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Preface | p. ix |
About the Authors | p. xv |
Abbreviations and Acronyms | p. xvii |
Environmental Assessment in Engineering and Planning | p. 1 |
What Is Environmental Assessment? | p. 4 |
Engineering and Planning Issues | p. 6 |
Why Environmental Assessment Is Needed | p. 11 |
Who Prepares Environmental Assessment and Planning Documents? | p. 11 |
Integrating Art, Science, Strategy, and Management Issues | p. 14 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 16 |
Environmental Laws and Regulations | p. 19 |
Rationale for Environmental Legislation and Regulations | p. 19 |
Shortcomings of Environmental Legislation and Regulations | p. 20 |
Legislative Data Systems | p. 21 |
Overview of Federal Environmental Legislation | p. 24 |
Trends in Environmental Legislation and Regulations | p. 60 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 64 |
National Environmental Policy Act | p. 67 |
Elements of NEPA | p. 67 |
Judicial Review | p. 69 |
Effects of NEPA | p. 75 |
Implementation of NEPA | p. 75 |
Council on Environmental Quality | p. 77 |
Executive Orders and Agency Response | p. 78 |
State Environmental Policy Acts | p. 80 |
NEPA and Agency Planning | p. 81 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 90 |
Environmental Documents and CEQ Regulations | p. 93 |
Function and Purpose of the NEPA Assessment Process | p. 93 |
NEPA Regulations | p. 96 |
Environmental Documents | p. 98 |
Application of Environmental Documentation Process | p. 100 |
EIS Format and Content | p. 105 |
Preparing and Processing the EA or EIS | p. 114 |
Timing of Agency Action | p. 123 |
Tiering | p. 125 |
Mitigation | p. 126 |
General Considerations in EIS Preparation | p. 127 |
Case Studies | p. 127 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 134 |
Elements of Environmental Assessment and Planning | p. 137 |
Agency Activities | p. 137 |
Environmental Attributes | p. 138 |
Determining Environmental Impact | p. 161 |
Reporting Findings | p. 171 |
Using Information Technology to Aid in the NEPA Process | p. 172 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 175 |
Environmental Assessment Methodologies | p. 177 |
Choosing a Methodology | p. 177 |
Categorizing Methodologies | p. 180 |
Review Criteria | p. 182 |
Methodology Descriptions | p. 193 |
Methodology Review | p. 194 |
Future Directions | p. 208 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 209 |
Generalized Approach for Environmental Assessment | p. 211 |
Agency Activities | p. 211 |
Environmental Attributes | p. 214 |
Institutional Constraints | p. 218 |
Environmental Setting | p. 218 |
System | p. 219 |
Output | p. 219 |
Rationale for a Computer-Based System | p. 219 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 223 |
Procedure for Reviewing Environmental Impact Statements | p. 225 |
Types of EIS Review | p. 226 |
General Considerations in EIS Review | p. 230 |
EIS Review Procedures | p. 232 |
Approaches to Systematic EIS Review | p. 233 |
Review Comments | p. 243 |
Summary | p. 243 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 244 |
International Perspectives on Environmental Assessment, Engineering, and Planning | p. 245 |
International Implications of NEPA | p. 246 |
Future NEPA Trends | p. 249 |
Environmental Impact Assessment in Other Countries | p. 250 |
EIA in Selected Countries | p. 251 |
Limitations to EIA Effectiveness in Developing Countries | p. 253 |
EIA in Asia and the Pacific | p. 253 |
EIA in Latin America | p. 254 |
EIA in Canada | p. 255 |
EIA in Europe | p. 255 |
EIA in India | p. 258 |
International Aid Organizations | p. 261 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 263 |
Economic and Social Impact Analysis | p. 265 |
Socioeconomic Assessment within NEPA | p. 266 |
