9781903240861

Table of cases

xiii

Table of statutes

xix

Introduction

xxi

Part 1 General principles 1

Actus reus and mens rea

(21)

Introduction

(1)

Actus reus

(2)

Causation

(9)

Mens rea

(1)

Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea

(4)

Mens rea is not the same as motive

(1)

Transferred malice

(2)

Summary

(2)

Liability for omissions

(9)

Introduction

(1)

Crimes that can only be committed by failing to act

(1)

Committing crime by failing to act when under a duty to act

(5)

Reform

(1)

Summary

(1)

Recklessness

(14)

Introduction

(1)

The taking of an unjustifiable risk

(1)

Subjective `Cunningham' recklessness

(2)

Objective `Caldwell' recklessness

(5)

Subjectivism vs objectivism: the arguments

(1)

To which crimes do the different tests apply?

(2)

Reform

(1)

Summary

(3)

Strict liability

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Contrast with absolute liability

(1)

Common law offences

(1)

Statutory offences

(1)

Identifying offences of strict liability

(8)

Pros and cons of strict liability

(2)

Due diligence defences

(1)

Summary

(6)

Questions on Part 1 General principles 1

(5)

Part 2 Homicide

Murder

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Causing death

(1)

Another human being

(1)

The Queen's Peace

(1)

Within any country of the realm

(1)

The year-and-a-day rule

(1)

`Malice aforethought'

(5)

Reform

(2)

Summary

(2)

Voluntary manslaughter

(23)

General introduction

(1)

Provocation

(1)

Introduction

(1)

What can amount to provocation?

(1)

The subjective question

(2)

The objective question

(5)

Procedure

(1)

Summary

(2)

Diminished responsibility

(1)

Introduction

(1)

`Abnormality of mind'

(1)

The specified causes

(2)

`Substantially impaired . . . mental responsibility'

(1)

The effect of intoxication

(4)

Procedure

(1)

Reform

(1)

Summary

100

(2)

Suicide pact

101

(1)

Involuntary manslaughter

102

(21)

General introduction

102

(1)

Constructive manslaughter

102

(1)

Introduction

102

(1)

The actus reus of constructive manslaughter

103

(2)

The mens rea of constructive manslaughter

105

(2)

Reform

107

(1)

Summary

107

(1)

Gross negligence manslaughter

107

(1)

Introduction

107

(1)

Duty of care

108

(1)

Breach of duty

108

(1)

Gross negligence

109

(7)

Reform

116

(1)

Summary

117

(6)

Subjective reckless manslaughter

117

(1)

Questions on Part 2 Homicide

118

(5)

Part 3 Offences against the person

Non-fatal offences against the person

123

(16)

Introduction

123

(1)

Assault and battery

124

(3)

Actual bodily harm

127

(1)

Wounding and grievous bodily harm

128

(2)

Included offences

130

(1)

Psychiatric injury

130

(2)

Transmission of disease

132

(1)

Stalking

133

(1)

Mens rea of non-fatal offences

133

(2)

Reform

135

(2)

Summary

137

(2)

Consent

139

(16)

Introduction

139

(1)

General principles

139

(4)

Limitations to consent

143

(5)

The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998

148

(1)

Reform

149

(1)

Summary

149

(6)

Questions on Part 3 Offences against the person

150

(5)

Part 4 Offences against property

Theft and making off

155

(21)

Introduction

155

(1)

`Appropriation'

156

(3)

`Property'

159

(1)

`Belonging to another'

160

(4)

`Dishonesty'

164

(3)

`Intention to permanently deprive'

167

(3)

Making off without payment

170

(3)

Summary

173

(3)

Robbery

176

(4)

Introduction

176

(1)

The actus reus of robbery

176

(2)

The mens rea of robbery

178

(1)

Summary

178

(2)

Burglary

180

(8)

Introduction

180

(1)

Actus reus of burglary

180

(5)

The mens rea of burglary

185

(1)

Summary

186

(2)

Criminal damage

188

(15)

Introduction

188

(1)

