9780582404328

Cancer Biology provides a clear, concise and authoritative introduction to the biological principles that underlie the causes and treatment of cancer, drawing on the author's extensive research and teaching experience to guide students through this complex subject. The study of cancer encompasses cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, epidemiology and medical sciences and this text brings together these diverse areas. The emphasis is on human aspects, with underlying principles illustrated by specific examples which are supplemented with data from other species where appropriate.

Roger King is Visiting Professor in Cellular Oncology at Surrey University, UK.

Preface

ix

Preface to the first edition

x

Acknowledgements

xii

Basic science, terminology and abbreviations

xv

What is cancer?

Introduction

1

(1)

Carcinogenesis requires several cellular changes

1

(1)

Lifestyle and family influences on cancer

2

(2)

Changes continue to accumulate after cancer formation

4

(1)

Cancers are most common in epithelial cells

4

(1)

Cancer results from uncontrolled growth

5

(1)

Cancer genes

5

(1)

Invasion and metastasis

6

(1)

Some cancers are curable

6

(1)

Treatment

7

(1)

Natural history: the life of a cancer

Introduction

8

(1)

Clonal origins of cancer

9

(1)

Experimental biology

10

(10)

Special mice used in cancer research

14

(6)

Clinical data

20

(3)

Linking laboratory and clinic

23

(8)

Pathology: defining a neoplasm

Introduction

31

(3)

Classifying cancers

33

(1)

Histopathology

34

(3)

Cytology

37

(1)

Immunohistochemistry

37

(1)

Molecular techniques

37

(1)

Epidemiology: identifying causes for human cancers

Introduction

38

(1)

Epidemiological methods and terminology

39

(1)

Descriptive epidemiology

39

(5)

Analytical epidemiology

44

(2)

Criteria required to establish causality

46

(1)

Biomarkers

46

(1)

Molecular epidemiology

47

(2)

Factors that influence human carcinogenesis

49

(8)

Cancer prevention

57

(1)

Tumour immunology and immunotherapy

Introduction

58

(2)

Terms used in immunology

59

(1)

Immune surveillance and tumour development

60

(8)

Immunotherapy

68

(2)

Diagnostic use of antibodies

70

(1)

Oncogenes, repressor genes and viruses

Introduction

71

(5)

Molecular terms relevant to genes and their regulation

72

(4)

Oncogenes

76

(10)

Repressor genes

86

(8)

Oncogenes and repressors cooperate

94

(2)

Chemical and radiation carcinogenesis

Introduction

96

(1)

Chemical carcinogenesis

97

(13)

Radiation carcinogenesis

110

(5)

Consequences of DNA damage

115

(2)

Predicting the type of carcinogen by mutational spectrum analysis

117

(3)

Mutations, DNA repair and genetic instability

Introduction

120

(2)

Mutations

122

(1)

Genetic instability

123

(1)

Types of DNA damage

124

(2)

Clinical evidence that links DNA repair and carcinogenesis

126

(1)

Repair mechanisms

127

(6)

Coordination of DNA repair, proliferation and apoptosis

133

(3)

Familial cancers

Introduction

136

(3)

Chromosome nomenclature and structure

137

(2)

Strong familial link

139

(2)

Weaker familial link

141

(4)

Connection with sporadic cancers

145

(1)

Growth: a balance of proliferation, death and differentiation

Introduction

146

(2)

Normal proliferation and its regulation

148

(9)

DNA synthesis and telomere length

151

(6)

Cancer cells

157

(1)

Senescence, cell mortality and telomerase

158

(2)

Cell death

160

(7)

Apoptosis and cancer

167

(1)

Integration of proliferation, apoptosis and DNA repair

168

(2)

Differentiation

170

(4)

Responding to the environment: growth regulation and signal transduction

General features

174

(4)

Growth factors

178

(2)

Growth factor receptors

180

(9)

Growth factors: from membrane to nucleus

189

(6)

Nuclear events stimulated by growth factors

195

(2)

Cell adhesion molecules

197

(9)

How a cell interacts with its environment

198

(8)

Hydrophobic growth regulatory molecules

206

(6)

Crosstalk between signalling pathways

212

(1)

Invasion and metastasis

Introduction

213

(1)

General features

214

(5)

Escape from local control and invasion

219

(4)

Intravasation

223

(1)

Bloodstream transport

223

(1)

Extravasation

223

(5)

Angiogenesis

228

(4)

Gene changes involved in metastasis

232

(1)

Principles of cancer treatment

Introduction

233

(3)

Principles behind the treatment of cancer

236

(13)

Chemotherapy

249

(6)

Hormone therapy

255

(3)

Radiotherapy

258

(1)

Immunotherapy

258

(1)

Photodynamic therapy

259

(1)

New forms of treatment

259

(10)

Approaches to cancer prevention

Introduction

269

(1)

Breast cancer and tamoxifen

270

(2)

Ovarian/endometrial cancer and the contraceptive pill

272

(1)

Colon cancer and aspirin

273

(1)

Diet

274

(3)

Appendix A Features of selected cancers

277

(12)

Glossary

289

(5)

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Cancer Biology

0582404320

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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