Economic Impact Analysis | p. 268 |
Economic Models | p. 271 |
Future Direction for Economic Impact Analysis | p. 279 |
Social Impact Assessment | p. 280 |
Social Impact Analysis Methods | p. 283 |
Assembling the Socioeconomic Impact Assessment | p. 288 |
Problem Areas | p. 296 |
Environmental Justice | p. 298 |
Conclusions | p. 308 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 308 |
Public Participation | p. 311 |
Beginnings | p. 311 |
Early American Experiences in Public Participation | p. 312 |
Alternative Terminology | p. 314 |
Public Involvement Requirements within NEPA | p. 314 |
What Is the Public? | p. 316 |
What Is Participation? | p. 317 |
Contemporary Experience in Public Participation | p. 318 |
Getting Input from the Public | p. 321 |
Commenting on the Draft EIS-A Special Case of Public Participation | p. 322 |
Case Studies | p. 323 |
Application of Public Input | p. 326 |
Participation in Developing Regulations | p. 327 |
An Effective Public Participation Program | p. 327 |
Benefits of an Effective Public Participation Program | p. 332 |
Response to Public Participation Format Variations | p. 333 |
Public Participation and the Digital Revolution | p. 335 |
Internet Capability to Support Public Participation | p. 336 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 337 |
Energy and Environmental Implications | p. 339 |
Energy as a Resource | p. 340 |
Fuel Alternatives and Development of Supplies-Environmental Considerations | p. 346 |
Energy Costs of Pollution Control | p. 351 |
Energy Aspects of Recycling Materials | p. 351 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 360 |
Contemporary Issues in Environmental Assessment | p. 361 |
Climate Change | p. 361 |
Acid Rain | p. 376 |
Deforestation | p. 385 |
Endangered Species and NEPA | p. 388 |
Biodiversity | p. 398 |
Cultural Resources | p. 405 |
Ecorisk | p. 414 |
Cumulative Impacts | p. 431 |
Indirect Impacts | p. 443 |
How Are These Contemporary issues Different? | p. 445 |
Discussion and Study Questions | p. 446 |
National Environmental Policy Act | p. 449 |
The National Environmental Policy Art of 1969, as Amended | p. 449 |
Purpose | p. 449 |
Title I | p. 450 |
Title II | p. 453 |
The Environmental Quality Improvement Art, as Amended | p. 456 |
Attribute Descriptor Package | p. 459 |
Air | p. 461 |
Further Reading | p. 464 |
Water | p. 497 |
Land | p. 543 |
Ecology | p. 560 |
Sound | p. 587 |
Human Aspects | p. 612 |
Economics | p. 622 |
Resources | p. 631 |
A Step-by-Step Procedure for Preparing Environmental Assessments and Statements | p. 643 |
Define the Action | p. 643 |
Develop Alternatives | p. 646 |
Identify Relevant Project Activities | p. 649 |
Examine Attributes Likely to Be Affected | p. 651 |
Solicit Public Concerns | p. 651 |
Re-evaluate Identification of Activities and Attributes | p. 652 |
Evaluate Imparts Using Descriptor Package and Worksheets | p. 653 |
Summarize Impacts | p. 655 |
Review Other Alternatives | p. 655 |
Analyze Findings | p. 657 |
Prepare Assessment Document | p. 659 |
Review and Process Document | p. 660 |
Regulations for Implementing Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act | p. 663 |
Part 1500-Purpose, Policy, and Mandate | p. 663 |
Part 1501-NEPA and Agency Planning | p. 668 |
Part 1502-Environmental Impart Statement | p. 675 |
Part 1503-Commenting | p. 688 |
Part 1504-Predecision Referrals to the Council of Proposed Federal Actions Determined to be Environmentally Unsatisfactory | p. 691 |
Part 1505-NEPA and Agency Decision Making | p. 694 |
Part 1506-Other Requirements of NEPA | p. 696 |
Part 1507-Agency Compliance | p. 706 |
Part 1508-Terminology and Index | p. 709 |
References | p. 723 |
Index | p. 737 |
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