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9780306463297

Stress and Distress Among the Unemployed

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780306463297

  • ISBN10:

    0306463296

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2001-11-01
  • Publisher: Plenum Pub Corp
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Supplemental Materials

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Summary

Employing both large-scale surveys and in-depth interviews, the authors document the mental health effects on workers caused by the closure of four General Motor plants. They paint a portrait of how the social context in which these workers lived played a critical role in their experiences of unemployment or of keeping their jobs when others around them lost theirs. More than simply a study of unemployment and mental health, this book is also a story of coping and resilience.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Stress and the Life Course during Hard times
1(18)
Micro versus Macro Approaches
3(2)
Stress and Coping Models
5(8)
The Stress Process
5(7)
Events versus Processes
12(1)
Unemployment as a Stressor
13(3)
Consequences of the Stress Process
14(2)
Overview of the Book
16(3)
The Study: Sites, Sample, Method, and Measures
19(20)
The Sites
19(2)
The Closing Plants
19(2)
The Historical Context
21(1)
Studying the Effects of Plant Closings
21(8)
Designing the Research Project
22(1)
The Samples
23(2)
Interviewing and Response Rates
25(2)
Nonresponse
27(2)
The Survey Questions
29(9)
Wave 1
29(1)
Second and Third Wave Questionnaires
30(1)
Measures
31(7)
Supplementing the Panel Study
38(1)
Overview
38(1)
Unemployment and Reemployment
39(20)
Trends in Jobs
40(2)
Reemployment
42(15)
Who Got Laid Off? Who Got to Return?
52(2)
Race, Gender, and Jobs
54(2)
Race and Gender Combined
56(1)
Workers' Other Characteristics
56(1)
Conclusions
57(2)
Feelings: Downsizing's Effects on Individuals and Families
59(22)
Distress over Time
60(3)
Depression and Unemployment over Time
63(7)
The Model
64(4)
So Were They Crazy?
68(2)
Effects on the Family
70(10)
Broken Ties
70(4)
Family Conflict
74(2)
Family Conflict Measures
76(3)
Mental Health and Family Stress
79(1)
Conclusions
80(1)
The Structure of Stress: Workers' Characteristics and the Stress Process
81(22)
At the Beginning of the End: Worker's Reactions at Wave 1
82(2)
Depression and Unemployment over Time
Results
84(3)
Next Steps
87(1)
Over the Long Run: Methodology
88(4)
Choice of Statistical Approaches
88(3)
Models
91(1)
The Long Run: Results
92(6)
Workers' Characteristics Revisited
93(4)
Mediators: Hardships and Events
97(1)
Conclusions
98(5)
Race and Human Capital
99(1)
Gender and the Meaning of Unemployment
99(1)
Thoughts about Vulnerability
100(3)
Question of Worth: Financial Circumstances, The Self, and Distress
103(28)
Financial Hardship
104(3)
Financial Resources
105(2)
Trends in Financial Hardship
107(8)
Patterns of Hardship by Employment Status
108(7)
Financial Hardship as Part of the Stress Process
115(3)
Predicting Financial Hardship
115(1)
Accounting for the Impact of Unemployment
116(2)
Conclusions I: Financial Worth
118(1)
Psychological Worth
119(5)
Descriptive Statistics
120(1)
Predicting Mastery and Self-Esteem
121(3)
Mastery and Self-Esteem in the Stress Process
124(5)
Anxiety and Hostility
125(1)
Moderators: Race, Gender, and the Self
126(3)
Summing Up: Worth and Worthlessness
129(2)
The Persistence of Stress: Negative Life Events in the Recent and Distant Past
131(30)
Stress across the Life Course
132(2)
Negative Life Events in the Immediate Past
134(7)
Negative Life Events at the Outset of the Study
134(1)
Trends in Negative Life Events
135(2)
Mental Health Effects of Negative Life Events
137(4)
Carryover Effects of a Prior Stressor
141(11)
Mechanisms of Carryover
141(1)
Cohorts and the Life Course
142(1)
What We Expected to Find
143(2)
Research Methods
145(1)
Baseline Model
146(2)
Change over Time
148(1)
Combat and Carryover Stress
148(2)
What Can We Conclude?
150(2)
Cumulative Stressors, the Self, and Distress among Working Class Men
152(6)
The Stress Process Revisited
152(3)
Results
155(1)
Earlier Stressors: ``Ex-roles''
156(2)
Conclusion: Exploring the Process
158(3)
Implications
158(3)
Psychological Resources and Distress
161(24)
Stress and Coping Revisited
163(8)
Coping: Expectations and Outcomes
163(2)
Starting Points
165(1)
Depression end the Fit between Expectation and Reality
165(2)
Understanding Change in Depression
167(1)
What Shapes the Meaning of Jobs?
168(3)
Summing Up: Expectations and Outcomes
171(1)
Collective Woes and Individual Self-Blame
171(3)
Job Loss without Self-Blame
172(2)
Self-Blame and Distress (Especially Depression)
174(9)
An Uncontrollable Fate
176(1)
What Does it Mean to Have Depression without Self-Blame?
177(1)
Collective Troubles and Individual Self-Blame: Findings
177(2)
Trends over Time
179(1)
Jobs, Expectations, and Accomplishments
180(2)
Summing Up: Self-Blame
182(1)
Conclusions
183(2)
Individual versus Collective Resources
185(26)
Getting Help: Does it Help?
187(12)
Information Help
187(2)
Professional Help
189(2)
Victims of Help?
191(3)
Explanatory Mechanisms: Self-Blame
194(1)
Seeking Help: What Did it Mean?
194(5)
Help is All Around
199(3)
Confidants
200(1)
Other Social Activities
201(1)
Effects of Collective Supports on Depression and Self-Blame
202(6)
Confidants and Other Helpers
202(2)
Results
204(1)
Interactive Supports: Union and Confidant
205(3)
Conclusions
208(3)
The Paradox of Help
208(1)
Some Implications of the Helpseeking Findings
208(1)
Implications of the Collective Supports
209(2)
Conclusions: What Have We Learned?
211(6)
What We Found
211(6)
The Stress Process
215(1)
Future Directions: Stress Processes
215(2)
References 217(6)
Index 223

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