Criminal damage

188

(2)

Aggravated criminal damage

190

(2)

`Without lawful excuse'

192

(3)

Arson and aggravated arson

195

(1)

Summary

196

(5)

Questions on Part 4 Offences against property

197

(4)

Part 5 Defences

General introduction

201

(2)

Intoxication

203

(15)

Introduction

203

(1)

Legal principles vs public policy

204

(1)

Voluntary intoxication

205

(4)

Involuntary intoxication

209

(3)

`Dutch courage'

212

(1)

Intoxication and other defences

212

(1)

Reform

213

(2)

Summary

215

(3)

Insanity

218

(16)

Introduction

218

(1)

The M'Naghten rules

218

(1)

`Defect of reason'

219

(1)

`Disease of the mind'

219

(8)

`Nature and quality of the act'

227

(1)

`Wrong'

227

(2)

The presumption of sanity

229

(1)

`Irresistible impulses'

229

(1)

The special verdict

230

(1)

Procedure

231

(1)

Reform

232

(1)

Summary

232

(2)

Automatism

234

(7)

Introduction

234

(1)

What is `automatism'?

234

(2)

Extent of involuntariness required

236

(1)

Self-induced automatism

237

(1)

Reflex actions

237

(1)

Reform

238

(1)

Summary

238

(3)

Mistake

241

(5)

Introduction

241

(1)

General principles

241

(2)

Intoxicated mistakes

243

(2)

Summary

245

(1)

Duress and necessity

246

(16)

Introduction

246

(1)

Sources of the duress

246

(2)

The `three ingredients' of duress/necessity

248

(4)

Other ingredients

252

(3)

Limits to the defence

255

(4)

Reform

259

(1)

Summary

260

(2)

Self-defence and the prevention of crime

262

(11)

Introduction

262

(1)

The necessity of force

263

(2)

The reasonableness of force

265

(3)

Summary

268

(5)

Questions on Part 5 Defences

269

(4)

Part 6 General principles 2

Participation

273

(15)

Introduction

273

(1)

Principals and secondary parties

273

(2)

Actus reus of secondary parties

275

(5)

Mens rea of secondary parties

280

(4)

Withdrawal

284

(1)

Victims as accessories

285

(1)

Reform

286

(1)

Summary

286

(2)

Attempts

288

(11)

Introduction

288

(1)

The actus reus of attempts

289

(4)

The mens rea of attempt

293

(1)

Excluded offences

294

(1)

Successful attempts

295

(1)

Impossibility

295

(2)

Reform

297

(1)

Summary

297

(2)

Conspiracy and incitement

299

(10)

Conspiracy

299

(1)

Introduction

299

(1)

The actus reus of conspiracy

299

(1)

The mens rea of statutory conspiracy

300

(1)

Impossibility

301

(1)

Jurisdiction

301

(1)

Summary

302

(1)

Incitement

303

(1)

Introduction

303

(1)

The actus reus of incitement

303

(1)

The mens rea of incitement

304

(1)

Impossibility

304

(1)

Reform

304

(1)

Summary

305

(4)

Questions on Part 6 General principles 2

305

(4)

Part 7 General questions on criminal law

Additional questions

309

(10)

Part 8 Studying criminal law

Criminal law in context

319

(6)

Introduction

319

(1)

Morality

320

(2)

Policy issues

322

(1)

Criminal justice

322

(1)

Conclusion

323

(2)

Sources of law

325

(15)

Introduction

325

(1)

Textbooks as secondary sources

325

(1)

Primary sources

326

(1)

Synoptic assessment based on sources

327

(1)

OCR Special study source materials with commentary

328

(12)

Key skills

340

(11)

Introduction

340

(1)

Key skills to be assessed

340

(1)

Opportunities for evidencing key skills

341

(10)

Legal resources on the internet

349

(2)

Answers guide

351

(46)

End of Part questions

351

(21)

Additional questions

372

(22)

Source-based questions

394

(3)

Glossary

397

(6)

Index

403

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Criminal Law

1903240867

Summary

Table of Contents

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