieval and Storage	p. 517
Conclusion	p. 519
Processing the Radiograph
Processing Steps and Chemistry	p. 525
Steps in Processing Procedure	p. 525
Developer Constituents	p. 526
Reduction and Oxidation	p. 529
Fixer Constituents	p. 529
Development Variables	p. 533
Influence of Development Time	p. 533
Influence of Developer Solution Temperature	p. 534
Influence of Developer Solution Concentration	p. 536
Fixing Process	p. 536
Types of Image Qualities Affected	p. 538
Automatic Processors	p. 539
Processor Maintenance	p. 549
Common Automatic Processing Artifacts	p. 550
Film Handling and Duplication Procedures	p. 556
Packing	p. 556
Storage	p. 556
The Dark Room	p. 558
Handling	p. 558
Loading and Unloading Film	p. 563
Daylight Cassette Loading Systems	p. 564
Duplication and Subtraction Procedures	p. 565
Silver Recovery	p. 569
Sensitometry and Darkroom Quality Control	p. 571
The H and D Curve	p. 572
Processing Control Charts	p. 575
Appendix
Blank Technique Charts: Manual & AEC	p. 581
Answers to Exercises	p. 585
Index	p. 591
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

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Fuchs's Radiographic Exposure and Quality Control

0398073732

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