Wavelength Division Multiplexing A Practical Engineering Guide

In this book, Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is approached from a strictly practical and application-oriented point of view. Based on the characteristics and constraints of modern fiber-optic components, transport systems and fibers, the text provides relevant rules of thumb and practical hints for technology selection, WDM system and link dimensioning, and also for network-related aspects such as wavelength assignment and resilience mechanisms. Actual 10/40 Gb/s WDM systems are considered, and a preview of the upcoming 100 Gb/s systems and technologies for even higher bit rates is given as well.Key features: Considers WDM from ULH backbone (big picture view) down to PON access (micro view). Includes all major telecom and datacom applications. Provides the relevant background for state-of-the-art and next-gen systems. Offers practical guidelines for system / link engineering.

Acknowledgments xi

1 Introduction to WDM 1

1.1 WDM Theory, 1

1.2 History of WDM, 2

References, 4

2 Optical Fiber Effects 7

2.1 Linear Effects, 7

2.2 Nonlinear Fiber Effects, 25

References, 51

3 Components and Subsystems 55

3.1 Transmitters, 55

Laser Diodes, 63

3.2 Transmission Line, 84

3.3 Receivers, 135

3.4 Digital Electronics, 146

References, 162

4 Nonfiber-Related Effects 177

4.1 Linear Cross Talk, 177

4.2 Noise in Optical Transmission Systems, 181

Chains, 187

References, 193

5 Modulation Formats For WDM 197

5.1 Basic Modulation, 197

5.2 Pulse Shaping, 202

5.3 Modulation Formats, 206

5.4 Coherent Intradyne Dual-Polarization QAM Detection, 231

5.5 Optical OFDM, 240

5.6 Comparison of Modulation Formats, 243

References, 247

6 System Realization 253

6.1 Access Networks, 253

Arrays, 261

Transmitters, 266

6.2 Corporate Networks (Storage Reach Extensions), 277

6.3 WDM Transport Encryption, 287

6.4 Metro and Regional Networks, 288

6.5 Long-Haul and Ultralong-Haul Systems, 294

Dispersion, 297

6.6 Future Network Configurations and Convergence, 313

References, 321

7 WDM Network Management 327

7.1 Layered Network, 327

7.2 Management Approaches, 329

7.3 Basic EMS, NMS, and OSS Functionality, 331

7.4 Data Communications Network, 334

7.5 Management System Interfaces, 337

7.6 Control Plane, 339

References, 348

8 Selected Network Issues 349

8.1 Overview of the Optical Transport Network, 349

8.2 Monitoring in WDM Systems, 356

8.3 Flexible WDM Networks, 375

8.4 Protection and Restoration, 377

References, 389

9 Standards Relevant for WDM 395

9.1 ITU-T Recommendations, 395

9.2 Others, 396

10 Practical Approximations and Tips 401

10.1 Conversion Between Bit Error Rate and Equivalent Q-Factor 401

10.2 Properties of a PRBS Signal, 402

10.3 Chromatic Dispersion Values and Propagation Constants, 403

References, 404

Index 405